The main nutritional problems of China people can be attributed to two seemingly contradictory reasons: insufficient nutrition and excessive nutrition. The top ten nutritional problems are obesity, and the overweight rate of adults in Beijing has reached 37. 15%. The incidence of overweight and obesity is higher in the north than in the south, and higher in cities than in rural areas. Due to excess calories, overweight and obesity rates have greatly increased, leading to a significant increase in chronic diseases related to nutritional imbalance. Therefore, obesity is the enemy of human health in 2 1 century. Obesity itself is a chronic disease. ...
Obesity is a common problem faced by modern people. This paper first discusses the relationship between nutrition and obesity, and holds that it is unhealthy and unscientific to lose weight simply by dieting and reducing nutrition intake. It is pointed out that obesity is not a simple problem of overnutrition, and weight loss cannot be at the expense of health. And put forward some diet methods that can not only help to lose weight, but also ensure a balanced body nutrition.
Keywords: balanced nutrition, weight loss
In a large-scale national survey named "Ten Nutritional Problems of China People", the main nutritional problems of China people can be attributed to two seemingly contradictory reasons: insufficient nutrition and excessive nutrition. The top ten nutritional problems are obesity, and the overweight rate of adults in Beijing has reached 37. 15%. The incidence of overweight and obesity is higher in the north than in the south, and higher in cities than in rural areas. Due to excess calories, overweight and obesity rates have greatly increased, leading to a significant increase in chronic diseases related to nutritional imbalance. Therefore, obesity is the enemy that harms human health in 2 1 century. Obesity itself is a chronic disease, and it is also the cause of many chronic diseases, such as diabetes, gallbladder disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, osteoarthritis and so on. Therefore, controlling overweight and obesity is an urgent task for us. Congenital factors (heredity) account for about 30%, and acquired factors (environment) account for about 70%. At present, we can't change the genetic factor, but we can influence it through environmental factors. Among environmental factors, a reasonable diet is the decisive factor to prevent obesity. How to lose weight healthily and scientifically is a problem that people are very concerned about.
First of all, the nutritional problems of obesity.
According to the research of nutrition experts, an important cause of obesity is unbalanced diet, or overnutrition or undernutrition. First of all, overnutrition can lead to obesity. The two fundamental factors affecting weight are heat intake and heat consumption. When energy intake equals energy consumption, it is called energy balance. When energy intake is greater than energy consumption, it is called positive energy balance, and excess energy is stored in the body in the form of fat, thus causing obesity; When energy intake is less than energy consumption, it is called negative energy balance and weight loss. Obviously, obesity is in a state of positive energy balance. This kind of people generally have a strong appetite and prefer high-sugar and high-fat foods, and the excess energy is converted into fat, which leads to obesity.
But obese people may also be malnourished. Many people may find it strange that obesity is due to overnutrition, which is easy to understand, because the body absorbs too much nutrition, which makes excess fat grow and savings lead to body expansion. But many obese people find malnutrition when they go to the hospital for examination. This is because some people have bad eating habits and prefer high-fat and high-calorie foods, which makes some nutrients in the body too much and some essential nutrients too little. Too much nutrition will make the body fat, and too little essential nutrition will make the body weak and increase problems. Therefore, nutrition experts believe that the most important thing for a healthy body is a balanced nutrition.
Second, weight loss needs to pay attention to nutritional balance.
Many people lose weight by starving, taking medicine, taking diuretics, taking stimulants and sleeping less, which can't last for a long time and damage their health, so these methods are not suitable. Our bodies need balanced nutrition to maintain basic metabolism. If you only eat fruits and don't eat foods containing fat and protein, there will be dysplasia and the resistance of the small intestine to diseases will be reduced. In addition, fat-soluble vitamins are difficult to absorb without oil. This unbalanced diet is bound to make physical strength unsustainable and damage health.
