Lecture 6: Social motivation? notes

Unit 2: Main Social Motives

I. Affinity (and) Motivation

? Affinity: it is the psychological tendency of individuals who are afraid of loneliness and want to be with others and establish cooperative and friendly ties.

? Affinity means being close to others, and everyone has affinity needs. People who are not good at communication may have pets.

? Affinity is gregarious and the lowest level of interpersonal attraction (affinity, like, love).

Affinity comes from attachment.

? Some people have attachment problems, and they can't get good care from childhood, which will directly affect their intimacy with the opposite sex. For example, if you are afraid of being abandoned, you will automatically flee and feel insecure. You can find something to prove that you will be abandoned and that you are not liked by others. When children are young, parents should love them wholeheartedly and make them feel worthy of being loved.

Forced repetition, such as the pattern of repeated marriage in marriage, domestic violence: if the father has a domestic violence, the daughter will marry a domestic violence man, or marry a good-tempered man and force him to be a domestic violence person. Or marry a man who drinks, even if he doesn't drink, he will turn his husband into an alcoholic. So some women are unhappy when they marry anyone.

Second, the role of affinity.

1, to meet some personal social needs

Communication, respect and love

A child who is tired of learning will be miserable if he has no friends. He can buy a pet for his child and help him tide over the difficulties, because the pet will not abandon him and will stay with him. Taking care of pets will make him feel good.

Of course, parents can also accompany their children, such as playing games with their children and playing with them.

Access to information

Lonely information is less, uncomfortable, and often meets and socializes.

Women like to chat together, the life of three women. Most women are friendly.

3. Relieve psychological stress

Share happiness and solve troubles.

Men seldom talk about their pain, but pretend to be strong, and heroes swallow their teeth and blood.

Avoid difficulties

Be a blind date

Being friendly will avoid embarrassment.

When people reach middle age, men will be feminine and women will be masculine, which is the embodiment of perfect personality. For example, some old people have strong affinity and can't tell whether they are old people or old ladies.

Third, the factors affecting affinity

1. Situational factors

The greater the group pressure, the stronger the affinity motivation of members;

When everyone is under pressure, it is easy to hold a group, and one party is in trouble and all parties support it. This is also a manifestation of affinity.

Tragic situations can also stimulate people's affinity motivation.

For example, if two brothers don't get along, and neighbors bully one of them, they will immediately cooperate with Qi Xin and Qi Xin.

A study of socially isolated (poor) people (such as prisoners in solitary confinement, survivors of shipwrecks, explorers)

Long-term solitude and lack of affinity often lead to some psychological obstacles and mental symptoms.

2. Emotional factors

Fear: caused by real danger, the stronger the fear, the more obvious the affinity tendency;

Fear is the present, pointing to the present, and the present is the present. For example, the announcement of layoffs has been released, things have happened, and people are easy to hold groups. For example, when several people meet a tiger, they join hands with Qi Xin to fight the tiger, and they have strong affinity.

Anxiety: It is caused by unrealistic dangers, and people with high anxiety have lower affinity.

Anxiety points to the future, something that hasn't happened. When people are anxious, their hearts are in a panic. If they don't know who the disaster will happen to, it's easy to protect themselves. For example, the company laid off employees through exams, and I don't know who to lay off. I won't tell others the answer during the exam. When people are anxious, their affinity is weak.

3. Birth order

The eldest son and daughter tend to be gregarious when they are afraid, which is more obvious than their brothers and sisters, and it is decreasing in birth order. Parents care more about their first child and rely more on their parents.

Affinity comes from attachment, and the eldest son or eldest daughter is carefully raised. The first child is raised by books and the second by pigs. If you have three children, the second one is unlucky, but the second one often goes far.

Fourth, achievement motivation.

The motivation for individuals to pursue important and valuable work and make it perfect.

Different family environments, different educational models and different aspects of care have created different achievement motives. Some people are strong, some people are weak, some people care about money, and some people care about power.

The importance of achievement motivation:

1. is conducive to personal development;

2. Conducive to rapid economic development;

Expected level

An individual's subjective estimate of what he may achieve before engaging in some practical work-expectation.

Closely related to achievement motivation

The level of personal ambition depends on the strength of his achievement motivation (the level of revenge is not too high, just right)

Related to past success or failure experience.

Novice counselors always hope that the counseling effect will be good. If the effect is not good, they will be very depressed. It's normal to do it badly, but it's hard to do it well. Don't be too motivated to achieve it, too strong often backfires. Slow is fast, not afraid of slow is afraid of standing. So are children. It is not necessarily a good thing to encourage children to have a boiling passion and a strong motivation for achievement. Jumping can be the best, step by step, and it is impossible to reach the sky in one step.

Five, factors affecting achievement motivation

1. Attraction of the target

Importance of goals to individuals

The goal is that he needs to be attractive, not too big. Miracle questions are combined with evaluation questions. The miracle question is the cloud in the sky, and the evaluation question is the ladder of progress.

2. Subjective probability of risk and success or failure

Are you sure?

When a boy pursues a beautiful girl, it is easy to give up if he is not sure.

3. Opportunities for individuals to show their talents

Can you show your level?

What do you want, what you can achieve through hard work, and you can show your talents.

Sixth, the problems that should be paid attention to in cultivating achievement motivation

Learned social motivation, training notes: 1. The strictness of parents' self-discipline training is positively related to children's achievement motivation.

The stronger the sense of self-discipline and control, the higher the achievement motivation.

