What is the future of the 5g era? In fact, the use of the network has become an indispensable part of our lives, and many aspects need to rely on the network. Now 5g is also active on major platforms. What is the future of the 5g era?

What is the future 5g era? 1 To talk about this 5G, we must first understand what electromagnetic waves are.

electromagnetic wave

In daily life, except for atomic electrons, the rest are almost electromagnetic waves; Infrared ray, ultraviolet ray, visible light, cell phone signal, this radiation and that radiation, etc. As long as it is related to waves, there will be three parameters: wave velocity, wavelength and amplitude; The speed of electromagnetic waves is constant, which is commonly called the speed of light. Then there are only two variables: wavelength and amplitude; When the amplitude does not consider the direction, it only affects the wavelength, which is usually called frequency. This frequency is too important for wavelength.

The higher the frequency, the shorter the wavelength and the higher the energy, such as microwave oven; Fast attenuation, poor penetration, less scattering and great harm to human body. This is the basic law of electromagnetic waves. Let's write it down in a small book first.

Classification of electromagnetic waves

A long electromagnetic wave has a wavelength of several hundred million meters and a frequency of 3HZ, which is 1 sec. If it is used in communication, it is estimated that one sentence will take a year.

A submarine passed under the sea. What frequency does it communicate with? The wavelength of this electromagnetic wave must be tens of thousands of meters. Only by using this communication can we ensure stability, cross mountains and rivers, and penetrate tens of meters deep seawater (seawater is the bane of electromagnetic waves because of its conductivity). But the frequency is really low, and the information content carried is limited. It takes half an hour to send a greeting.

Radio, radio and telegraph have shorter wavelengths, about tens of meters long. The frequency is generally in megahertz MHZ, and the distance can run hundreds of kilometers. This is much better than a submarine, and the amount of information is still good.

Well, I'll tell you a way to survive. If you are thrown on a desert island and you happen to have a rescue plane, the frequency of civil emergency call is 12 1.5 MHz. Another military frequency is 243MHZ, which is an unencrypted public frequency. It can be received within hundreds of kilometers around. Wan Wan and Rabbit used this frequency to talk before their military planes met in the Strait. As a result, they were recorded by radio enthusiasts and put on the internet, which became a pleasure for netizens to get close to the front line of the battle.

If this wavelength is shorter, this range will be particularly interesting in the range of1cm-1m. The first is that this attenuation is not particularly weak, and electromagnetic waves can still run for 100 kilometers; The second is that this frequency has reached the GHZ range, and the amount of information has doubled. Not only can you speak neatly, but you can also encrypt things. So this frequency band is the key to communication, such as 1G2G3G4G, satellite communication and radar communication are all gathered here. Full name: microwave communication.

Millimeter waves are falling. Although this kind of electromagnetic wave is not very divergent, it is easily reflected or absorbed by the surrounding substances and has no penetrability. It is really not conducive to communication, but it can't accommodate information content. The frequency is above 30GHZ, not to mention for talking. You can use it for multipoint real-time video communication. So, 5G came.

Further down is micron. There is nothing wrong with this increase in information, but the wavelength of 0.7 micron belongs to visible light. It is too difficult for visible light to be used for communication. If you want to engage in 7G8G, you can't. This routine can't go on. I can't help it. Neither can infiltration. So there is laser communication, well, the transmitting point and the receiving point must be aligned, and there can be no obstacles in the middle. This is an optical fiber.

Frequency of electromagnetic wave

The wavelength will drop to 0.3 micron, which is 300 nanometers. At this point, it belongs to ultraviolet light; This has finally reached the point where it is harmful to the human body. The proportion of ultraviolet rays in sunlight is about 4%. If someone tells you that the communication signal is harmful to human body next time, you can ask him not to bask in the sun. Compared with electromagnetic wave radiation, the radiation of communication signals is almost negligible (except electromagnetic vibration, which is out of the reach of ordinary people).

Ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 200 nanometers can hardly be found in sunlight. When the sun is big, it can be used as a supplement to laser communication. The concealment is not generally strong, and the transmission is good. This is a military lever.

Going down to the nanometer level, the common thing in this kind of life is hospital X-ray, which has super penetrating power. Of course, it can't be used for communication.

