After taking oryzanol tablets, there will be stomach discomfort, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth, rash, itchy skin, breast swelling, excessive oil secretion, hair loss, rapid weight gain and other adverse reactions, but they can all disappear after stopping taking drugs.
Slimming underwear can cause hypoxia reaction and cause breast swelling.
The symptoms of menstruation in April are generally no special symptoms, and sometimes there may be general malaise, drowsiness, breast pain, hand and foot swelling, lower abdomen and back pain, constipation, diarrhea (prostaglandin effect), frequent urination and anorexia. Individuals have headaches, insomnia, palpitations, depression or irritability. And most of them disappear naturally after menstruation.
Menstruation refers to regular and periodic uterine bleeding. Also known as monthly events, monthly water, monthly letters, holidays and so on. Strictly speaking, with this bleeding, there should be follicular maturation, ovulation and corpus luteum formation in the ovary, and the endometrium has changed from hyperplasia to secretion. However, the phenomenon of uterine bleeding without ovulation often occurs in clinic, which is called anovulatory menstruation.
The first menstruation is called menarche, and the menarche age is mostly between 13 ~ 15 years old, but it may be as early as1~12 years old and as late as 17 ~ 18 years old. There is little difference in the age of menarche in different areas of China, but menarche can be late for those who are weak or malnourished, and early for those who are strong and well-nourished. Menstruation stops automatically at the age of 49 and lasts for about 35 years.
Menstruation should have a normal cycle, menstrual period, menstrual volume, menstrual color and menstrual quality.
The first day of bleeding (menstrual cramps) is called the beginning of menstrual cycle, and the interval between the first days of two menstruation is called a menstrual cycle, which is generally 28 ~ 30 days, similar to a month in the lunar calendar. The length of the cycle varies from person to person, and it can still be regarded as normal if it is advanced or postponed for no more than 7 days occasionally, that is, the menstrual cycle should not be less than 2 1 day and not more than 35 days. Menstruation will stop during pregnancy and lactation.
Menstruation refers to the duration of menstrual cramps. Normal menstruation lasts 2 ~ 7 days, usually 4 ~ 5 days. Menstrual volume refers to the amount of blood discharged during menstruation. It is difficult to count the amount of menstruation, and how many times a menstrual pad is commonly used in clinic to roughly estimate the amount. It is determined that the menstrual flow of normal people is about 10 ~ 58 ml, and individual women can exceed 100ml. Some people think that a month's blood loss of more than 80ml is a pathological state. Generally, the amount of bleeding is the most on the second to third day of menstruation. Due to the differences of personal physique, age, climate, region and living conditions, menstrual flow sometimes increases or decreases slightly, which belongs to the normal physiological category.
The color of menstrual blood refers to the color of menstrual blood, which is generally dark red, light red at first, then gradually deepened, and finally turned pale red and clean. In addition to blood, it also contains endometrial debris, cervical mucus and vaginal epithelial cells. The main feature of menstrual blood is that it does not coagulate, and there are occasional small blood clots under normal circumstances.
Menstrual quality refers to the characteristics of menstrual blood. Under normal circumstances, the menstrual quality is not thin or thick, it is not easy to solidify, there is no obvious blood clot and no special smell. Qualitative disease is not only a common menstrual disease, but also an important basis for clinical syndrome differentiation. Understanding the qualitative change of menstruation can provide important dialectical data for clinic. Women with menstrual cramps and sticky or sticky menstrual blood are called "sticky menstruation".
Menstrual diseases generally refer to various diseases related to menstruation or menstrual cycle. Including menstrual period, menstrual volume, menstrual volume, menstrual volume, menstrual volume, menstrual volume or various obvious syndromes that appear periodically before and after menstruation. If accompanied by mild abdominal distension or waist pain, or mild breast pain, or emotional instability before or at the beginning of menstruation, it is a common physiological phenomenon, but it does not affect work and life, and will naturally disappear after menstruation or cleaning. Generally, no treatment is needed. Some young women, in the first year or two after menarche, can't menstruate on time, or advance or postpone, or even stop menstruating for several months. This is because of renal failure. As long as these women have no obvious systemic symptoms, they can return to normal after their bodies mature gradually. There are also some women who often have menstrual disorders before and after menopause. Their cycle, menstrual period, menstrual volume and menstrual quality are abnormal and their mood is unstable. As long as there is no harm to life and health, it is generally not morbid.