Many people think that obesity can reduce the absorption of nutrients through dieting and hunger. But in fact, this is very undesirable. Because when you are on a diet, when you reduce the supply of nutrients, your body can't get some nutrients that are necessary every day. Over time, on the one hand, your body can't absorb every necessary nutrition, on the other hand, it can't reduce excess nutrition in the body, which will not only reduce fat, but also endanger health. Is it worth sacrificing your health to lose weight?
After years of investigation and study, nutrition experts put forward a new health concept: losing weight should start with balanced nutrition. When the nutrition in the body is balanced, the excess nutrition is consumed and excluded from the body, and the insufficient nutrition is supplemented in moderation every day, obesity naturally disappears and the body remains healthy. In order to achieve a balanced diet, more attention should be paid to all aspects of daily diet, and all kinds of foods should be diversified, balanced and appropriate every day.
Healthy weight loss should limit the total energy of diet, not just the intake of fat. Protein, low sugar and moderate fat should be appropriately increased during weight loss. Generally, the proportion of carbohydrate is 55-6o%, fat is 2o-25%, and protein is about 15-20%, with a ratio of 4: 1: 1. Literature (2) holds that the proportion of nutrient intake should also be maintained during weight loss. Reducing the intake of carbohydrates will make the metabolism in the body incomplete and produce a certain amount of ketone bodies, which can inhibit hunger and the decomposition of ketone bodies will also consume energy. Reducing sugar intake can reduce insulin secretion, thus reducing fat synthesis, reducing glycogen storage, promoting sports fat mobilization and reducing fat storage. Proper intake of fat can inhibit the secretion of insulin and glucagon and promote the body's fat utilization. Fat can also make people feel full, making it easy for dieters to accept low-calorie meals without feeling hungry. Reducing food intake will lead to insufficient intake of various vitamins and trace elements, so we should eat a certain amount of fruit to supplement the necessary vitamins and trace elements.
Third, a scientific and reasonable diet.
(1) Eat less foods with little or no side effects, and eat more foods with high nutritional value and no side effects.
(2) Eat less animal fat and greasy food. Long-term intake of high-fat food and little exercise may cause hyperlipidemia and increase the incidence of coronary heart disease.
(3) Eat vegetable oil instead of animal oil (big oil). Although vegetable oil contains 100% fat, it contains a lot of unsaturated fatty acids, which can scrape off a lot of oil in saturated fatty acids. In addition, vegetable oil contains VE, which is a vitamin for maintaining youth, fitness and longevity.
(4) Eat less or not eat foods with high cholesterol.
(5) Eat less sugar. Many studies, especially epidemiological studies, show that overweight (obesity), diabetes, dental caries, arteriosclerosis and myocardial infarction are all related to the large consumption of sugar. It is harmful to eat a lot of low molecular weight sugar, so we should mainly use high molecular weight sugar to meet the demand for sugar. The slogan of "no sugar" is not comprehensive, because a sugar-free diet can lead to serious metabolic disorders and hypoglycemia.
(6) Eat less salt. Because salt contains sodium, too much sodium in the human body is easy to get high blood pressure and other diseases. Eskimos living in the Arctic consume less than 5 grams of salt every day, and they rarely get high blood pressure.
(7) Eat more fruits and vegetables. Because eating fruits and vegetables contains little fat, but contains a lot of vitamins and protein, as well as a lot of plant fiber and water, which has very high physiological value.
(8) Dieters also need to eat enough protein and carbohydrates (such as rice and noodles). This is because we need energy and physical strength to support while reducing excess fat, and we also need to increase muscle. Protein content in adult muscles is about 19 ~ 2O%, and protein accounts for 45% of the total body weight. protein has seven functions, such as muscle contraction and energy supply. Pay special attention to the selection of soybeans. The protein content of soybeans is higher than that of chicken, fish and beef, and it is 12 times higher than that of milk, and it is cheap and good. Now, the protein content of instant soybean milk crystals is much higher than that of milk.