Further down, it will be 0.0 1 nm, which dare not mess around. Gamma rays come from nuclear radiation, which is one of the strongest forms of energy known in the universe! If you want to destroy a planet, gamma rays are a good choice. In fact, scientists have always suspected that the gamma rays produced by supernovae during the explosion destroyed a large number of cosmic civilizations, and the earth only escaped because it was in the corner.

Now that we know this wavelength, let's go back to microwave communication.

Why does the higher the frequency, the more information it carries? We know that the transmission mode of information is represented by a series of 1 and 0, so electromagnetic waves are no exception.

The first way is "amplitude modulation", which is to adjust the amplitude of electromagnetic waves in vernacular Chinese. Large amplitude means 1, and small amplitude means 0; AM amplitude modulation is widely used on radio, which has many disadvantages.

The second scheme belongs to "frequency modulation", and the method is to adjust the frequency, such as 1 with dense frequency and 0 with loose frequency; FM FM in the radio is this scheme, which has many advantages over AM.

Obviously, in a unit time, the more waves are emitted, the more 1 and 0 can be expressed, or the higher the frequency, the more information is carried.

Theoretically, if the 800W waves generated per second at the frequency of 800MHZ all represent 1 and 0, the data of 100 m can be transmitted within 1 second. This speed is so powerful, why don't we use it?

This has to mention the loss. Communication needs to cross Qianshan. It is not normal to lose some 1 and 0 in the middle, but our scientists make this group 1 and 0 into a group to prevent information distortion. For example, 1000 continuous 1 means 1, so that we can recognize it even if we lose half of it on the way. This method is generally used in folk communication because of its obvious features and easy identification. It is easy to be cracked. Now we come back to say that the civil Beidou satellite signal has been cracked, which is not surprising.

After all, civil signals are widely used by the public. As long as they can be distinguished from other signals, they will not be particularly complicated, otherwise the transmission efficiency will be too low. Like 2G technology, it uses a frequency of 800MHZ and transmits tens of K per second.

If it's military, that's another story. In order to prevent it from being cracked, a bunch of super complex combinations are used to represent 1 and 0, and there is a bunch of useless information in the middle. All kinds of frequency hopping spread spectrum technologies and combinations should be changed. Anyway, it's just a mess to see who can stun first. So it caused a phenomenon, but also a greeting. Military communication uses 1 and 0 times more than civilian communication, and in order to ensure transmission efficiency, military frequency is n times higher than civilian communication.

At present, the top-level cracking technology can not exhaust the top-level encryption technology, not to mention the quantum communication technology is gradually maturing.

Since this military confrontation can't be done, what should we do? It is impossible to admit cowardice. What should I do? Since I can't do it, I'll just give you some materials, give you a bunch of 1 and 0, and confuse your original combination, so that our own people can't understand it. This is what the military often calls an electronic pit.

Well, are we digressing? Let's get to the point. Let's keep talking about 5G.

These are the basic principles of communication. Here are some key technologies. There are many arguments about the key technologies of 5G. Let's make a simple classification first.

Three key technologies

In the oscillating circuit, we can generate electromagnetic waves by inserting an antenna, change the frequency or amplitude of electromagnetic waves in a specific way, and form various complex combinations. This process is called modulation. Accordingly, we can set up antennas to receive electromagnetic waves in the air, and we can change them back to corresponding 1 and 0 in a specific way. This process is called demodulation.

Sending electromagnetic waves into the air, or receiving electromagnetic waves in the air, all need antennas, and so do our mobile phones. Mobile phones can't communicate directly with other mobile phones, but communicate with other mobile phones through surrounding base stations. The problem is that the current 5G communication uses millimeter waves, which are seriously attenuated in the air. However, after all, it is civil, and the transmission power cannot be increased indefinitely. What should I do? We must do something on the antenna.

The first key technology of 5G comes, large-scale antenna matrix array.

Simply put, it is to increase the number of antennas. One or two is not enough, so we will have hundreds of antennas at a time. This idea is easy to understand, but there is also a trouble, that is, using so many antennas to transmit a signal at the same time, one carelessness is a mess.

