1. Characteristics of perception, attention and memory.

Pupils gradually develop from a general and inaccurate perception of the whole thing to a more accurate perception of all parts of the thing, and can find the main characteristics of the thing and the relationship between the parts of the thing. Primary school students' attention is unstable and persistent, which is often closely related to their interests. At first, the memory of primary school students was mainly unconscious memory, concrete image memory and mechanical memory.

2. The characteristics of imagination and thinking.

The imagination of primary school students has developed from fragmented and vague images to more and more accurate and complete reflection of reality. Primary school students in lower grades have the characteristics of imitation, simple reproducibility, intuition and concreteness. By the middle and senior grades, their dependence on specific images will be less and less, and their creative imagination will begin to develop. Primary school students' thinking has gradually changed from concrete image thinking to abstract logical thinking, but their abstract logical thinking is still directly related to perceptual experience, which has a large number of concrete images.

3. Emotional characteristics.

With the growth of age, the mood of primary school students gradually tends to be stable, rich and profound. Although primary school students in lower grades can control their emotions at first, they are often unstable. In the senior grade of primary school, their feelings are more stable and self-esteem, the need to gain respect from others is increasingly strong, and their moral feelings have also been initially developed.

4. Characteristics of will.

The body organs and systems of primary school students are growing rapidly. They are energetic and proactive, but at the same time, because of their weak self-control, poor willpower, impulsive when they encounter things, and poor consciousness and persistence of will activities. When completing a task, they often rely on external pressure rather than conscious action.

5. Personality characteristics.

Primary school students' self-awareness is developing constantly, and their self-evaluation ability is also increasing. With the growth of age and knowledge, they no longer rely entirely on teachers' evaluation to estimate themselves, but can compare themselves with others' behaviors and make independent evaluations. Therefore, it is very important to carry out effective education in primary school and form students' good character.

Common organizational forms of classroom teaching in primary schools;

First,? Discipline organization, using special signal control? ：

1. Make use of students' competitive psychology: "Who sits most straight?" ?

2. Praise the disciplined students in time in class, so that other students are infected. ...

Second, emotional organization? ：

When encouraging students who have made progress in their studies, teachers can encourage students like this: "XX has made progress, what should we do?" Everyone clapped their hands and said, "Learn from him!" ?

The teacher said "praise him", and the students clapped their hands and said "you are great" and gave a thumbs up. ?

3. When students answer questions correctly and completely, teachers usually use "applause to encourage", and students clap their hands rhythmically to arouse the enthusiasm of all students, so that students are in high spirits and the classroom atmosphere is active.

Third,? Organize classroom teaching before and after students start;

For example, when a teacher asks students to use school tools in class, the teacher asks students to prepare school tools before class. In class, during the students' hands-on operation, after the teacher puts forward the requirements, the teaching purpose is achieved and the school tools are quickly put away to prevent students from using the school tools as "toys" and distracting their learning energy. I use encouraging language such as "who is the fastest" and "who is the most disciplined" to cultivate and promote students' study habits.

Fourth, organize students to teach before and after "speaking":

For example, in the teaching process, "talk about it", answer by name and discuss problems (group discussion, deskmate discussion). Some students answered questions too far away from them, or didn't hear them clearly when they answered them. At this time, teachers should organize teaching according to the teaching content. Before speaking, we can adopt teaching requirements such as "see who said the most complete words" and "see which group discussion result is closest to the answer", and praise them in time, such as "praising him" and "asking him".

Five, organize students to practice teaching:

Students are easily distracted when doing their homework, sitting incorrectly and not checking their homework. Therefore, before students do their homework, they can remind everyone with inspiring language, such as "See who is sitting right, write carefully, and check after writing". ?

Sixth,? Organize teaching activities while concentrating students' attention;

When teaching the key points of knowledge and highlighting the difficulties, we can use languages such as "Which group is the most disciplined", "Team wins the red flag" and "Look at the blackboard" to remind students to pay attention. ?