(9) Eat more hawthorn or hawthorn products. Hawthorn is not only a medicinal material, but also a food for digestion. It has the effects of losing weight and lowering blood pressure.
(1O) Pay attention to proper drinking water at ordinary times. Because drinking plenty of water is a factor that leads to body relaxation and obesity; In addition, the accumulation of urine will increase the contact time between bladder and carcinogens in urine, which may lead to bladder cancer. You should drink water when you are thirsty, including during training, but in moderation. It is best to take in a small amount of water slowly one hour after training, which can not only avoid the overload of the heart, but also make the water in the body be slowly replenished. It is best to drink more oolong tea or green tea at ordinary times, which can not only quench your thirst, but also relieve boredom and lose weight.
(1 1) Restrain drinking. Liquor is high in calories, which makes you obese. Beer is the best drink, commonly known as liquid bread. Proper drinking can stimulate appetite, quench thirst and relieve summer heat. Beer contains a variety of B vitamins and amino acids, and the alcohol content is only 4-5%. The calorie content is not high, but the bitter taste of hops can promote the secretion of digestive juice and help digestion and absorption, so drinking a lot of beer and the ensuing big meal are easy to get fat, so drinking beer must be moderate.
Reflections on the Legalization of Dietitian Status in China; As an independent discipline, Nutrition originated from chemistry, and its development process benefited from the progress of epidemiology, epidemiology, especially cytology and molecular biology technology. In the late 1980s, international nutritionists established the definition of nutrition: the sum of processes related to the growth, maintenance and repair of whole life or a part of it. Nutrition in foreign countries, especially Japan, has developed rapidly, and nutrition legislation is relatively perfect. In China, nutritionist, as a new profession, has just been born. The legalization of nutritionist status means that nutritionists are recognized by law as a profession, that is, nutritionists enjoy equal legal status with employees in other industries. The law clarifies the rights and obligations of dietitians and standardizes the practice process of dietitians. First, the background of the legalization of dietitian status 1. The nutritional status of China residents is not optimistic. In recent years, with the development of economy and the continuous improvement of people's living standards, the dietary nutrition status of urban and rural residents in China has improved significantly compared with that of more than ten years ago, but it is facing the dual challenges of nutritional deficiency and overnutrition. Nutritional deficiency is caused by insufficient eating or absorption and utilization of food or high consumption of chronic diseases. Typical malnutrition is protein-energy malnutrition. Overnutrition means that energy intake exceeds human consumption. Common diseases include obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, coronary heart disease, cerebral thrombosis, fatty liver and diabetes. Malnutrition and overnutrition belong to malnutrition, which will do harm to the body. Researcher Zhai, Secretary-General of China Nutrition Society, said that at present, China has one of the largest number of malnourished people in the world, and the annual losses caused by it are about 300 billion to 500 billion yuan. The survey report jointly issued by the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Science and Technology and the National Bureau of Statistics shows that the incidence of chronic diseases such as hypertension and hyperlipidemia caused by overnutrition is increasing year by year, and patients are getting younger and younger. There are 654.38+600 million adults with dyslipidemia, 654.38+600 million adults with hypertension and more than 20 million diabetics. In big cities, 30 out of every 100 adults are overweight. The health status of China residents is not optimistic. 2. The current situation of nutritionists in China (1) There is a serious shortage of nutritionists. According to the above investigation by the Ministry of Health, the main reason for the overnutrition of urban residents is the lack of necessary nutrition knowledge and skills. At the same time, nutritionists, especially high-skilled public nutritionists, are generally in short supply, and their number is seriously out of balance with the population. China has a population of 65.438+300 million, and there are only over 3,000 nutritionists, and they are basically distributed in hospitals. It is difficult for institutions such as community kindergartens to find nutritionists. In 2003, the National Food and Nutrition Advisory Committee conducted a survey of clinical hospitals across the country. Among the 403 hospitals surveyed, only a few large hospitals are equipped with two or three nutritionists, and most hospitals are not equipped because they can't find relevant talents. (2) The standards of professional qualification