In addition, there are a few women who have menstrual cramps every two months or three months, or even once a year, which the ancients called "the combination of the moon" respectively. Menstruation once every three months is called "menstrual stagnation"; Walking once a year is called "avoiding the year". There are also very few women who have never had menstrual cramps for a lifetime, but it does not affect normal childbirth. The ancients called it "dark sutra". There are also women who still have a small amount of menstrual cramps as scheduled in the early pregnancy, but they have no adverse effects on the fetus. The ancients called it "Jing Jing", which is an individual phenomenon.
There are generally no special symptoms during menstruation. Some women may have a heavy feeling of falling to the ground in the lower abdomen and lumbosacral region, some may have bladder irritation symptoms such as frequent urination, mild nervous system instability symptoms such as headache, insomnia, depression and irritability, gastrointestinal dysfunction such as nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhea, and nasal mucosal bleeding. Under normal circumstances, menstrual cramps do not affect work and study. But it is not suitable for heavy physical labor or strenuous exercise. You should avoid cold water bath and paddy field work, prohibit sexual intercourse and pay attention to menstrual hygiene.
From adolescence to menopause, the endometrium is affected by ovarian hormones and has periodic changes, resulting in menstruation. The periodic changes of endometrium are caused by the periodic action of ovarian hormones, which can be divided into the following four stages:
(1) Proliferating period: It is about the 5th day to the 4th day of menstrual cycle, which is equivalent to the mature period of follicular development. After endometrial denudation in menstrual period, under the action of estrogen, endometrial basal cells proliferate and thicken, and glands enlarge and bend; Interstitial hyperplasia gradually became dense; The intimal vascular hyperplasia is spiral.
(2) Secretion period: it is about the first15 ~ 23rd day of menstrual cycle, which is equivalent to luteal phase after ovulation. A large amount of estrogen and progesterone produced by corpus luteum makes endometrium continue to thicken, glands further expand and bend, and secretion occurs. Interstitial loose edema, rapid vascular growth, multi-bending, soft intima, rich nutrition, suitable for implantation and development of fertilized eggs.
(3) Premenstrual period: it is about the 24th to 28th day of menstrual cycle, which is equivalent to luteal degeneration stage. When corpus luteum degenerates, the level of estrogen and progesterone drops rapidly, interstitial edema disappears and thickens, blood vessels are squeezed and bent, and blood flow stops. 4 ~ 24 hours before menstruation, the intimal blood vessels contract convulsively, which makes the intima ischemic and necrotic, and after contraction, the blood vessels relax, leading to rupture and bleeding, forming scattered small hematoma in the intima layer, which makes the intima peel off and bleed, that is, menstrual cramps.
(4) Menstrual period: It is about the first 1 ~ 4 days of the menstrual cycle, when scattered small hematomas are formed in the functional layer of the intima, so that the intima falls off in pieces or small blocks and is discharged with the blood. Clinically, it is generally believed that menstrual cramps are the beginning of the next cycle.
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How is menstruation formed? How to calculate menstrual cycle?
Menstruation is vaginal bleeding caused by periodic shedding of endometrium caused by periodic changes of ovarian hormones. After puberty, the ovary develops gradually under the stimulation of gonadotropin secreted by hypothalamus-pituitary gland. Under the action of pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone, follicles gradually grow and mature, and secrete a lot of estrogen. Under the action of estrogen, the endometrium proliferates and thickens, showing proliferative changes. Under the action of luteinizing hormone, mature follicular rupture ovulates. After ovulation, follicles form corpus luteum, and luteal cells secrete progesterone. Under the combined action of estrogen and progesterone, the endometrium further proliferates, and the secretion period changes due to the secretion of glandular epithelial cells. If the egg is not fertilized, the corpus luteum begins to shrink, and the average life span of corpus luteum is 14 days. After corpus luteum atrophy, the level of estrogen and progesterone in the ovary drops rapidly, which makes the endometrium contract unsupported and fall off due to ischemic necrosis, so vaginal bleeding occurs, commonly known as menstrual cramps.
The 1 menstrual period is called menarche. The age of menarche is mostly between13 and15 years old, which is influenced by various internal and external factors, such as climate, personal physique and nutritional status. Bleeding 1 day is the beginning of menstrual cycle, twice a month.
