In modern society, people have to bear more and more pressures from all sides, and the pain and frustration they encounter often lead to inner depression and anxiety. People with depression often have unreasonable ways of thinking and habits of thinking, and often a look and an unconscious action of others will cause them to think, which will lead to negative emotional reactions. Psychological research shows that negative, rigid and paranoid thinking patterns and habits of patients with depression are important causes of depression, which can be improved through psychological training.
In the sense of psychological training, this kind of pain and frustration is a signal that the internal psychological mechanism is underdeveloped and needs to grow. It is also a clue and resource for growth and an important opportunity for people to learn and grow. People often run away from pain and frustration, hoping that they will never happen. They hope that there is only happiness and happiness in life, but pain is inevitable, unless they can learn from it, grow up and make their hearts tougher and stronger. Psychological training experts believe that this kind of pain and frustration often stems from people's inner fragility and negative, narrow and rigid way of thinking. Psychological training of worrying can help people explore and adjust themselves from the superficial to the deep and from the local to the whole.
First of all, the training system will guide people to explore themselves from the specific emotional feelings of pain and frustration, and explore the negative, narrow and rigid way of thinking that leads to pain and frustration.
Secondly, psychological training will help people gradually analyze the specific irrationalities in thinking, fix the problems in thinking, and make people's thinking process more flexible, comprehensive, inclusive and adaptive.
Finally, advanced psychological training will help you to carry out deep inner fragility behind pain and frustration; Realize self-breakthrough and development.
Psychological training of astronauts
Astronauts have to work in the vast space and narrow environment, and this profession requires very strict will quality. It is said that tereshkova, the world's first female astronaut, cried nonstop after take-off, which almost made the mission impossible. In a space station not much bigger than a prison cell, Russian astronaut Avdeev held an astonishing record of 748 days three times. "Apollo 13" was in distress more than ten thousand kilometers away from the Earth 10. If the astronauts have a psychological breakdown, there will be no miracle of returning later.
Astronauts from all countries should carry out psychological training. So do Chinese astronauts. They have their own psychological coach-Liu Fang, the psychological coach of the Institute of Aerospace Medical Engineering and the Aerospace Brigade. She is responsible for the psychological test of astronaut selection; Psychological training in vocational training includes strengthening vocational motivation, psychological compatibility training, emotional self-regulation training, self-confidence training, appearance training and loneliness tolerance training. Some training contents, such as stress test and imagery training, are basically similar to sports psychological training and imagery therapy in psychological counseling. Liu Fang not only trains astronauts in peacetime, but also monitors their psychological state on the ground last day.
In order to improve the psychological function of astronauts under pressure, Liu Fang often creates illusions in training and artificially creates pressure on astronauts. For example, astronauts will be criticized or even reprimanded if they operate correctly. This is completely contrary to the practice of psychological counseling to decompress and create happy emotions, and it is also the main practice of psychological training.
June 65438+1October 65438+April 2003, the day before Yang Liwei was about to become the first man in space in China, he fell asleep at eight o'clock in the evening and woke up in the morning. During the flight of 2 1 hour, Yang Liwei's heart rate kept at 75-85 beats/minute on average, while the heart rate before the launch of the spacecraft was only 76 beats/minute. This highly relaxed state of mind is an important achievement of psychological training.
The psychological training of astronauts, like other space technologies, is kept secret by all countries. On the basis of practice, Liu Fang has written articles such as "Astronaut's Mental Health and Maintenance" and "Astronaut's Psychological Quality Requirements and Psychological Training", which are unique and valuable Chinese materials in this field.
China's astronauts in space are only Liao Liao, and there are more than a dozen well-trained reserves. But astronauts choose the best from the best. The first batch of 14 astronauts in China were actually selected from 1506 pilots, and the appropriate rate was less than 1%, and the psychological quality of the pilots themselves was better than that of ordinary people. In this way, the psychological function of astronauts is far better than that of ordinary people. The experience of training astronauts can be extended to the general population, and Liu Fang later gave psychological counseling to athletes and college students.