certification are different, there are many training programs, and the quality of nutritionists is worrying. Recently, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security announced to the public that health managers and public nutritionists are the fourth batch of new occupations, marking the beginning of the career development of nutritionists in China. However, in recent years, the reporter found many imperfections in the investigation of dietitian qualification certification, employment status and service content. There are many kinds of nutrition training and certification in society. In the face of a reporter's question about which name is an authentic dietitian, different training leaders hold their own opinions and justify themselves, but the same thing is that they all promise that the certification certificate will be valid nationwide after training. Relevant experts told reporters that these certificates obtained through various trainings do not belong to the official certification of this profession by the state. In other words, the existing public dietitian certificate is only an "on-the-job training" certificate, and nutrition and health care is only an association certification. The reporter also found that some training courses have low thresholds and short training time. A primary school graduate became a nutritionist after two weeks of training. How does this fast dietitian ensure the quality? Fei Yi, Deputy Secretary-General of China Geriatric Health Care Medical Research Association, is the main person in charge of providing dietitian research reports to the Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Regarding the training and quality of public nutritionists, she said that the Ministry of Labor and Social Security is now further discussing the national standards, national teaching materials and national qualification certification of this profession. Once the national standards are determined, public nutritionists will have a scientific development track. Second, the development of the legalization process of dietitian identity Before the "two sessions" this year, 46 well-known domestic experts jointly called for nutrition legislation to improve the national life and health level. The Ministry of Health specially held a seminar on nutrition improvement legislation in China, and the staff of the Legislative Affairs Office of the State Council listened carefully to experts' opinions, saying that the necessity of nutrition legislation was very clear, which created a supporting environment for nutrition legislation. In order to solve the most urgent dietary nutrition problem in China, the National Nutrition Regulations drafted by China Nutrition Society entrusted by the Ministry of Health was completed in March, and submitted to the Ministry of Health and relevant state ministries for further discussion in May, which is expected to be promulgated and implemented in recent years. The upcoming National Nutrition Regulations (Trial) will focus on solving the following problems: nutrition investigation and monitoring, nutrition components must be marked on food labels, nutrition of special groups such as infants and women, and so on. The regulations also stipulate that restaurants that accommodate 100 people must be equipped with nutrition caterers, and restaurants that accommodate more than 300 people must be equipped with nutrition administrators. At the same time, all kindergartens and schools should be equipped with professional nutritionists. The feasibility of the regulations, especially the operability of nutritionists, is debatable. How to implement it in rural areas without kindergartens is a difficult problem. In addition, according to the estimation of the number of people equipped in the Regulations, there is currently a gap of about 4 million nutritionists in China. In sharp contrast, China's catering consumption level has increased rapidly. According to the statistics of China Cuisine Association, in 199 1 year, the total turnover of catering stores nationwide was only 49.2 billion yuan, but by 2004, this figure had risen to 748.6 billion yuan. Bian Jiang, deputy secretary-general of China Cuisine Association, said that this figure is expected to exceed 880 billion yuan this year. Therefore, there is an irreconcilable contradiction between the number of nutritionists and the feasibility of the regulations. The preparation of nutrition legislation has been going on for many years, and the Regulations on Nutrition Work and the Nutritionist Law have been drafted and discussed. Thirdly, the practice and discussion of dietitians in the process of professional legalization. Compared with other industries, there is not a perfect and ideal legal and policy environment and an effective intervention management system for nutrition in China. The existing legislation is still blank in this respect, and all problems in the field of nutrition can only be measured and solved through industry self-discipline and moral norms. Then, how will the future dietitians, especially those who have obtained or are striving for the professional qualification of dietitians, practice in their future work? How to protect your own interests through effective means? What will the demanders (customers/helpers) who receive nutrition services rely on to ensure their legitimate rights and interests? 