Dutch bean is an annual twining herb of Pisum in Papilionaceae, with a height of 90 ~ 180 cm. The earliest cultivation area of Dutch beans was around the Thai-Myanmar border about 12000 years ago [1]. Dutch beans are not produced in the Netherlands, so they are called Dutch beans because the Dutch brought them to China from their country of origin. Round peas are also called sugar peas, while flat peas are called green peas or snow peas. There are also Xiaohan beans, Huai beans, Ma beans, adzuki beans, Liu beans, Jin beans, Hui beans, wheat peas, wheat beans, Bi beans, Marley, Guo beans, soft-pod peas, peas with pods, sweet beans and so on. Can be used to eat. It is mainly an edible tender pod, native to the coastal areas of China and West Asia. The tender pods of Dutch beans are crisp and fragrant, with high nutritional value.

Morphological characteristics This plant is characterized by annual twining herbs, with a height of 90 ~ 180 cm, green, smooth and hairless, and covered with powdery frost. Leaf characteristics Leaves with 4-6 leaflets, stipules larger than leaflets, leaflike, heart-shaped, with fine teeth at the lower edge. Leaflets ovate, 2-5 cm long, 1-2.5 cm wide, entire; Stipules leaflike, ovate, petiole base surrounded by spikes. The pod is oval, 5 ~ 10 cm long, hard paper skin, hairless, flat style, bearded inside. The pod is swollen, rectangular, 2.5- 10 cm long and 0.7- 14 cm wide, with an oblique and sharp top and a nearly straight back, and a cardboard endothelium inside. 2- 10 seeds, round, turquoise, with or without wrinkles, turn yellow after drying. The flowering and fruiting period is April-May. Even pinnate compound leaves, with tendrils at the top and elliptic stipules. The flowers are white or purplish red, solitary or 1 ~ 3 arranged in a general axillary shape, with whiskers on the inner side of the style, closed pollination and butterfly-shaped petals. Pods are oval or flat, and can be divided into soft pods and hard pods according to whether there is an inner membrane and its thickness. Seeds can be round, cylindrical, oval, oblate and concave, and each pod contains 2 ~ 10, mostly turquoise, but also yellow, white, red, rose, brown and black varieties. According to the epidermis, it can be divided into wrinkled skin and round particles, which turn yellow after drying. A large number of lateral roots grow on the roots, and both the main roots and lateral roots have nodules. Because of its diverse characters and closed pollination, Mendel used it as a crop for genetic factor experiment. The light of the growing environment requires that the Dutch bean is a long-day plant. Most varieties can bloom early when the light is prolonged, and can delay flowering when the light is shortened, but some early-maturing varieties are not strict with the light requirements. Generally, strong light and long sunshine are required in pod-setting period, but they are not suitable for high temperature and are suitable for planting in alternate spring and summer. Water requirement Dutch beans need more water during the whole growing period. In the process of seed germination, if the soil moisture is insufficient, the seeds can not absorb water and expand, which will greatly delay the seedling stage. The seedling stage can tolerate a certain dry climate. If the air humidity is too low when flowering, it will cause flowers to fall and pods to fall. In case of high temperature and drought in pod growth period, pod fiber will harden and mature prematurely, reducing quality and yield. Therefore, during the whole growth period, Dutch beans must have sufficient water supply to grow vigorously, and the pods are large and full, with good quality and quantity. However, it is not resistant to waterlogging. If the water content is too large, it is easy to rot seeds after sowing, rot roots at seedling stage and get sick during growth. Soil conditions Although Dutch beans are not strict with soil, they can be planted in sandy soil with good drainage or newly reclaimed land, but loose neutral soil containing organic matter is suitable for growth in soil with pH6.0-7.2. When the soil acidity is lower than ph5.5, it is easy to cause diseases, and the pod setting rate should be reduced, so lime should be added to improve it. Dutch beans have deep roots and are slightly drought-tolerant but not moisture-tolerant. Poor drainage of sowing or seedlings is easy to rot roots, and poor fertilization at flowering stage is easy to form empty pods or pods. Dutch beans avoid continuous cropping, and generally rotate at least once every 4-5 years. During planting and sowing, peas can be divided into three types according to their stem growth habits: dwarf, orchid and vine. The Yangtze River valley, spring ploughing, sowing in the middle and late February. Sow in autumn, and sow in the middle and late August. Overwintering cultivation of 65438+1sowing in late October to165438+1early October. In the north, spring ploughing and summer harvesting are common, and can also be used for farming in early spring and autumn.