Growth habit of broad bean
Born at 63 north latitude? Warm wetland, resistant to -4? C low temperature, but afraid of summer heat. The requirement of temperature for broad bean growth varies with the growth period. The suitable temperature for seed germination is 16℃ ~ 25℃, the lowest temperature is 3℃ ~ 4℃, and the highest temperature is 30℃ ~ 35℃. The temperature required for vegetative growth is relatively low, with the lowest temperature of 14℃ ~ 16℃ and the flowering and fruiting period of 16℃ ~ 22℃. Under the low temperature of -4℃, the above-ground parts will suffer from freezing damage.
Although broad beans can fix nitrogen in the air by rhizobia, their growth still needs to absorb a lot of various elements from the soil, and the lack of elements often leads to various physiological diseases.
Planting method of broad bean
Ditch to separate soil moisture. In order to ensure the seedling gas and Miao Zhuang, and prevent rotten beans from dying, the general field is 2? 2.5m soil moisture, and the field with higher ridge head is 2.5m? 3.5m soil moisture, ditch depth 18? 20cm, 30cm wide. Ridge cultivation is carried out in fields with high groundwater level, such as Haixi, Dali City, with a ridge width of 50? 55cm, ditch depth 30? 40cm, 40cm wide
Sowing date: the sowing date of broad beans should be based on the time when heavy frost can be avoided during flowering and pod setting, and the best sowing date of broad beans in different ecological areas should be determined. Namely: altitude 1550? 1700m bean planting area101October 5? 15 sowing; Altitude 1750? 1900m bean planting area1June 10? Sow on the 20th; Altitude 1950? Area of 2200m and above, June 10, June 15? Sow on the 25th.
Reasonable close planting and standardized drilling: altitude 1550? Sow basic seedlings in 1700m bean area 1.2? 15000 plants /667m, plant spacing 15? 18? 750px altitude 1750? Sow basic seedlings in 1900m bean area 1.8? 22,000 plants /667m, plant spacing 13? 650px or 16? 500px in 1950? Sow basic seedlings with soybean planting area of 2200m and above 2.3? 28,000 plants /667m, plant spacing 13? 15? 450 pixels. The sowing method is striped beans.
Rational fertilization: cover mu with high-quality manure 1500 after sowing? 2000kg/667m or cover with appropriate straw; In bean seedling 2.5? Calcium superphosphate 30kg/667m, potassium sulfate 10? 15kg/667m； In Dali City and Eryuan County in the lakeside area of Erhai Lake, in order to reduce the pollution of Erhai Lake and other lakes and reduce the amount of phosphate fertilizer, 0.5? 1kg/667m soil phosphorus activator (allicin) seed dressing, bean seedlings 2.5? Calcium superphosphate 15 was applied at the leaf stage of three plants? 18kg/667m.
Irrigation: Water for budding, flowering and pod setting, and water for grouting and grouting should be irrigated in time during the whole growth period. Four times.
Field management of broad bean
Seedling management measures: According to the situation of seedlings, water control or irrigation can be used to achieve strong seedlings, so as to achieve neat, uniform and Miao Zhuang seedlings. In the sticky bean field, cover the grass in time to keep warm and moisturize after sowing.
Medium-term management measures: forecast pests and diseases, prevent pests and rats in time, and do a good job in water management. Pruning and thinning seedlings in the field, pulling out thin plants and diseased plants to ensure the healthy growth of the population.
Post-management measures: ensure the water demand during grouting and keep the soil water content at 20? 25%, less than 18? 20%, must immediately irrigation; For high-yield and late-maturing fields, topping and coring at the final flowering stage and tip-spitting stage are beneficial to ventilation and light transmission, increase grain weight and promote early maturity.
Pest control of broad bean
In order to control broad bean diseases and insect pests, chemical control is also necessary, besides selecting disease-resistant varieties, reasonable close planting and pruning, doing well in drought prevention and drainage, increasing the application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizers and enhancing the stress resistance of plants.