1, the legal status of nutritionists From a legal point of view, "nutritionist" as a new professional concept, like other industries, should also face social needs as a professional subject. According to the existing employment pattern of the nutrition industry and considering the future trend, the main forms of personnel in this industry can be roughly divided into: ① medical system nutritionist; ② nutrition caterers in schools, government canteens and catering enterprises; ③ self-employed dietitians or nutrition consultants; b cooperative or partnership nutrition service institutions; from the above classification, it can be seen that nutritionists in China mainly exist in two fields: first, internal institutions of relevant medical, educational, catering and other units, as employees of the above-mentioned units, with units as employees. One is to establish or set up an unincorporated nutrition service organization as a natural person to directly serve the society in the name of an individual or institution. The self-employed subject of dietitians is a "natural person" (that is, the concept of "citizen"), and the subject of their legal responsibility is also a natural person. Of course, with the development of society, the possibility of cooperative system, partner system (lawyers, certified public accountants, foreign psychologists) and even company system cannot be ruled out. In contrast, nutritionists in medical, educational and catering units are the actual providers of nutrition services, but they do not have the status of parties in the contractual relationship or service consumption relationship with the needy. The undertaker of their legal responsibility and the holder of their rights (that is, the legal subject) should be their unit, and they are only performing their duties in the name of "unit". 2. The legitimacy of dietitian's service behavior is based on the fact that the civil juristic act "is legal if it is legal; Under the premise that there are still no special laws (special laws) and regulations to restrict it, the agreement and behavior between dieticians and their clients do not violate the provisions of Article 55 of the General Principles of Civil Law (general law): that is, to meet the following requirements: ① the actor has corresponding civil capacity; ② Meaning is truth; (3) Agreements and acts reached by both parties in written, oral or other forms are regarded as effective civil legal acts under the three conditions of "not violating laws, administrative regulations and social interests". In short, the services of psychological counselors are legal at this time. 3. The legal guarantee of dietitian's practice. Those who have obtained the nutritionist qualification certificate can provide nutritional services according to their abilities according to different grades. So, how should we practice? Before the current industry regulations were promulgated, the practice process and nature of doctors and lawyers were similar to that of nutritionists. We might as well learn from it and make some useful explorations for future nutrition legislation. (1) nutritionist management ① granting of practicing qualification (practicing registration system); (2) the competent department of industry; (3) Personnel are not qualified to practice in the following situations: A does not have full capacity for civil conduct; B has received criminal punishment; C was disqualified as a dietitian; D other circumstances that are not suitable for practicing. (2) According to the legal provisions and practices of several other industries related to the nutrition service business (service industry) (such as the opening procedures of the Medical Practitioner Law, the Certified Public Accountant Law and the Lawyers Law), the author thinks that the dietitian practice institution should meet the following conditions: ① It should have two practitioners (with professional qualifications) who meet the professional standards and working years; (2) Having a proper name, organization and place; (3) Having funds (RMB 1 10,000 yuan or more), equipment and instruments suitable for its business; (4) Having corresponding rules and regulations; ⑤ Be able to bear civil liability independently. (3) Opening procedures of nutrition service institutions ① Application for establishment; 2 approval; 3 Opening. (4) Practice contents and legal forms of dietitians ① Practice contents: According to professional functions, their work contents generally include: a nutrition survey b nutrition measurement c nutrition management d nutrition consultation and guidance e nutrition education, etc. ② Legal form of service: main contents of service contract: 1) both parties; Party A (nutritionist and its organization) and Party B (customer/helper/demander) 2) Contract object: nutrition and health services; 3) Charge price/remuneration; 4) Service time (cycle) and place (professional place-nutrition studio); 5) Treatment plan: 6) Rights and obligations of