Zhangjiajie, formerly known as Dayong, is the seat of Gu Yong County. As early as the late primitive society, ancestors began to thrive on both sides of the Lishui River. In the Yao and Shun era, "Shun Fang fought around Chongshan to become that pretty", so there was a saying of "that pretty" in the history of China. In 22 1 BC, Qin Shihuang established a county, and Zhangjiajie belonged to Cigu County, Qianzhong County. The county was ruled by Guantaping, Cili County (now Taiping Village, Jiangjiaping Township). In the sixth year of Yong 'an (AD 264), Wu Jing Emperor of the Three Kingdoms, Song Liang County was named Tianmen Mountain, and Tianmen County was established. Until the Northern and Southern Dynasties, it belonged to Zhuozhong County and Linli County of Tianmen County. Dayong County was established in Ming Dynasty 1369, and Yongding County was established in the 13th year of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1735).
1949 Jiefang to 1988, Cili County belongs to Changde District. By the end of 1988, Dayong and Sangzhi were under the jurisdiction of Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture. 1May, 988, Dayong City, a provincial city, was established with the approval of the State Council. 1April, 1994, the prefecture-level Dayong City was renamed Zhangjiajie City. Zhangjiajie is named after Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, which is famous at home and abroad.
Zhangjiajie City is located in the northwest of Hunan Province, at the junction of Guizhou Plateau uplift and Dongting Lake subsidence area, between east longitude 109 degrees 40 minutes and north latitude1/kloc-0 degrees 20 minutes, between 28 degrees 52 minutes and 29 degrees 48 minutes north latitude, bordering Shimen and Taoyuan County in the east, Yuanling County in the south and Hefeng and Xuanen County in Hubei Province in the north. The longest east-west border is 167 km, and the widest north-south border is 96 km. The city's total area is 9653 square kilometers, accounting for 4.5% of the province's area.
topography
The landscape structure of Zhangjiajie city is complex, mainly including mountains, karst, hills, hills and plains. The mountainous area accounts for 76% of the total area, among which the most distinctive is the rare seasonal sandstone peak forest landform in the world. The city is high in the northwest and inclines to the southeast along the Lishui River. Wuling Mountain is a branch of Wu Yun, Guizhou. After entering the urban area of Zhangjiajie, it is divided into three mountain systems running through the city. The mountains in Zhangjiajie overlap and the surface fluctuates greatly, with the highest point 1890.4m and the lowest point 75 m.
The urban terrain is mainly mountainous, with higher terrain in the northwest and inclined along the Lishui River. The central part of the city gradually becomes lower to the northeast along the banks of the Lishui River, and the mountains in the south gradually descend to Shui Yuan. Wuling Mountain Range extends from Wu Yun Mountain in Guizhou to Zhangjiajie City and is divided into three branches. The northern branch comes from Fenglongshan, Hubei Province, and has jurisdiction over Lishan, Guiying Mountain and Qinglong Mountain in Sangzhi County. There are Tianxing Mountain, Hongxi Mountain, Chaotian Mountain, Qingyan Mountain and Maohua Street along the middle branch of Lishui North. The south branch is located between Lishui and Shui Yuan, including Qixing Mountain, Chongshan Mountain and Tianmen Mountain, and extends to Dalongshan and Tianhe Mountain in Cili County. All three branches went eastward to the alluvial plain of Dongting Lake and disappeared.
Zhangjiajie is famous for its unique tourism resources. Wulingyuan Scenic Area consists of Zhangjiajie, Hetianzi Mountain and Suoxiyu, the first national forest park in China, covering an area of 369 square kilometers. The area is dominated by the world's rare seasonal sandstone peaks, forests and valleys, integrating the beauty of Guilin, the wonder of Huangshan Mountain, the danger of Huashan Mountain and the glory of Mount Tai, and integrating secluded roads, small bridges, caves, lakes and waterfalls to "expand bonsai and shrink the fairy mountain".
Zhangjiajie is a treasure house of biological resources, with 850 species of woody plants 106 families, 320 genera and 46 species of vertebrates/kloc-0. Among them, there are 56 species of plants and 40 species of animals under state protection. Rare tree species include Ginkgo biloba, Davidia involucrata, Taxus chinensis and cherry blossoms. Precious medicinal materials include Ganoderma lucidum, Gastrodia elata, Polygonum Multiflori Radix and Eucommiae Cortex. Rare animals include giant salamander, unicorn, Sumen antelope, South China tiger, clouded leopard, macaque, civet and so on.