Vicia faba damping-off disease: Vicia faba can occur in all growth stages, but it is more serious in the tender pod stage, which mainly infects the stem base or underground part of Vicia faba and also invades seeds. Most stem-based diseases appear black lesions on one side of the stem or on the ring stem, which leads to the blackening of the stem. Chemical control: spray 500 times of 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder, or 600-700 times of 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder, or 800- 1000 times of 2/kloc/%carbendazim wettable powder, or 20% methyl phosphorus EC1/kloc-at the initial stage of the disease.
Erythema: First, red spots appear on the leaves, which gradually expand into round or oval spots, and in severe cases, all parts turn black and wither. There are black sclerotia on the inner wall of the stem. Chemical control: spray 1∶2∶ 100 bordeaux mixture at the initial stage of the disease. Then spray 500 times of 50% carbendazim every 10 day, 2-3 times in total 1 time. Practice has proved that spraying Bordeaux mixture at the initial stage is better than spraying carbendazim.
Rust: Rust spots appear on leaves until they are dry. In severe cases, all plants will die. Chemical control: 50-60 kg water can be sprayed with 50 g 15% triadimefon. 40-60 kilograms of liquid medicine per mu. Spray 1 time about 20 days after application.
Fusarium wilt: The main reasons are blackening of roots, short taproots, few lateral roots, yellowing of leaves, wilting of plants and drooping of top stems and leaves. Chemical prevention and treatment: at the initial stage of the disease, 50% thiophanate methyl can be applied to the root with 500 times solution, and the drug is used for 2-3 times, and the prevention and treatment effect is good.
Brown spot of broad bean: it can infect the stems, leaves, pods and seeds of broad bean. The leaves are reddish-brown freckles at first, and then they expand into round or oval lesions. The center of the lesion is light gray, the edge is dark brown and red, and the diameter is 3~8 mm. The small black spots arranged in a wheel are densely covered on it, and when the disease is serious, they blend with each other to form irregular large plaques. Chemical control: At the initial stage of the disease, 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder or 500-600% copper succinate wettable powder can be sprayed every 7- 10 days, and 1-2 times continuously.
Verticillium wilt of broad bean: At first, only a part of the plant was yellow, and the other side was normal in color. The leaves above the stem gradually turn yellow from the lower part to the upper part. The yellow leaves are light green or yellowish green at first, and then turn yellow completely. Agricultural control: selection of disease-resistant varieties and rotation. Chemical control: At the initial stage of the disease, 50% mixed sulfur suspension concentrate, 500-600 times of carbendazim WP, 500 times of copper succinate WP or 350 times of copper succinate WP were poured, and 500 ml of liquid medicine was poured on each plant. Stop taking medicine 3 days before harvest.
Broad bean anthracnose: it mainly harms leaves, stems and pods. At the initial stage of leaf injury, dark reddish-brown spots were scattered on the surface, and then expanded to 1~3 mm, with light brown spots in the middle and reddish-brown edges. After fusion, the lesion became a large plaque with the size of 10 mm, round to irregular, mostly limited by veins, and the diseased leaves rarely dried up. Black spots appear on the late lesions. Chemical control: before or at the early stage of the disease, spray 80% anthrax thiram wettable powder 800~ 1000 times or 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc wettable powder 800~ 1200 times. Spray once every 7~ 10 days, continuously for 2~3 times, and stop taking medicine 3 days before harvesting.
Broad bean mosaic: agricultural control: select disease-resistant varieties and pay attention to strengthening field management. Chemical control: spraying chemicals in time to control aphids, using 50% pirimicarb wettable powder 2500~3000 times. Stop applying pesticides three days before harvesting.
Root rot and stem rot of broad bean: chemical control: Before planting, mix 50% carbendazim wettable powder 1 part with 50 parts of fine dry soil and sprinkle it on the base of seedlings, with the dosage of per mu 1.5 kg.
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