both parties: A Party A has the right to provide nutrition services according to professional standards and industry norms; Party B shall follow the established meal plan, and Party A has the right to terminate the contract if the helper obstructs it without reason; C. collect remuneration according to the agreement; B Party A is obliged to provide nutrition services according to professional standards and industry norms; B. According to the actual situation of customers, make a scientific diet plan and implement it in the comprehensive plan; Protect Party B's right to health and life; Protect the privacy of Party B; Party B's right to obtain satisfactory service according to the contract; B. have the right to know about services; C. the right to health and life are protected; The right to privacy is protected; Party B has the obligation to explain its true situation to Party A so that Party A can make an accurate judgment; B. Accept Party A's meal plan and try to cooperate; Pay remuneration as agreed; 7) Liability for breach of contract; 8) Privacy protection and confidentiality provisions; 9) Other agreements. 4. Rights and obligations of nutritionists (1) Right ① To carry out special nutrition services and choose a reasonable diet plan within the scope permitted by laws, regulations, professional standards and industry practices; Engaged in nutrition research, academic exchanges, to participate in professional academic groups; (three) to participate in nutrition professional training and receive continuing education; Put forward opinions and suggestions on the nutrition work of public institutions and the work of relevant departments, and participate in the democratic management of public institutions according to law; ⑤ Personal dignity and personal safety are inviolable in practice; ⑥ Get salary, remuneration or allowance, and enjoy the welfare treatment stipulated by the state; ⑦ Others. (2) Obligation ① Abide by laws, regulations and policies; (2) Abide by laws and regulations (industry practices, trading rules ...) and industry service operation specifications; ③ Establish professional spirit, abide by professional ethics, perform the duties of dietitian and serve customers dutifully; (4) Respect the customer's personality, care for and protect the customer's privacy; ⑤ Publicize nutrition and health knowledge and educate the whole society, including the community; 6. If the interests of customers are harmed intentionally or through gross negligence, they shall be liable for compensation according to law. 5. Legal liability (1) Subject of responsibility: ① the unit (hospital, school, catering unit, etc.) where nutritionists perform their duties. ) is the subject of responsibility; Bear civil liability with the property owned by the unit. As the service subject, individual dietitians bear legal responsibilities in their own names and personal property. If family property is used for investment, or the main part of income is enjoyed by family members, civil liability shall be borne by family property. In addition, individual dietitians can operate in partnership or have a brand name called individual partnership. Partners shall be jointly and severally liable externally, and share the responsibilities and distribute the surplus internally according to the proportion of capital contribution or as agreed by both parties. (2) Possible damage consequences: ① damage to the body rights, health rights and life rights of demanders; (two) damage the property rights of the demanders and their close relatives; ③ Mental damage to demanders and their close relatives; (4) Damage the reputation and privacy of the demander. These damage consequences generally occur at the same time, but sometimes only one or more of them occur. (III) Ways of assuming legal responsibilities According to Article 143 of the General Principles of the Civil Law, if a dietitian has a dispute with the client/demander/helper due to his duty behavior, according to the possible damage consequences, his legal responsibilities are: ① Stop the infringement; (2) eliminate the danger; 3 return property; 4 restore to the original state; (5) Compensation for losses; 6. Pay liquidated damages; ⑦ Eliminate influence and restore reputation; 8 apologize. The above ways of bearing civil liability can be applied separately or in combination. Those involved in litigation may also be reprimanded, ordered to make a statement of repentance, confiscated property and illegal income, fined according to law, and detained. What kind of behavior should bear what kind of consequences should be determined according to the specific situation. As a practicing dietitian in the future, we will unite and devote ourselves to the cause of nutrition with confidence.
Four. conclusion
To sum up, the core principle of healthy weight loss is to adjust the diet structure and pay attention to a balanced diet. It is unhealthy and unscientific to lose weight simply by dieting. Because obesity is not a simple problem of overnutrition, weight loss cannot be at the expense of health. Paying attention to reasonable and balanced diet nutrition can also achieve the effect of healthy weight loss.