The interval of 1 day is called menstrual cycle, so the calculation of menstrual cycle should include the time of menstrual cramps. Some women only calculate the time when menstruation is clean, so they may think that the menstrual cycle is shortened. Clinically, some women often complain that menstruation is abnormal, and they menstruate twice a month. In fact, it is normal to have 1 waves at the beginning and end of the month. The normal menstrual cycle is 28 ~ 35 days, and the length of the cycle can vary from person to person. 7 ~ 10 days before and after the error can be regarded as the normal range, as long as
If you can keep a certain regularity, you can't think it is irregular menstruation. The last menstruation refers to the last menstruation from the date of seeing a doctor, and should be counted from 1 day of bleeding. However, it should be noted that the last menstruation refers to the same duration and amount of menstruation as usual. Do not mistake abnormal vaginal bleeding for menstruation. This kind of bleeding is generally less than menstruation, shorter or longer, or the regularity of menstrual cramps is lost.
The duration of menstrual cramps is generally 3 ~ 7 days, and the amount of bleeding is within 100 ml, with the most on the second to third day. Menstrual blood is generally dark red and does not coagulate. In addition to blood, it also contains endometrial debris, cervical mucus and vaginal epithelial cells. Women's menstrual period is generally asymptomatic, and a few people will feel discomfort such as lower abdomen or lumbosacral region falling, breast pain, constipation or diarrhea, headache, etc., which generally does not affect their daily work, study and life.
How to calculate normal menstruation?
Because menstruation may be affected by various internal and external factors, it is not static. As long as the range of change is within a certain limit, it belongs to normal menstruation. Normal menstruation should have the following characteristics:
(1) menstrual cycle Most women have a menstrual cycle of 28-30 days, and about 20% women have a longer or shorter menstrual cycle. As long as it is within the limit of 20-36 days, it is normal clinically. Some people can still be regarded as normal even if the cycle is more than 40 days and their physiological and reproductive functions are not affected.
(2) The number of menstrual days is generally 3-7 days. A menstrual bleeding 30-80 ml. Most people menstruate on the second or third day, which is equivalent to changing sanitary napkins 3-5 times a day.
(3) There is no difference between menstrual blood and blood in human body, but menstrual blood is mixed with endometrial debris and mucus when it flows out, so it is dark red, sticky and not easy to solidify.
(4) Before and after the symptomatic menstrual period, due to the fluctuation of hormone level in the body, the change of vascular tension and the congestion of pelvic organs, the following reactions may occur: 1) Mental and emotional changes, such as anxiety, excitement and headache. 2) The breast may have slight swelling and tenderness; 3) Mild low back pain, abdominal distension pain or feeling of falling.
Why do women often feel depressed before menstruation?
Menstruation is a unique physiological phenomenon of women. The menstrual cycle not only reflects the changes of female reproductive function, but also reflects the changes of psychological activities and behaviors related to reproductive function. During the menstrual cycle, a series of changes will occur in sex hormones and pituitary gonadotropins, which will affect women's psychological activities and behaviors through certain neural mechanisms and cause some emotional changes. Of course, emotional changes and stress will also affect the level of reproductive hormones, and lead to ovulation inhibition and cycle disorder.
As we all know, many women have mood swings during the menstrual cycle, especially before and during menstruation, and they are very depressed, depressed or irritable. Mainly manifested as irritability, anxiety, irritability, fatigue, headache, breast pain, abdominal distension, edema and so on. They often say, "it's going to be bad." "Unlucky" is a common name for women's menstruation. The statistical results show that a large proportion of women's violent criminal activities and suicides occur during the four days before menstruation. Nearly half of the factory women's trade unions think their work is dangerous, nearly half of the female mental patients were admitted to the hospital these days, and nearly half of the female workers' emergencies also occurred in these days. Even children's medical treatment is affected by this mood fluctuation. Because of her anxiety, the mother has to go to the hospital even if the child has no serious problems. Of course, not all women have this kind of mood change, and the mood change will not be so serious. At present, there is no effective specific drug for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome.
So what are the reasons for mood swings? From a biological point of view, it is obviously related to the fluctuation of sex hormones inherent in the menstrual cycle. Depression is common in premenstrual period, menopause, postpartum and women taking birth control pills. It seems that there must be some connection between sex hormones and depression. For example, some people studied the problem of emotional fluctuation when using oral contraceptives to control hormone levels, and divided the subjects into three groups. (1) I didn't take oral contraceptives before and now. (2) taking compound oral contraceptives (providing a stable high dose of estrogen and progesterone). (3) Oral contraceptives (taking estrogen in the first 15 days, taking compound tablets of estrogen and progesterone in the next 5 days, simulating the natural cycle, but the hormones are at a high level).