Parents care too much, reach too long and talk too much. Children grow up in heteronomy, and many things have nothing to do with him, so their motivation is not strong, and their motivation to save is not strong.

Get through good education and training

2. The atmosphere of social environment has a profound influence on individual achievement motivation.

A social atmosphere that emphasizes and pursues achievements; Fair competition mechanism

Environment has a great influence on people, as well as vision and knowledge.

Family environment is also very important. If the family is very motivated, it will affect the children. A good family style is good for children.

Even if life is not satisfactory, we should have dreams, expectations and hopes for the future. Poor people live hard, and a positive attitude towards life can influence children well.

Seven. violate

1. Composition: harmful behavior, attack motivation and social evaluation (nature)

2. Harmful behavior: body/words

School bullying, thin children will be weaker inside, and they can protect themselves through physical fitness, and they will become stronger inside.

3. Attack motive: attack intention, attack reason.

Will be affected by the environment, and it may get worse in some circumstances. For example, girls who run in the morning are more likely to get hurt.

4. Social evaluation:

Anti-sociality: violation and destruction of social norms and social norms

Pro-social: upholding social norms and norms

In between: recognized aggression (self-defense)

5. Generalized infringement: the above three situations.

6. Aggressiveness in a narrow sense: refers to antisocial aggressiveness.

Eight. Cause of infringement

1, the explanation of instinct theory

(1) Freud

It is believed that human beings have two opposing basic instincts: life instinct and death instinct.

Life instinct makes people live better, and death instinct is devastating.

Instinct is always released as a kind of energy, such as sports activities: mountaineering, football, boxing and so on.

(2) Lorenz

From the study of animal habits.

It is considered that aggression is an instinct and has biological protection significance.

A goose that recognized its father.

2. Frustration attack theory

"Infringement is always the result of setbacks" mainly has three views:

(1) The intrusion intensity is positively correlated with the target occlusion intensity;

Adolescent children's goals are constantly blocked and their emotions are extremely unstable. His conditions are relatively poor and he has a strong sense of frustration. Under such circumstances, it is easy to invade and hurt his parents. Be kind to your children, or they may treat you in the same way.

The stronger the target is blocked, the higher the intrusion intensity. Children want mobile phones, and parents don't give them, which may lead to conflicts.

(2) There is a linear relationship between the power to restrain the infringement and the expected punishment intensity that the infringement may receive.

The linear relationship is also positively correlated.

(3) If the intensity of setbacks is certain, the greater the expected punishment, the less likely the infringement will occur; If the expected punishment is certain, the greater the frustration, the greater the possibility of infringement.

The degree of demand for the target, the sense of fairness, and the consequences of infringement

Many scholars have proposed amendments to this theory.

Miller pointed out that frustration can also produce results other than aggression, and it does not necessarily cause aggression.

? Extroverts attack others, introverts attack themselves, and often commit suicide because of depression. People with depression often deny themselves, so they should change their self-identity and integrate themselves.

Everyone's setbacks are different. For example, a child who took the third place in the exam feels that he has encountered setbacks. It is not necessarily a bad thing to retreat when encountering setbacks.

Instead of aggression, for example, if a child is beaten by his parents, he will hit the doll and kick the cat.

3. The viewpoint of social learning theory.

Bandura (1977) proposed

Three theoretical bases of behaviorism: classical conditioned reflex, operational conditioned reflex and social learning theory.

(1) Aggression is learned, can be learned and can be eliminated.

I learned it from others.

(2) Aggressive learning mechanism is association, reinforcement and imitation.

(3) learned helplessness is related to attribution.

Learned helplessness, who failed again and again, would lie flat if it wasn't his fault. Hope brings contusions again and again, so there is no hope.

Nine. Influencing factors of infringement

1, emotional arousal level

Emotional state

Emotions are aroused and passion kills people. When you are weak, don't provoke the wicked, but pay attention to protect yourself.

2. Moral development level

Moral level

3. Self-control ability

Personality, alcoholism

Some people have strong self-control ability and are less aggressive. Don't be as knowledgeable as an alcoholic. People who drink can't control themselves and are easy to invade others. Stay away from them.

4. Social roles and groups

Urban management officer

5. The influence of mass media? environment

Young and dangerous

It is easy for children to imitate the bad plot in movies.

X. Influencing factors of altruistic behavior

1, external factors

(1) natural environment-the good environment will increase and the bad environment will decrease.

Sunshine, good mood, easy to be altruistic. It's raining hard, and you have to take care of yourself. It's not easy to be altruistic.

(2) Social situation

attendance

? It is easy to be altruistic when there are few people, and the responsibility will be dispersed when there are many people. If I don't help others, I will. When asking for help, lock in a goal and don't ask for help from others >

Examples of helping others

? & lt not only calls for Lei Feng, but also needs to be recognized, appreciated and helped by the elderly >

(3) Time pressure

It is easy to be altruistic when you are free, but you can't take care of it when you are busy.

(4) Characteristics of altruistic objects: similarity, kindness and beauty.

? & lt We like to help people like us, because helping him is like helping ourselves.

? Men are often altruistic when they meet beautiful women, but women may be just the opposite >

2. The psychological characteristics of altruists.

(1) mood

? & lt A woman's sixth sense is often accurate >

(2) Guilt

(3) Personality

? Some people like to help others as well as others.

3. Altruistic skills-mastering skills and means will increase altruistic behavior.

? If a person faints, the doctor will help him at once, because it is easy to be altruistic with professional knowledge.