Seven,? Organize small activities between classes according to students' physical and mental characteristics;

In order to make students get physical and mental activities and rest their brains, activities such as singing, dancing, telling stories and doing rhythms are arranged between classes. I also put some study habits of students, such as discipline in class and writing posture; Living habits: for example, after getting up in the morning, put a series of actions into rhythm, so that students can standardize their behavior habits. Students like small animals, especially their sounds. Action students like to imitate and are included in the lively classroom atmosphere. ?

Eight,? Summarize students' learning and organize teaching activities: after a class, students are very involved. It is very necessary to summarize students' learning, so as to cultivate students' learning enthusiasm and competitive spirit. Groups with more red flags can be rewarded by "driving a train" or "playing games" according to the teaching content, and students who praise more can be awarded "Little Red Flower". The role of organizing classroom teaching in the lower grades of primary schools is obvious, but improper use can easily lead to the phenomenon of "excitement in the classroom and ignorance after class". In order to avoid this phenomenon, I think we should pay attention to the following points:

The organization of classroom teaching in lower grades should be a unified combination of knowledge, emotion and intention, integrating knowledge imparting, teachers' emotional care, students' habit cultivation and will training, giving priority to encouragement, avoiding blunt reprimands and criticisms, and fully mobilizing students' enthusiasm. Students' hearts are pure and fragile, so we should insist on praising more and not criticizing. ?

2. The organization of teaching should pay attention to timeliness, appropriateness and moderation, and should not be divided into primary and secondary. Teaching objectives, teaching methods and teaching art should not be ignored because of organizing teaching. Organizing classroom teaching is like seasoning in delicious dishes, neither more nor less.

Primary school students' safety knowledge

First, recess activities

1. Don't jump stairs, jump off buildings, climb railings, slide handrails and do dangerous activities.

Don't run up and down the stairs, go to the school playground for sports activities and recess games.

3. Go to the toilet to avoid the peak, and senior students should take care of junior students.

4. Be careful when the road slips in rainy days, and don't push and shove between classmates.

Second, classroom activities safety education

1. Collision avoidance. Don't chase and fight in the classroom, do strenuous exercise and games to prevent bumping and injury.

2. Prevent falling. When you need to climb up to clean and pick up things, please ask others to protect you and pay attention to prevent you from falling.

3. prevent falling. No matter whether the classroom is on a high floor or not, don't lean out of the balcony or window to avoid falling.

4. Reverse extrusion. The doors and windows of the classroom are easy to be pressed by hands when they are opened and closed, so be careful everywhere. You should gently open and close the doors and windows, and be careful not to pinch other people's hands.

5. Fire prevention. Do not bring lighters, matches, fireworks, small firecrackers and other dangerous goods into the campus, and put an end to playing with fire and setting off fireworks and firecrackers.

6. Prevent accidental injuries. Sharp tools such as cones, knives and scissors are not allowed, and stationery is not allowed to be placed on tables and chairs at will to avoid accidental injury.

Third, traffic safety education.

1. Travel safety

First of all, we should understand and master the meaning of various traffic lights: when the green light is on, traffic is allowed, but turning vehicles are not allowed to hinder the passage of straight vehicles and pedestrians; When the yellow light is on, no traffic is allowed, but vehicles and pedestrians who have entered the crosswalk can continue to pass after passing the stop line; When the red light is on, you are not allowed to pass. When the yellow light flashes, it must pass under the principle of ensuring safety.

The meaning of crosswalk signal: when the green light is on, traffic is allowed; When the green light flashes, pedestrians are not allowed to enter the crosswalk, and those who have entered the crosswalk can continue to pass; When the red light is on, no vehicles are allowed to pass.

When crossing the road, you should get into the good habit of watching traffic signals. At the same time, pay attention to traffic, and don't chase, rush, cross diagonally or suddenly change the direction of the road. Don't lean on the guardrail and isolation pier, and don't cross or drill through the guardrail and isolation pier to cross the road. Instead, take the overpass and underpass. In the distance where there is no crosswalk, you must go straight through, take the initiative to avoid passing vehicles, and don't rush when the vehicles are approaching.