Then observe the mood of these women on the 4th day before menstruation, 10, 16 and the 2nd day. The results showed that there were statistically significant changes in anxiety, irritability and hostile behavior of women in the non-drug group during menstrual cycle. Women who shoot serial movies have similar findings; However, there was no significant change in mood, hostile behavior and anxiety of women taking compound contraceptives. Therefore, this study shows that when women's sex hormone levels are constant, their emotions are also stable.
Other researchers believe that emotional fluctuation is related to cultural literacy and social environment factors. Due to the long-term influence of traditional customs, women believe that premenstrual anxiety is inevitable, which is the result of cultural oppression of women. They always expect anxiety and depression before menstruation. The experimental study also provides similar evidence: telling those women who expect to have their menstruation after 1 week, doctors can accurately measure the date of their next menstruation with a new set of instruments. Subjects were divided into three groups. The first group: tell them that menstruation occurs after 1-2 days; The second group: tell them that they won't menstruate until at least 7- 10 days later; Group 3: Say nothing. Then let them report a series of problems before menstruation. The results showed that the symptoms of premenstrual edema, breast fullness and headache in the first group were significantly more than those in the second group.
Of course, there are many other evidences showing the relationship between emotions and hormone levels. For example, the psychological development of dysmenorrhea women may be immature and show neurotic personality. 70-80% of patients with functional uterine bleeding have emotional disorders and sexual problems, which are all because tension will promote the abnormal activity of autonomic nervous system, and then cause changes in blood vessels and massive bleeding. False pregnancy is a typical example. Women who have not been pregnant for many years after marriage can see amenorrhea, breast swelling and early pregnancy reactions similar to pregnancy when they are determined to be pregnant. This phenomenon is caused by the change of estrogen, and more is the ambivalence of longing for pregnancy and fear of pregnancy. The study of endometrial slices or vaginal smears shows that in the week before menstruation, the amount of estrogen in patients with premenstrual anxiety increases and the amount of progesterone decreases. Progesterone in patients with premenstrual depression is slightly lower.
It seems that both biological factors (hormone level) and abiotic factors (culture, society and environment) have played a certain role. Physiological factors such as hormones have a certain influence, and cultural, social and environmental factors have amplified this influence. The two can influence and promote each other, so some women are depressed.
Menstrual physiology
Menstruation is the physiological shedding and bleeding of endometrium, which is a unique physiological phenomenon of women. This change is periodic, usually once a month, so it is called "menstruation".
Girls began to have menstrual cramps when they entered puberty at the age of thirteen or fourteen. The first menstruation is called menarche. Usually, the first day of menstrual bleeding is counted as the 1 day of the cycle, and it is a menstrual cycle until the day before the next menstruation. The cycle length varies, with an average of about 28 days, but it is normal within the range of 25-40 days. Each menstrual bleeding lasts for 3-7 days, and the total amount of bleeding is about 30-50m 1. On the 2 nd to 3 rd day, the endometrium shed the most and the amount of bleeding was the most. Menstrual blood is generally viscous and non-condensable, containing endometrial debris, cervical mucus and exfoliated vaginal cells. If menstrual bleeding is bright red and there is a blood clot, it is not normal and should go to the hospital for examination.
Menstruation generally does not affect women's life and work, but due to menstrual pelvic congestion, it can cause backache, lower abdomen drooping and occasional loose stool. It is easy to catch a cold when the whole body resistance drops during menstruation, so we should pay attention to menstrual health care.
Why do you have menstruation?
The shedding of endometrium is periodic, once a month, which is influenced by the periodic changes of ovarian endocrine. Every time the endometrium falls off, the follicles in the ovary begin to develop. Under the influence of estrogen secreted by it, endometrium, including epithelial cells, blood vessels and glands, began to grow and thicken again. The endometrium at this time is called proliferative phase. About the middle of the menstrual cycle, just before the next menstruation 14 days. Ovulation occurs in the oocysts in the ovary (taking the 28-day cycle as an example, 14 is the ovulation day). Follicles after ovulation form corpus luteum, which can secrete estrogen and progesterone. These hormones act on the endometrium, which makes the endometrium thicken, blood vessels bend and congestion, glands thicken and expand, and secrete many nutrients. The endometrium at this time is called secretory phase. These changes are mainly aimed at the nutritional development of fertilized eggs after implantation in endometrium. If the eggs discharged this month are not fertilized, the corpus luteum in the ovary will degenerate, and the estrogen and progesterone produced will decrease. Without the support of estrogen and progesterone, the endometrium will shrink and collapse, and the blood vessels in the endometrium will spasm and contract. Finally, it will rupture and bleed, and the endometrium will be stripped from the uterine cavity and discharged through the vagina. This is menstruation. In women of childbearing age, this transformation is repeated unless they are pregnant, so it is called menstrual cycle. It can also be understood that menstruation is a manifestation of fertilization failure after ovulation once a month.