Zhangjiajie, located in the mid-northern latitude, belongs to the prototype of monsoon humid climate in the mid-subtropical mountainous area, with abundant light and heat, abundant rainfall, long frost-free period, short severe cold period and distinct four seasons. The average sunshine, temperature and precipitation over the years are about 65438 0.440 hours, 65438 0.6 degrees and 65438 0.400 mm respectively, and the average frost-free period over the years is 265438 0.6 days to 266. Such a climate is conducive to the all-round development of agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, sideline production and fishery. However, influenced by topography, landforms and other factors, China's climate is complex and changeable, and natural disasters such as drought, floods, strong winds and hail are also frequent.
Tujia nationality year
Tujia people spend three years every year, with the 29th (or 28th) of the twelfth lunar month as the "Spring Festival", the 25th of June as the "Year of June" and the first day of October as the "Year of October".
On the evening of "Chinese New Year", a bonfire was lit in the hollow field of the village, and Tujia people danced around the bonfire and sang tune songs. June is an important migration in Tujia history. The day when the migration was completed was June 25th of the lunar calendar. On this day, Tujia people offered sacrifices to cows and gods, and gradually formed the custom of "June Year". "October Year" was held by Tujia people to welcome the first harvest season of their new home after migration. On the first day of October, Tujia people organized celebrations to celebrate "October Year" with each other.
Bai torch festival
The Torch Festival held by the Bai people in Zhangjiajie is related to eliminating pests and protecting crops. Every year, on the evening of June 25th of the lunar calendar, every household will light a torch. After the torches in the village gathered, people walked back and forth through the fire, praying for Vulcan to ward off evil spirits and avoid disasters.
In addition, Zhangjiajie's distinctive festivals include:
On the second day of February, the birthday of the land god was held as a land meeting.
February 15, it is a big flower period, and girls have their ears pierced; Both men and women get married more than this time.
On March 3, eating wormwood Baba is called "wormwood Festival".
Putting willow leaves in the door on Qingming Festival is called "Qingming Gate", which is a symbol of auspicious family in a year. Colorful flags made of silk, cotton and five-color paper are hung on the top of the ancestral grave, and relatives offer sacrifices to sweep the grave for the dead, which is called "inserting green" or "hanging green", meaning to miss their loved ones.
"Buddha washing festival" on the eighth day of April. On this day, farmers have a day off, which is an ancient labor day in the countryside.
On the Dragon Boat Festival, the image of Zhang Zhenren will be printed and sent to a nearby temple and hung in the hall during the festival. Children will paint realgar on their foreheads to avoid "evil poison". On that day, they ate palm seeds and drank calamus, with mugwort leaves hanging on the lintel. Yongding and Cili Jiuxi both like to race dragon boats in Lishui. Dragon Boat Festival is divided into different sizes. The fifth day of May is the Little Dragon Boat Festival, and the fifteenth day is the Big Dragon Boat Festival.
On the sixth day of June, Tujia people dried their clothes, which is called "skin drying after Qin Dynasty". According to legend, this day is the martyrdom day of Qin Houwang, the leader of Tujia nationality in the early Ming Dynasty, and it is an important national festival of Tujia nationality.
On the seventh day of July, women tied colored silk on the moon and woven it. Fruits and fruits were sacrificed to the Cowherd and the Weaver Girl.
On Mid-Autumn Festival, Tujia people are not interested in enjoying the moon, but eating moon cakes is the custom of Tujia people. Tujia Mid-Autumn Festival is unique. Covered with bright moonlight, they went to the melon garden to steal melons and gave them to childless couples.
1 1 month 19, celebrating the birthday of the sun god. In the morning, everyone began to burn incense, which was extremely respectful.
Zhangjiajie special reminder:
Don't climb mountains in rainy days, for one thing, the road is slippery, and for another, there will be fog on the top of the mountain and you can't see anything. It should be best to go to the top of the mountain within 1 or 2 hours after rain. Don't climb mountains in hot weather, for one thing, your physical strength is too high, and for another, there is no shade on several hilltops, which will make you dizzy. Zhangjiajie Scenic Area takes Spring Festival, Labor Day, Summer Vacation and National Day as the tourist peak season every year.
Zhangjiajie cuisine:
Hunan flavor has local characteristics, and snacks are more famous for their spicy and sour taste. Stinky tofu, spring rolls, dragon fat pig's blood, braised pig's trotters, spicy chicken, hairy tripe, Tujia bacon, Yan 'er roast chicken, Dong Shi pickled fish, Zhijiang duck, Hongjiang duck blood cake, Linwu duck and Huang Xiang chicken are all unique.
In addition, Tujia preserved vegetables series include preserved meat, preserved mutton, preserved beef, preserved dog meat, preserved pig's trotters, preserved pig's intestines, preserved blood tofu and so on. The series of hot and sour vegetables includes hot and sour wild sauce, hot and sour vegetables, hot and sour pork, hot and sour fish, hot and sour corn paste and so on. Tujia's home cooking series includes miscellaneous meals, pumpkin soup, rice tofu, steamed pork with rice flour, braised pork, stewed chicken with rock ears, boiled tofu with loach, fish and pepper, and so on. Pickled vegetables include bacon, pickled fish, pickled peppers, pickled radishes, pickled corn flour, pickled ginger and so on. Wild vegetables include rice, wild Ge Fen, bracken and ginger.