It is worth noting that Liu Fang specialized in psychological counseling and psychotherapy when she was a graduate student at Peking University, and later received consulting education such as "continuous training of international advanced psychotherapists", "theoretical skills training of psychoanalysis" and "theoretical skills training of psychological trauma treatment". However, in an interview, she did not forget to declare to reporters that she was not doing psychological counseling or psychotherapy: "Accurately speaking, we are not psychologists, but psychological guidance teachers. Conduct psychological adjustment, evaluation and training for astronauts, predict and design the psychological performance of astronauts at all stages of performing tasks, and give solutions from a psychological point of view, so that their psychological quality will get better and better, instead of passively using problems. Treat. "
This not only reflects the difference between psychological training and psychotherapy, but also reflects the embarrassment of psychological training to some extent. Psychological training does not have its own talent training system, so we can only borrow talents trained by academic psychology or psychological counseling.
Military psychological training
In August 2005, the first military psychological training center of the whole army was built in the General Staff Engineering College. Since September of that year, the colleges and universities affiliated to the General Staff Department have also offered the course of "Psychological Education, Training and Fighting". This is the beginning of China's military psychological training.
Similarly, due to the lack of its own talent training system, the relevant departments of the General Staff Department have to rely on the national psychological counselor training system to cultivate their own psychological talents. However, after the establishment of the center, it played an independent scientific research function. They should study the characteristics and laws of psychological training in various services and arms, formulate teaching syllabus, improve the evaluation system of training effect, develop various psychological training equipment, and eventually become the scientific research and teaching base of psychological training in the whole army.
In order to better realize these functions, the center has established five military psychological quality model laboratories, thus providing material guarantee for theoretical exploration and practice completely different from psychological consultation.
The justified military psychological training has just begun, but the training methods for soldiers' psychological functions have long been known. Western military psychological training started earlier. The U.S. military set up a blood room with a mannequin with a broken limb to let soldiers experience the cruelty of war. Our army also has budding psychological training, such as letting soldiers lie on the ground and letting tanks pass by them to train soldiers' will quality.
Pilots have extremely high requirements for psychological quality. An aviation college carries out psychological training. It mainly includes "special case pre-judgment and drill". Guided by desensitization theory. They set up an "air special exhibition room" to expose students to various air hazards and gradually realize "desensitization".
Two students who graduated from the college suffered an engine stall accident in the air during their service. In five minutes, they completed all kinds of risk-removing activities, landed the plane safely in a cornfield, and achieved no harm to man and machine. In this dangerous situation, psychological quality plays a key role. For details, please refer to Psychological Training in Training Ground and PLA Daily 2005- 10- 12. ]
These special professional psychological training fully embodies the universality of desensitization theory. Bullets, swords, mountains and seas, these situations are not encountered by ordinary people, and their adaptability will be stronger after desensitization training. This has gone far beyond the previous desensitization training only serving the sick people.
Psychological training of athletes
Concept introduction
The process of consciously and purposefully influencing athletes' psychological process and personality psychological characteristics. Its purpose is to cultivate and develop the psychological quality and individual psychological characteristics necessary for athletes in fierce competition and training, so that athletes can learn to control and adjust their psychological state and strive to maintain the best competitive state for a long time in the competition.
Psychological training is gradually developed with the development of modern sports. Modern sports are characterized by rapid growth of sports achievements, closer technical level among athletes and more intense competition. When the technical, tactical, physical and other aspects of the game are evenly matched, the outcome often depends on psychological factors. In other words, the exertion of athletes' physical quality and skills, the acquisition of the best competitive state and the application of tactics should be based on good psychological training. Psychological training is closely linked with physical skills and tactical training, which constitutes the main content of modern sports training. Psychological training is divided into general psychological training and individual psychological training. There are both differences and close ties between them. General psychological training, also known as long-term psychological training, is aimed at the psychological quality that all athletes should have. It runs through the whole process of physical, technical and tactical training, and mainly cultivates athletes' motivation, perception, reaction, frustration tolerance, emotional adjustment, willpower, tactical cooperation and collective responsibility, and also includes the correction and cultivation of individual psychological tendency. Individual psychological training is also called short-term psychological training. The main task is to make athletes have the special psychological quality necessary to engage in this sport, or to make athletes form the best psychological preparation state for a specific game.