Compared with the original multi-antenna plus centimeter wave, the physical characteristics of multi-antenna plus millimeter wave radio transmission are different, so a new channel model is established. How to build this model? Well, the number of words is limited, so let's leave it to the great gods, so I won't go into details here.

More antennas not only solve the attenuation problem of millimeter waves, but also incite transmission efficiency and anti-interference performance, which is a compulsory course of 5G.

I think the 256 large antenna released by Datang Telecom in 20 15 indirectly worked in the following year, but it dropped a nuclear bomb in the global communication community, and it was a wonderful time! Unfortunately, I didn't keep up with the festival, and I was reduced to living by selling scientific research buildings.

Now that the antenna of the base station is fixed, it is time to solve the antenna problem of the terminal, which depends on a brand-new technology: full duplex technology.

Generally, there is only one antenna for mobile phone communication, and information is sent and received alternately, which means that one person has to send and receive information, which is a bit inefficient. Full duplex technology is to separate the antenna that sends information from the antenna that receives information, and receive and send information at the same time. Not to mention this advantage, but it is not generally difficult to achieve.

Imagine putting the microphone that sends the message next to the stereo that receives the message, so that it can work normally. Do you find it difficult? There are two solutions. The first is physical solution. A wall is added between the two antennas, mainly using shielding materials. The second is the technical scheme, which processes the signal, such as passive analog cancellation.

These two key technologies of 5G were completed by Huawei in 20 16. In 20 16, Huawei official website announced that it had completed the field verification of key technologies in the first phase of 5G, two of which focused on large-scale antenna technology and full duplex technology.

Now that the antenna is ready, it's time for "new multiple access technology". The name is dizzy at first sight. Don't worry, wait for the road.

Assume that the base station is represented by 100HZ 1 and 0 by 105HZ. There is another incoming call at this moment, so the 1 of this new phone has to be represented by 1 10HZ, and 0 is represented by 1 15HZ; Push it down with this. This is the concept of 1G network. FDMA for short

This shortcoming is obvious. Two telephones occupy the frequency band of 100- 1 15HZ, and this occupied frequency band is called bandwidth. Even an amateur can see that this thing takes up too much bandwidth. Fortunately, the bandwidth at that time was a phone call. If you want to send a message or something, you will be desperate. Slowly, everyone will see the benefits and more people will use it. This will soon be insufficient. What should I do? Upgrade.

In other words, we use 100HZ for 1 and 105HZ for 0, but this is for customer A in the first second, customer B in the second and customer C in the third. Technically speaking, 5HZ is enough for three people, but there is a little delay. This is the concept of 2G, or TDMA for short.

Later, more and more people used it, and the 2G network could not meet the demand. The market tells us that where there is demand, there is productivity; Continue to play the routine, add a string code in front of each customer's signal to represent the customer's information, and then send the string code together with the customer's information, so that the receiver only needs to receive the corresponding string code information. It's like an uncle who used to deliver letters, holding a bunch of envelopes in his hand. Whoever calls his name will go forward and get it. Since then, each mobile phone has its own corresponding serial code, which is called 3G network, or CDMA for short.

The further development is orthogonal frequency multiple access technology, which mixes two orthogonal signals that do not interfere with each other and sends them out. This orthogonal signal is somewhat similar to the superposition state of quantum mechanics. Superimpose the signals and send them together. This is the concept of 4G, referred to as OFDMA.

Each terminal has a unique address on the network, so this technology, which allows many mobile phones to make calls together, can be used from 1G to 4G, which is collectively called multiple access technology. Of course, 5G has to play something different. Let's call it "new multiple access technology". Where is this guy new?

Non-orthogonal multiple access, graph division multiple access, multi-user access,,, well, a lot of information, fortunately, it is not the telecommunications industry now, otherwise it will faint. The general idea is to superimpose more signals or mix the previous technologies. This technology is a bit high. People who are not in the telecommunications industry can just watch the fun.

In order to realize the peak rate of 10Gb/ s, the link density of 1 10,000 and the delay of 1 millisecond, this 5G network must solve these three key technologies before it can travel in rivers and lakes.