On urban roads, white or yellow lines are generally used to divide the road into the slow lanes of motor vehicles, bicycles, human tricycles and other slow vehicles and the sidewalks of pedestrians. On the sidewalk, few people should not walk side by side. Try to pull over when there is no sidewalk. Junior students should be led by their parents when they go out. When walking, if someone crosses the road to say hello, don't cross the road suddenly to prevent accidents.

Pay attention when walking. Don't look around, read books and newspapers or forget to observe the road conditions because of thinking and chatting. That is likely to be accompanied by stones and wooden sticks on the road, hurting or knocking down trees and telephone poles, and even having a car accident. When there is a car parked on the roadside, you should pay attention to avoid it, so as to avoid being injured when the car suddenly starts or opens the door. You can't play football, roller skate, jump rubber bands, play games or chase fights on the road, not to mention picking up cars, chasing cars, standing in the middle of the road and forcibly stopping cars or throwing parabolic cars. Be careful when walking in foggy and rainy days. You'd better wear brightly colored clothes (preferably yellow), raincoats and bright umbrellas. When you go to the street at night, you should choose a lot with street lights, and pay special attention to traffic and road conditions to prevent accidents or accidentally falling into pits dug by the road and various uncovered wells. When crossing expressway, you should obey the traffic police's command and obey the traffic rules, so as to "stop at the red light, go at the green light" and "slow down, look at it, and pass through it".

Step 2 ride safely

According to the regulations of the transportation department, children under the age of 12 are not allowed to ride bicycles, tricycles and push and pull all kinds of rickshaws on the street. That is, if you are 12 years old, you must obey the traffic rules when cycling in the street. Riding a bike in the street, walking in the slow lane, not entering the fast lane of motor vehicles, and not riding a bike on the sidewalk. In the section where there is no motor vehicle lane or non-motor vehicle lane, you should drive to the right as far as possible, and you can't back up or ride in the middle of the road.

Ride straight, don't turn left and right, don't grab the line and turn sharply when turning, slow down ahead of time, see the left and right and the rear clearly, and make clear gestures to indicate the turning direction. When overtaking, the overtaking vehicle cannot be affected. When cycling through the intersection, you should slow down and pay attention to the traffic. When you meet a red light at an intersection, you should brake early and don't cross the intersection stop line.

When two or more people ride bicycles together in the street, don't ride in parallel, let alone climb up and help each other. Don't chase each other and don't play jokes on each other. That will not only affect the normal driving of others, but also easily cause accidents. When riding a bicycle, you can't show your riding skills by spreading out the handle, and you can't climb a motor vehicle for labor saving and curiosity.

Don't ride on people or things that are too big or heavy, and don't ride with other things in your hand. Don't learn to ride a bike on the road.

Step 3 ride safely

Obey the order when taking the bus, wait in turn at the designated place, get off the bus before getting on the bus when the bus stops, and don't be crowded. You can't get on or off the bus before it stops, otherwise it will easily cause a fall or bump. When riding, don't throw things outside the car, and don't stick your head, arms or any part of your body out of the car, which is easy to be scratched by the opposite car or branches on the side of the road. At the same time, firecrackers, gasoline and other inflammable and explosive articles are not allowed to get on the bus.

When you get off the bus, you should go to the sidewalk first. If you want to cross the road, you must cross the crosswalk. Never rush into the middle of the road as soon as you get off the bus, not to mention running from the front and back of the car to the middle of the road without waiting for the bus to leave, so you can't see the cars coming and going on the road, and it is easy to have an accident. Don't stand on the expressway when taking a taxi. In the event of an unfortunate rollover accident, don't cling to a certain part of the carriage. Holding your head and shrinking is the best policy. If you encounter a traffic accident, you should maintain the scene, call an adult and notify the hospital at the same time, so as to rescue the wounded quickly and report to the traffic police or security personnel in time; Also remember the license plate number of the accident vehicle.

Fourth, food hygiene education.