The catering in Zhangjiajie Scenic Area is relatively expensive, with at least one meat dish in 30 yuan, one game dish above 80 yuan and one vegetable 15 yuan, while the catering in the suburbs of Zhangjiajie is not so expensive. At night, tourists can see food stalls everywhere in the street, and Tujia hot pot is good. However, there are many stalls in the scenic spot, where you can buy cheap Tujia snacks, and hot sauce is a Tujia flavor that you can't taste.
Compared with the metropolis, the business of Zhangjiajie is underdeveloped, but there are many local products here, especially kiwifruit, Qingyan Cuiming tea, lobster scented tea, Tricholoma matsutake, etc., which are original and cheap. Sangzhi salt dried bean curd is a tribute of Qing Dynasty, and "Gegenbao" is a pure natural green series of drinks, which integrates health care and longevity. Mao Ping Maojian tea is fragrant, mellow and delicious, which moistens the lungs and refreshes the mind after drinking. It is a good major; In addition, you can also buy some Tujia-style "spicy girl spicy wax" series of food to take home.
Zhangjiajie Railway Station 1983 started operation. In July, the foundation stone was laid for the new station building 1, 1993, and it was completed and put into use on February 26th. The new station building covers an area of 8,000 square meters with a building area of 9,527 square meters. There are 65,438+065,438+065,438+04 seats for passengers to wait and rest, and there are soft-seat waiting rooms, VIP waiting rooms, air-conditioned waiting rooms and maternal and child waiting rooms. Zhangjiajie Railway Station has opened direct trains to Beijing, Guangzhou, Changsha, Wuxi, Zhanjiang, Xiangfan and other large and medium-sized cities, and is connected with Beijing-Guangzhou Railway through Shichang Railway. Every year in the tourist season, a special train will be opened to Zhangjiajie.
air transport
Zhangjiajie Lotus Airport is located in Lianhua Village, Guanliping Office, Yongding County, Zhangjiajie City, 5 kilometers away from the urban area. The airport is a national large and medium-sized construction project during the Eighth Five-Year Plan period in Hunan Province. Approved by the State Council and the Central Military Commission in September, 199 1, 1 1, officially opened to traffic in August, 1994. Zhangjiajie Lotus Airport has opened flights to Changsha, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Nanjing, Beijing, Yichang, Jinan, Hangzhou, Changzhou, Dalian, Chongqing, Wuhan, Chengdu, Zhengzhou, Fuzhou, Shantou, Zhuhai, Xiamen, Hong Kong and Guiyang. 1The special flight performance of "Crossing Tianmen" held in June, 1999 made Zhangjiajie Lotus Airport famous at home and abroad.
With the continuous development of tourism, the highway traffic in Zhangjiajie has also been developed and expanded. At present, the city has basically formed a transportation network with the urban area as the center and the station as the hub, connecting urban and rural areas and radiating 5 provinces and cities 17 districts and counties. This year, the expressway from Zhangjiajie to Changde has started construction. The completion of this expressway will make it faster and more convenient to travel to Zhangjiajie.
Zhangjiajie Railway Station has opened passenger trains with many large and medium-sized cities in China 10. Zhangjiajie Railway Station can directly reach Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and other cities; The trains from Zhangjiajie to Guangzhou, Changsha and Zhanjiang are all starting stations, so it is convenient to ride. It is best to take K552 train from Changsha to Zhangjiajie, arriving at 8: 18 every morning and 13: 19 in the afternoon. Ticket price, 70 yuan. Another train K824 left Guangzhou at 22:06, arrived in Changsha at 6:06 the next day, and arrived in Zhangjiajie at 10:55. Visitors who arrive in Changsha by train before 8: 00 am can transfer directly to K552 train to Zhangjiajie without leaving the train station, and then make up their tickets. K502 train from Guangzhou to Zhangjiajie and K525 train from Changsha to Zhangjiajie all bypass Huaihua, which is time-consuming and costly.
Zhangjiajie Railway Station is 33 kilometers from Zhangjiajie, and more than 30 kilometers from "Water Around Four Gates". There are frequent round trips between China and Pakistan every day (fare 10 yuan/person), which can reach 1 hour.
Zhangjiajie's tourist reception capacity has been continuously improved. There are more than 700 hotels and restaurants in the city with more than 30,000 beds. Among them, there are more than 30 foreign-related hotels and more than 20 star-rated hotels. The daily reception capacity can reach more than 30 thousand people. High, medium and low-grade complete sets can meet the needs of different levels.