How does the ovary control the menstrual cycle?
Ovary plays a very important role in female reproductive system, which not only undertakes the reproductive function of human reproduction, but also undertakes the endocrine function of producing important female hormones. The two are inseparable and coordinated with each other.
When a baby girl leaves her mother, there are hundreds of thousands of small follicles in her ovary, and no new follicles will be produced in her life. In the middle of each follicle is an oocyte, surrounded by a layer of small cells called follicular cells, forming a primitive follicle. After a girl is born, her ovaries don't develop until she is twelve or thirteen years old. A few primordial follicles in the ovary began to develop gradually and secrete a small amount of estrogen. Under the action of these estrogens, girls show female characteristics, such as pubic hair and axillary hair growth, breast development, female fat distribution and so on.
When the ovary develops to a certain extent, the primordial follicles gradually develop into mature follicles, producing more estrogen and making the endometrium proliferate. At this time, the ovary is in coordination with its superior center-pituitary and hypothalamus, and the pituitary secretes a large amount of gonadotropins to ovulate mature follicles. After the egg is discharged, it falls into the abdominal cavity, is picked up by the nearby fallopian tube umbrella, and enters the fallopian tube for fertilization. However, the ovulated follicles continue to develop in the ovary to form corpus luteum. The corpus luteum is a yellow pattern tissue with a diameter of L-2cm. Luteal cells contain a lot of lipids and secrete a lot of estrogen and progesterone, which changes the endometrium from proliferative phase to secretory phase. If the ovum is unfertilized and the corpus luteum develops to a certain extent, about 8-9 days after ovulation, due to the lack of continuous support of pituitary gonadotropins, it will atrophy and decline, and the secretion of estrogen and progesterone will decrease, which will not support the growth of endometrium, and eventually make it fall off and have menstrual cramps. The corpus luteum itself is gradually absorbed and fibrosed. If the discharged egg is fertilized into a fertilized egg, the outer villi of the fertilized egg will develop, and the villi can secrete human chorionic gonadotropin (hC(j), which acts on the corpus luteum of the ovary instead of the gonadotropin secreted by the pituitary gland, so that the corpus luteum can continue to develop and form a pregnant corpus luteum, and continue to secrete estrogen and progesterone to maintain pregnancy.
In each menstrual cycle, multiple follicles in the ovary begin to develop at the same time, and most of them degenerate and atresia after developing to a certain extent. Only one follicle can fully mature, and the diameter of the mature follicle can reach 2cm, with ovulation and yellow body formation. Generally, two ovaries ovulate in turn every month, so only about 400 follicles in a woman's life can ovulate most maturely, and most follicles have bad fate.
Who regulates the menstrual cycle?
Menstruation is the shedding and bleeding of endometrium, but endometrium is only the target organ for ovarian secretion of estrogen and progesterone. The endocrine function of the ovary is regulated by gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) secreted by the anterior pituitary. The pituitary gland is regulated by hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone. These three factors form a three-level regulation mechanism of hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis to manage the reproductive cycle. Each level produces corresponding hormones to manage the next level, but the hormones produced by the next level can act on the superior in turn, affecting the hormone secretion of the superior. This effect is called feedback. Feedback can be enhanced positive feedback or suppressed negative feedback. Through this regulatory mechanism, ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle are produced. Any level of abnormality will lead to abnormal menstrual cycle. In addition, this three-level regulation mechanism is also influenced by higher centers such as cerebral cortex, such as extreme mental tension and excitement, changes in nutritional status and so on. , will affect the menstrual cycle. The obvious example is a large number of female amenorrhea in World War II, and a large number of female students suffered from malnutrition in three years of natural disasters.
Periodic changes of endometrium
The endometrium changes with the periodic changes of the ovary, which is generally divided into four stages, briefly described as follows:
I. Proliferating period
After menstruation, endometrial basal cells began to proliferate under the action of estrogen. They first repaired the fallen wounds, then became thicker due to continuous proliferation, and the glands enlarged, widened and gradually buckled. Blood vessels will also proliferate and gradually spiral. Interstitial hyperplasia is dense.