1. Don't buy snacks at will, especially cold drinks and popsicles with rough packaging and low quality in roadside shops and streets, and don't eat popcorn, puffed food, tofu, cooked meat, mutton kebabs, spicy food and other foods sold by vendors without business licenses and hygiene licenses.

2. Heat the food overnight, don't eat rotten food, don't drink tap water, don't drink water casually, and eat fruits and vegetables raw. Vegetables should be washed and peeled before eating fruits. Wild fruits, wild vegetables, mushrooms and other wild foods should not be eaten indiscriminately.

Wash your hands frequently, especially before and after meals, and be sure to wash your hands when going to the toilet.

4. Don't eat snacks indiscriminately and keep oral hygiene at all times, so as to grow hard, neat and white teeth.

5. When buying food, you should carefully see the manufacturer, production date and shelf life.

6. Tableware at home is often disinfected, and the kitchen should be sheltered from the wind to prevent mildew.

7. Don't steal the fruit in the orchard, there may be pesticide spraying to avoid poisoning.

Verb (abbreviation for verb) to prevent drowning.

1. Don't play or chase at the seaside, lakeside, riverside, reservoir, ditch or pond to prevent slipping into the water. There is a saying: if you have nothing to do, you will inevitably get wet.

2. It is forbidden for students to swim in the water without permission, especially primary and secondary school students must be accompanied by adults and carry lifebuoys.

3. It is forbidden for primary and middle school students to go fishing privately, because all fishing is squatting at the water's edge, and the soil and sand at the water's edge have been soaked in the water for a long time and become very loose. The edges of some water have been soaked in water for many years, and a layer of moss has grown. If you step on it, you will slip into the water. Even if you don't slip into the water, you are in danger of injury.

4. It is forbidden to row without adults or lifebuoys.

5. When rowing or taking a boat in the park, be sure to sit still, don't run around on the boat, and don't wash your hands and feet beside the boat, especially when taking a boat, don't shake or be overweight, so as not to capsize or sink the boat.

6. When taking a boat, in case of special circumstances, you must keep calm, obey the instructions of the crew on board, and don't dive lightly. If someone is drowning, don't rush into the water to rescue him.

7. In case of strong wind, heavy rain, big waves or foggy weather, it is best not to take a boat or play on it.

8. If you accidentally fall into the water, breathe in enough air, pat the water and shout loudly. People on the shore should immediately call for help from adults, find something with long branches, bamboo and grass vines nearby, let people catch it and throw it at the drowning person. Without the help of adults, people on the shore should immediately take off their clothes and belts while shouting, pick them up and throw them at the drowning person.

9. If you are unfortunate enough to drown, when someone comes to help, you should relax and let the rescuer hold your waist.

10. When something you especially love falls into the water, don't hurry to catch it, ask an adult for help.

Sixth, fire prevention and self-help.

1. Particularly common fire accidents: We deal with fire everywhere in our lives, but fire brings us a lot of harm, so don't play with fire, and don't carry lighters, matches and firecrackers at ordinary times.

Many parents smoke, so parents should be reminded not to smoke in bed, especially cigarette butts.

Be careful when using electrical appliances. When using fluorescent lamps and electric heaters, keep a certain distance from flammable materials. Don't use light bulbs and electric heaters to dry clothes and towels.

4. Pay attention to the use of mosquito-repellent incense. The lit mosquito-repellent incense should be placed on metal plates, porcelain plates or concrete and brick floors, and attention should be paid to staying away from flammable materials when entering together.

Be careful when using the stove. Don't put flammable materials near the stove. Never bake clothes in the stove. If you want to bake, you must be watched.

6. Pay attention to safety when using liquefied petroleum gas stoves. When igniting, first open the air valve, and then use electronic ignition. Close the valve behind you after use, and pay special attention to the guards when cooking and boiling water with liquefied gas, so as to be waterproof and extinguish the fire.

7. Don't have picnics, barbecues and other activities in the wild without permission, so as not to cause mountain fires.

8. Don't set off firecrackers and fireworks in densely populated areas and near oil depots, explosives, wineries and chemical plants.