On 20 16, Huawei verified the "key technology" of the first phase test, which mainly verified three major technologies. The new multiple access uses filtered orthogonal frequency division multiplexing, sparse code multiple access and polarization code. Combined with large-scale antenna, the throughput of 10 times is improved on the basis of 4G, and the average throughput reaches 3.6GB/ s at the frequency of 100MHZ. The full-duplex adopts three frameworks: passive analog cancellation, active analog cancellation and digital cancellation, and realizes the self-interference cancellation capability of 1 10DB, and achieves a throughput gain of more than 90%.

In 20 17, Huawei achieved a single-user downlink rate of more than 6GB/ s with a bandwidth of 200MHZ, and the peak reached18 GB/s. With the installation of the first miniaturized 5G test terminal in the community, a single 5G base station can support hundreds of ultra-high definition 4K videos at the same time.

In 20 18, Huawei completed the third phase of "Testing Key Technologies and Business Processes of 5G Core Network Based on Independent Networking".

In these three tests, Huawei drew a perfect ending for the verification of the 5G test.

In addition to these three key technologies, there are still many things to be done if our mobile phones want to form a network. For example, the allocation of transmission resources is much more difficult than the traffic lights on the road. As long as a traffic light is not done well, I'm sorry, the city is almost paralyzed. Therefore, Huawei has spent more than two years developing autonomous networking tests with operators. There are also problems of asymmetric energy consumption and benefits in some areas. The energy consumption is too high, wasting a lot of resources, and the base station can only shut down or sleep. Wait a minute. Some basic requirements.

chip

From the above, we can see that the data to be processed by 5G has increased geometrically compared with 4G. Now all the data are 0 and 1, but everything with 0 and 1 is basically a chip. Radio frequency chip is used to control electromagnetic wave emission, baseband chip is used to encode and decode, and so on; These are also the key technologies of 5G.

China players in this field, well, Huawei again; Huawei 20 19 released the first core chip of 5G base station: plough; There is also the world's first single-chip multimode 5G baseband chip: Ba Long 5000. As the No.1 player in China, it is inevitable to win N world firsts.

There are more players who make this modem chip; However, the mainstream frequency of 5G is 28GHZ, and there are only four players who can handle chips in this frequency band.

Qualcomm was the first player to start research; Samsung is the farthest, reaching 39GHZ；; Huawei is the most technologically advanced player; Intel is everywhere; It is said that MediaTek in Taiwan Province Province is also doing it, and I don't know which step to take.

Ba Long 5G0 1 released by Huawei 20 18 in China is too big to be installed on mobile phones. Therefore, in 20 19, Ba Long 5000 for mobile phones was launched, and mobile phone processor Kirin chip and server chip Kun Peng were also released. This technology has also been used.

There are too many technologies about communication, which are too complicated. It is necessary to establish a relevant standard. Let's play together in a circle. Let's talk about the 5G standard first.

The first phase of the 5G standard was completed on 20 18 and released in June, marking the first truly complete international 5G standard release, and the rest will be improved after 20 19.

A total of 50 companies participated in this standard conference, including 16 companies in China, including Datang Telecom, China Telecom, China Mobile, China Unicom, Huawei, Lenovo and ZTE. USA 8, Europe 8, Japan 13, Korea 5.

In terms of quantity, China is the biggest player; In terms of quality, China is also in the forefront.

On the channel, Ou Meng's Loukia code always uses turbo code, American player Qualcomm always uses LDPC code, and Huawei is good at polar code. Therefore, the first round directly eliminated Ou Meng's turbine technology, and Ou Meng's players had to start learning LDPC and polar regions; Again;

The following is the contest between Qualcomm and Huawei;

Channel coding is divided into "control channel coding" and "data channel coding". Qualcomm thinks that they all use his LDPC technology; Huawei's scheme is to use polar coordinate code for control channel and LDPC code for data channel.

The highlight came, and Lenovo voted against Huawei's plan.

Of course, Lenovo's vote at that time had no effect on the result. Because the difference is too big, only the LDPC code is confirmed in the data channel that day, and the control channel capacity will be discussed later.

By the time of the second vote, Qualcomm, Intel, etc. Find 3 1 companies to form an LDPC camp, and require the use of LDPC technology. Huawei, on the other hand, organized 55 companies including Lenovo to form the polar camp, demanding the use of polar technology. As you can imagine, Huawei won completely. Polar code becomes control channel code, while LDPC is called data channel code.