This period is equivalent to the mature stage of follicular development, that is, the fifth to 14 day of menstrual cycle.
Second, the secretory stage.
It is about 15 ~ 23 days of menstrual cycle, which is equivalent to luteal phase after ovulation.
Progesterone and estrogen secreted by corpus luteum will continue to thicken the endometrium during the proliferative phase, and the glands will further expand, contract and secrete. Blood vessels also grow rapidly and become more flexible. Pervert is loose and swollen. At this time, the endometrium is thick, soft and nutritious, which is beneficial to the implantation and development of fertilized eggs.
Third, the prophase
It is equivalent to the luteal degeneration stage, which is about 24 ~ 28 days of menstrual period. When the corpus luteum degenerates, the levels of progesterone and estrogen gradually decrease. The decrease of this hormone will make the endometrial interstitial edema subside and become dense, thus squeezing the blood vessels and stopping the blood flow. Finally, spasmodic contraction of local blood vessels occurs in turn, leading to intimal ischemia, necrosis and blood vessel rupture and bleeding.
Fourth, menstrual period.
It is the first 1 ~ 4 days of menstrual cycle. In the functional layer of the intima (above the basal layer), scattered small hematoma with a thickness of about 5 ~ 6 mm will peel off the necrotic intima and discharge it with blood, which is called menstruation. The basal layer of intima immediately began to proliferate, forming a new intima. Therefore, menstrual period is actually the end of one cycle and the beginning of the next cycle.
Regulation mechanism and clinical manifestations of menstrual cycle
Under the control of the central nervous system, the hypothalamus excites and produces GN-RH, which enters the anterior pituitary through the portal system between the hypothalamus and pituitary, making it secrete FSH and a small amount of LH. These pituitary hormones make follicles develop and grow, and with the gradual maturity of follicles, they secrete more and more estrogen and promote endometrial hyperplasia. Increasing estrogen will have negative feedback on hypothalamus and pituitary gland, reduce FSH secretion but promote LH secretion. LH secretion increased significantly before ovulation, follicles grew rapidly, and eventually burst to release mature eggs, that is, the rapid accumulation of LH decreased after ovulation, and then LH and FSH cooperated to make the ruptured follicles form corpus luteum, in which lutein cells and follicular cells secrete estrogen and progesterone, and with the development of corpus luteum, more and more progesterone will be produced, which will make the hyperplastic endometrium turn into secretory phase or premenstrual period. When progesterone and estrogen in luteal phase reach a certain concentration, they will have a synergistic negative feedback effect on hypothalamus and pituitary. If the egg is not fertilized, the yolk will degenerate, and the secretion of progesterone and estrogen will gradually decrease, leading to the degeneration and shedding of endometrium and menstrual cramps. Hypothalamus and pituitary gland are no longer inhibited by the decrease of ovarian hormone concentration, so a new sexual cycle begins again.
First, menarche menstruation is first called "menarche". The age of menarche is influenced by many factors, such as environment, climate and health status. Generally, it is between 13 ~ 15 years old, and some are as early as 10 ~ 12 years old or as late as 17 ~ 18 years old.
Second, the cycle starts from the first day of menstrual cramps, generally 25 to 35 days, with an average of 28 days.
Third, the duration and duration of menstrual flow vary from person to person, ranging from 1 ~ 2 days to 7 ~ 8 days, mostly between 3 ~ 6 days. Menstruation is usually roughly estimated by the number and saturation of paper pads. Some people use radioactive 59Fe or 5 1C isotopes to label red blood cells to measure menstrual flow. The former is 10 ~ 35~58ml, and the latter is 35~58ml. It is considered that the total blood loss exceeds 80ml as a pathological state.
Fourth, menstrual blood is characterized by dark red, and it is bright red when there is much blood. Blood contains degenerated intimal fragments, cervical mucus, vaginal epithelial cells, bacteria and white blood cells. Menstrual blood generally does not coagulate, and occasionally there are small blood clots. If there is a large blood clot, it means that the menstrual flow is more than normal. The main reason why menstrual blood does not coagulate is that the damaged intima releases a lot of activating substances, which activates plasminogen in menstrual blood into plasmin, and plasmin decomposes fibrin into mobile decomposition products. Intima also contains activated enzymes, which destroy other coagulation factors, thus affecting coagulation.
Five,