9. Don't burn garbage indiscriminately, and don't put the burning cinder in the garbage dump, which is easy to burn and cause a fire.

10. When Tomb-Sweeping Day sweeps the grave, he should pay special attention to the fire caused by incense wax.

1 1. If there is a fire at home, use local materials immediately, cover the flame with a wet towel and cut off the fire source quickly.

12. If the oil pan is on fire, don't use water to put out the fire, and don't directly end the pan with your hands, so as not to hurt the soup. Cover the pot immediately, or annihilate it with sand and quilt.

13. If the electrical appliance is on fire, immediately turn off the power supply, cover it with a dry blanket and quilt, and remember not to use water to put out the fire, because water is conductive.

14. If there is a fire, the first thing to do is to dial "1 19" and tell the location of the fire.

15. Don't panic, climb along the wall and wrap your nose and mouth with a wet towel. If the clothes are on fire, don't run around. You should jump on the ground and roll back and forth or jump into the nearby water.

16. If there is a fire in public places such as theatres and shopping malls, first of all, you should keep calm, know the direction clearly, never crowd or blindly follow, and don't drill under seats, corners or counters.

17. To learn to use fire extinguishers, dry powder fire extinguishers are commonly used. How to use them:

A, shake up and down b, unplug the safety pin c, the nozzle faces the flame root d, and press the valve. People should not be too close to the fire, and they should stand in a lunge when spraying.

Seven, how to prevent accidental injury

1. Learn the common sense of electricity use, and don't touch the power supply with hard objects or parts of the human body to prevent electric shock.

2. Don't plug and unplug the power supply with wet hands.

3. Pay more attention to observe whether all kinds of electrical appliances, plugs and sockets, wires and lights at home are damaged or aging. If so, tell your parents to handle them correctly immediately.

All metal products are conductive. Never use these tools to really connect the power supply.

5. Don't wipe the electric appliance with a wet towel to prevent water from falling into the shell and causing short circuit, so as to avoid electric shock.

6. On the way to and from school, pay special attention to whether the wires on the roadside have fallen off, and you must avoid them when you see them.

7. In thunderstorm weather, don't stand under the tree to avoid rain, so as not to be struck by lightning.

8. If someone is found to be electrocuted, never touch the electrocuted person directly with your hands. The correct way is to use dry wooden sticks and other insulating objects to open the wires and dial 120. If the patient's heart stops beating, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be carried out immediately, such as extra-cardiac massage and beating the heart, until the emergency personnel arrive.

9. Don't play on the crowded stairs.

10. It is forbidden to slide down or chase the stair handrail. Stepping on the air or hitting people may cause serious injury.

1 1. It is forbidden to climb high or explore things on the balcony guardrail, especially when cleaning windows.

12. It is forbidden to shoot people or street lamps, windows and glass with simulated pistols, which will hurt others and damage articles.

13. Pay attention to prevent burns when lifting food and turning on water. Before using the pressure cooker at home, be sure to check whether the air valve is unobstructed. When opening the lid, please turn it over and open it in the other direction to prevent steam burns.

14. When parents are cooking, don't stand by and watch the oil pan, in case the oil star splashes and burns.

15. Don't play in the construction site. There are many sundries on the ground, which easily hurt your feet. Bricks may fall from the upstairs at any time and hurt your head.

16. Don't play in wood, oil drums, wooden cases, etc. Put it on the base to avoid falling objects hurting people.

17. Don't play or hide-and-seek near dangerous houses to avoid accidents.

18. Keep your distance from strangers.

19. Don't run away from home, go out with the anger of adults and let adults worry.

20. Don't play outside when you come home from school. You should go home first. If you need to go out, you should discuss with your parents and let them know where you are going.

2 1. It is strictly forbidden to enter the video game room, video hall, billiards room, dance hall, karaoke room and Internet cafe, so as to avoid contact with some malicious people.

References:

Baidu encyclopedia-primary school students