Later, this incident was turned over by netizens, and Lenovo also caused public outrage. Huawei also carefully helped out.

Well, by the way, all the industry standards of 5G have not yet come out, and 5G still has a long way to go before it is fully mature.

Application scenario

Because of too many applications of 5G, the International Telecommunication Union later held the 22nd meeting of ITU-RWP5D, and determined the application scenarios of 5G.

To sum up, it is three sentences: 5G network speed is fast, signal is wide, and time delay is low; But 5G is too advanced, and the changes brought by technology are beyond imagination. 5G is the cornerstone of comprehensive informationization, which can fully realize the Internet of Things: the Internet of Everything.

Just like the difference between 1G in those days and the current 4G, the mobile phone in those days was not an opponent at all. Are you expecting it now? Come and join Huawei's R&D army.

What is the future 5g era like? What is the focus of 2 5G?

What exactly is 5G? Literally, it is not difficult to understand that it is the next generation technology after 4G. But what can 5G technology define its own characteristics? Answering this question is not an easy task at present, because the industry has not fully reached a * * * understanding.

Through the earliest 5G research project initiated by the European Union-METIS (the key technology in the field of wireless mobile communication to build an information society in 2020), we may have a relatively clear understanding of 5G. This project consists of 29 members, including France Telecom, Telefó nica Espa? a, NTT DoCoMo and other global mainstream telecom operators, as well as mainstream telecom equipment vendors such as Ericsson, Huawei and Alcatel-Lucent, and even BMW Group from non-telecom industries.

In view of the fact that by 2022, the global data traffic will increase by 20 10/000 times 1000 times, the EU METIS project has set a clear goal for 5G technology: in terms of capacity, 5G technology will increase the mobile data flow per unit area by 1000 times compared with 4G; In terms of transmission rate, the typical user data rate is increased by 10 times to 100 times, and the peak transmission rate can reach 10 Gbps. ...

The highlight of 5G is that its capacity will be 1000 times that of 4G, and speed is not the key problem to be solved by 5G. In fact, since 3G started its mobile broadband journey, the mobile data transmission rate has been increasing. The rate of 1Gbps achieved today can meet the needs of most mobile data services and applications.

"It is worth noting that increasing the speed will require very high terminal complexity", which particularly emphasizes this challenge. After the speed is greatly improved, the terminal will be difficult to design, and the power consumption problem will once again challenge the terminal manufacturing industry. Because of this, I think: "speeding up is not necessarily necessary, but a possibility."

Paying attention to things other than speed is also the mentality of the EU METIS project team. Dr. Afif Osseiran, the overall project leader, said that the problem that 5G has to solve is not only the transmission rate, but also the large-scale growth of networked devices and the different challenges of different application scenarios to network requirements. In fact, the industry has generally believed that simply speeding up is meaningless, because the user's demand for speed will not increase indefinitely, or it is no longer the first demand.

Where does a thousand times the production capacity come from?

Coping with the impact of digital flood is the core appeal of 5G, and it is also the fundamental driving force for 5G to achieve 1000 times the capacity of 4G. So, where does a thousand times the capacity come from?

To achieve a thousand times the ability, we need innovative ideas. I think, first of all, we can look for more spectrum resources from the perspective of management, such as reusing existing spectrum resources. The richer the spectrum resources, the easier it is to upgrade the capacity. In this regard, Li Jiandong gave a vivid metaphor: "If a new expressway is added next to the existing expressway, more vehicles will be allowed to pass."

Reducing the area and radius of each cell and increasing the network density to 10 or even 20 times is another important direction.

It is worth noting that in the 5G era, small base stations are expected to play an extremely important role, even the most important role. I pointed out that an important innovative idea in the 5G era is Hong Jizhan, which will cover a wide range in the future. For example, the existing Hong Jizhan of 2G network is mainly used for management, and the real communication transmission is completed by small base stations, which realizes the separation of communication transmission and network management, which not only improves efficiency, but also saves energy. The integration of network and technology will be the main theme of the 5G era. 5G will change the previous technology-centered model, but focus on experience, and meet the explosive growth of data traffic through the integration of various wireless technologies and networks.

