The Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 is called the first Sino-Japanese War internationally, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression is called the second Sino-Japanese War internationally. China was defeated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894- 1895. In short, it's a war between China and the emerging capitalist country. Because of the historical environment of China at that time, China was defeated, so it can be said that the defeat was not unjust.

1 was determined by the political environment in China at that time.

At that time, China was still in the late Qing Dynasty, and the regime was in the hands of Manchu nobles, headed by Empress Dowager Cixi. Green camp, the Eight Banners of Manchu Dynasty, and the Han army in the late Qing Dynasty were decadent and tired, unable to carry out any cold weapon and modern hot weapon wars. In desperation, the court used a large number of Han ministers, and incorporated a large number of troops in the form of Han folk volunteers to fight against Taiping Army and Nian Army, such as Zeng Guofan, Zuo, Li Hongzhang and Zhang Zhidong. After Taiping Army and Nian Army were suppressed, a large number of folk Xiang Yong and Huai Yong were abolished, leaving only some troops to consolidate national defense. As a minister of Han nationality in the later period, Li Hongzhang not only mastered a large number of Huai Yong troops, but also controlled many government enterprises, railways, factories and mines at that time. Power reached the peak of all Han ministers in Qing Dynasty. At that time, the navy Beiyang Navy and a large number of army were regarded as Li Hongzhang's private army. Cixi had to use Li Hongzhang. She was afraid. Manchu people are always afraid that Chen Han will be disloyal.

After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, all the troops capable of resisting Japan were Li Hongzhang's subordinates. In fact, China is fighting against the Japanese with Li Hongzhang alone. The imperial court is well aware of this situation, and the gloomy mentality of the Chinese people is fully exposed. Many Manchu nobles were happy to say that Li Hongzhang's financial resources were gone and the court was safe after learning that the Beiyang Navy was defeated. The imperial court allocated a large amount of military money to buy warships, cannons and shells. It is widely rumored that Cixi built the Summer Palace, which is still controversial. Whether the Summer Palace is built or not, it is true that Beiyang Navy did not increase its armaments in the later period. The imperial court was afraid that Li Hongzhang's troops were too strong, so it was frequently restrained and demolished by Beiyang Navy.

On the other hand, Japan has formed a political situation of foreign aggression. From the emperor to the people, Japan has become a vicious hedgehog. In order to wage war, the emperor bought warships, took the lead in deducting his salary and saving money to buy warships. "Yoshino" was originally a warship customized for China, but China tore up the contract and stopped buying it, and the Japanese just bought it.

Therefore, during the war, China couldn't get up and down, and the court and Li Hongzhang disagreed. The imperial court was afraid that Li Hongzhang was too powerful, and the bottom of my heart was afraid of China's victory. The Japanese are determined to defeat China. As long as Japan fails, the country will return to the Meiji Restoration. Japan waged wars with the whole country as a stake, including the later Russo-Japanese war, and also waged wars with all its strength with the whole country as a stake.

2. The backward economic and military environment in China at that time.

After the Meiji Restoration, Japan gradually embarked on the capitalist system and a large number of factories were established. National economic income is mainly obtained through industrial production. China is still an agricultural society, and its main income comes from agriculture and tariffs of some countries.

Japan has established a modern military service system, and China's Beiyang Navy and Army Huai Yong also belong to the mercenary mode of recruitment system. The Japanese learned modern military training from the French, but China is still in the backward military training. Many soldiers and officers don't know the tactical knowledge of modern hot weapon warfare. In many land wars, the Qing army posed as a line formation. Once it was broken, it was immediately defeated. There are no multi-batch formations, no reserves, and the artillery is at the front line. It is very easy for the Japanese to outflank.

The failure of navy is a complete failure.

Beiyang navy is basically at a disadvantage because of its backward artillery, slow speed and tactical mistakes. There is no Japanese fighting spirit. In the battle of Weihaiwei, all Beiyang officers lost their fighting courage and retreated to the port. As a result, the Japanese army often sent torpedo boats of death squads to sneak into the harbor for sneak attacks, while the Beiyang Navy, which was originally a torpedo boat formation of death squads, collectively fled the battlefield in the decisive battle, which wrote a humiliating final stroke for the Beiyang Navy's last battle.