There are many methods of psychological training, such as sensory training, attention training, will training, mindfulness training, biofeedback training, self-suggestion and relaxation training, simulation training and so on.
Mindfulness training
Also known as memory training or image training. It refers to a method that athletes consciously use the sports image that has been formed in their minds to consolidate and improve their technical movements. The specific method is that athletes should recall and reproduce what they have learned before doing the action, and then do the action. In mindfulness training, athletes should pay attention, and the action representation presented in their minds must be an accurate and clear comprehensive representation combining visual and kinesthetic perception. Only in this way can we achieve the goal of consolidating and improving technical movements. Studies have shown that when an action representation (movement representation) is produced in the brain, the corresponding center of the cerebral cortex will be excited, and this excitement will cause the corresponding movement of muscles. This kind of motor response caused by the appearance of action is called conceptual motor response or mindfulness action, which can be proved by muscle current. For example, let an athlete present the appearance of running action in his mind when he is relaxed physically and mentally, and record his leg muscle current at the same time. As a result, when there is motor imagery activity, the myoelectric current is also significantly enhanced. Mindfulness training has been widely used in many countries, and it is often combined with self-suggestion and relaxation training.
Self-suggestion and relaxation training
A way to relax muscles through some kind of self-suggestion. German psychiatrist J.H. Schultz once used this method in clinic, and later it was gradually widely used in sports in various countries. Athletes not only need to relax after intensive training to eliminate fatigue, but also need to relax when they are too excited before the game to calm their emotions, and they are required to be in the best preparation state before the game. So this kind of training for athletes is divided into two parts: relaxation and mobilization. In the relaxation part, athletes learn to fully relax the muscles of face, neck, arms, legs and trunk through self-suggestion, so as to reduce their tension, thus reducing the impulse transmitted from the body to the brain and making the brain rest. Muscle relaxation is usually closely coordinated with deep breathing, and athletes' attention is also directed to relaxed muscles in turn. In the mobilization part, athletes meditate some self-suggestion words in a state of physical and mental relaxation, and consciously exert influence on their physiological functions (such as breathing and heartbeat) and the intensity of psychological activities (such as emotions and confidence); Or recall the game scenes where you achieved excellent results, so as to achieve the purpose of self-mobilization. Self-suggestion and relaxation training are similar to Indian yoga and China Qigong. Although all countries adopt this training method, there is no unified system. The theoretical basis of this method needs further study.
simulated training
A method to make athletes' usual training as close as possible to the actual competition situation. Generally speaking, there are two kinds of simulation games: the simulation of language image and the simulation of real situation. The former describes the situation of the upcoming game in language, and can also make the language image concrete with pictures, charts and so on; The latter is to create some conditions close to the competition in training. Different sports have different requirements for simulation training. For example, fencing, wrestling, basketball, football, volleyball and other individual or collective antagonistic events, it is necessary to choose suitable opponents for "actual combat" training; Gymnastics, rhythmic gymnastics, diving and other events need the referee to score; Running and swimming in track and field competitions need preliminaries and finals. The simulation training of different events needs to use different instruments and equipment, as well as different venues, time and climate conditions. Using spectators to simulate the situation of the stadium can improve the adaptability and anti-interference ability of athletes. Generally speaking, the simulation training of real situations is effective, but it takes a lot of time and can't completely simulate the situations in the game. Therefore, it is best to combine the two simulation trainings. The main function of simulation training is to prepare athletes for the competition, enhance their confidence, eliminate excessive tension and make them in the best preparation state. Therefore, coaches and athletes should know and analyze opponents, venue equipment, referees, audience preferences, and even the temperature and wind direction in detail before the competition.
Police psychological training
On June 27th, 2007, at 65438, the "Shanghai Experimental Center of National Police Psychological Training" was officially unveiled in Shanghai. The center is located in Sanchagang Campus of Shanghai Public Security College. Training equipment is similar to outward bound training, but it is more difficult and rigorous. Due to the particularity of the police industry, this training center focuses on courage (will quality).
With the support of institutions and the measures of material strengthening punishment, professional psychological training is more in-depth and effective than psychological training for special problems. The methods summarized in industrial psychological training, or the instruments developed, can also be extended to the general population after transformation.