I described such an application scenario in the 5G era: although the cellular network will continue to serve the mobile phone, when the mobile phone is within the coverage of WLAN, the cellular network will cooperate with WLAN to provide an "enhanced version" of data services for the mobile phone; Regardless of quad-core or eight nuclear, the processing power of a mobile phone is limited after all, but multiple mobile phones located in the same location can enjoy the processing power and transmit the processed digital content to the mobile phone in a short distance.

In my opinion, the ideal application scenario is that all the network and processing resources around the terminal can be "easily accessed" according to the requirements, that is, the resources are dynamically bound with the terminal, and the resources will "follow the terminal".

In order to realize this ideal application scenario, the construction of self-organizing network is an important direction, which is also the research focus of xidian university at present. Self-organizing network solves the difficulties caused by manual allocation of frequency and resources. As long as the power supply problem is solved, the rest will be done automatically by the network. For example, when the data traffic in a specific location suddenly increases, the network will automatically allocate resources to support it.

5G is a brand-new stage, and China may win more applause on this stage. I think, on the one hand, users in China have a more urgent demand for 5G, users in China have developed the habit of using data services, and users in China are more eager for digital life than foreign users; On the other hand, many Huawei scientists are world-class scientists now, and their information has been fully enjoyed. China's creative desire is stronger, and China's creative strength is constantly improving. China's performance on the 5G stage will definitely be better than that in the 4G era!

What will the future 5g era look like? 3 Is it necessary to use 5g now?

The development of 5G seems to be faster than we expected. At present, there are already mobile phones supporting 5G networks on the market, and operators in many regions have begun to experience them. At present, the 5G network has not been officially commercialized, and consumers just stay at this node where 4G is upgraded to the 5G network. Many people who want to change their mobile phones have made difficulties this year. At present, or in the next year, is it necessary for ordinary consumers to buy 5G mobile phones? Then we will analyze them one by one.

At present, the selectivity of 5G mobile phones is very small. What you can buy now is Huawei Mate 20X 5G version (Mate 20X was released two months ago, and there is no change this year, only the support for 5G network has been added), the upcoming Mate 30 (it is estimated that it will be snapped up in stock at the end of the year), iQOO Pro 5G, Samsung Note 10 5G and so on. There are only five or six new iPhone models with high attention, and they do not support 5G. If you spend money to buy any of them, they may not be what you like, so you might as well use them first.

The improvement of the current 5G network for daily use is actually not obvious. The 5G that our mass consumers know only supports the improvement of speed. Every time we talk about 5G, we are talking about how fast it is, because 5G has not been popularized yet, and the corresponding application scenarios have not yet come out, so when you buy it back, it is just a simple speed increase, and the freshness will be gone in a day or two. Think back to when 4G came out. Isn't it the same? After the popularization of 4G, short video, live broadcast and other supporting applications have appeared, and everyone will feel that it has really improved.

At present, the signal coverage of 5G is very sparse. According to the published data, only 1 1 cities in China are likely to experience the 5G network. The list is: Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Chongqing, Tianjin, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Wuhan, Zhengzhou, Shenyang, only 1 1, and many others. According to the schedule, basically only the most basic coverage will be achieved from 2020 to 202 1.

The current price of 5G mobile phones is not cheap. Huawei's more than 6000, Samsung's 7999, and even the cheapest iQOO is 3798. Consumption is more extravagant, and the price of Android phones has dropped sharply. After half a year, it is basically not very valuable. Then, if we look at the current market of 4G mobile phones, the prices will be much closer to the people, because there is network support, and there will be no difference in prices, whether it is an entry-level mobile phone below 1,000 yuan, a mobile phone with a price of1000-2,000 yuan, or a higher price in flagship machine. Their networks are all full netcom, and there is basically no difference.

The most important point is that many people have also learned about the current 5G NSA networking. This is not a real 5G. At this stage, NSA networking is faster than SA networking, allowing consumers to experience the download speed of 5 G as soon as possible. The standard of SA has not been established. Samsung also revealed at the press conference of Note 10 that the networking standard of SA will not be formulated until mid-2020. Under the condition that the standard is determined, the so-called SA-supporting mobile phones that have been developed at present cannot be used under the new standard, and the physical layer is essentially different. Even if the map is new, it still needs to be replaced.