Among them, Zhangjiajie Xianglong International Hotel and Zhangjiajie International Hotel are famous four-star foreign-related hotels with luxurious facilities, elegant environment, thoughtful service and high-grade enjoyment. Pipaxi Hotel is a beautiful three-star hotel with advanced facilities and comfortable rooms, but the price is also very expensive. There are also some humble one-star hotels, most of which are clean and hygienic, with warm service and reasonable prices.
There are many traditional ethnic entertainment activities here, such as swing dancing, cockfighting, singing folk songs, dragon dancing on the bench, three-stick drums, nine-child whip and so on.
Hand-waving dance is a traditional large-scale dance loved by Tujia people, which has a strong sacrificial color; Tujia folk songs have a long history, primitive and rough style, and the lyrics express Tujia folk customs; Dragon dancing on the bench is a folk sports art in China. Bai compatriots play Wolong, which is said to have originated in the Han Dynasty and evolved from the religious activities of Bai ancestors "dancing dragons for rain". Three-stick drums are colorful and dazzling, which can't be said to be unique; Jiuzi Whip is very popular among Han, Bai and Tujia people, especially among Bai people. They pin their happiness and good fortune on the gods. In order to please the gods, the performers hold whips and dance to the suona.
As a famous emerging tourist city, Zhangjiajie's modern emerging entertainment facilities have also developed rapidly in recent years. Le Kang balls, tennis balls, bowling balls and golf balls can also be found everywhere.
"forest city"
Temperature in spring (March/May): 5.8℃, 1 1.4℃, 16. 1℃. Spring is enchanting, like laughter-flowering and hiking.
Summer (May/August) temperature: 19.7℃, 23.3℃, 22.2℃ Summer is green-summer, wandering.
In autumn (September/65438+February), the temperature is 17.9℃, 13.9℃, and 8.7℃ in autumn, if it is clear, enjoy the fruit and climb high.
Winter (65438+ February/February) temperature: 3.4℃, 0.7℃, 1.3℃ Winter is as clean as sleep-enjoy the snow, Xun Mei.
I have long heard of Zhangjiajie, Tian Zi, Suoxiyu and Yang Jiajie in Hunan. Their beautiful scenery and reputation have long been famous at home and abroad. Now, Yuan Jiajie, another scenic spot also located in Wulingyuan, is presented to the world. Recently, I was lucky enough to witness this fairyland on earth, beautiful peaks and dangerous cliffs.
Yuanjiajie is located between Zhangjiajie and Tianzi Mountain, with an altitude of 1000 meters. Surrounded by steep walls hanging rocks, it stands in Wuling Mountain area, just like a plateau protruding from the flat ground, which is spectacular. However, it only took me two minutes to get to Yuanjiajie from the foot of the mountain! Don't mistake me for a scud. In fact, I took the White Dragon Sightseeing Ladder. Speaking of Bailong ladder, it can be said that it is a perfect combination of natural landscape and man-made miracle.
Bailong ladder is located in the scenic spot of Shuihuan Temple Gate in Zhangjiajie, a world natural heritage. It has three laurels: "the world's highest fully exposed outdoor elevator", "the world's highest double-decker sightseeing elevator" and "the world's largest and fastest passenger elevator", which is unique in the world. Bailong ladder is magnificent, with a vertical height difference of 335 meters and a running height of 326 meters. Its main body consists of154m mountain shaft and172m steel structure attached to the mountain. Three double-deck fully exposed sightseeing elevators run in parallel and separately, successfully connecting Zhangjiajie National Forest Park, Jin Bianxi, Shuirao Gate 4, Yuanjiajie Tianxia 1 Bridge, Wulongzhai and Tian Zi. It has become an important tourist attraction in the scenic spot. People move with the ladder, and the ladder walks with the mountain, and the field of vision is getting wider and wider. Blue sky and white clouds, strange peaks and rocks, fairy fog, passionate. In less than two minutes, the beauty of Yuan Jiajie was presented.
About 800 meters to the east, there is a path winding south to the top platform of Wuyan. Looking around on the platform, you can get a panoramic view of thousands of scenes. The stone pillars of the rock peak are strange and wonderful. Just in time for the fine weather after the rain, I saw light clouds and fog floating between the peaks, but I saw the mountains moving and the peaks diving, just like the jade pavilion in Qionglou, and I was fascinated for a while, and I didn't know where I was. I finally understand why this place has the reputation of "ecstasy platform". Try to stand on the cliff of "ecstasy table", just like "people walking on the wall, clouds floating under their feet"
This is not the most beautiful scenery. Walking along the top of the cliff, I saw a natural stone bridge flying over the top of two peaks, which was magnificent. This is the "No.1 Bridge in the World", which is also called "Zhangjiajie" with the couple rock. The first bridge in the world is a natural stone bridge, located in the area of Shadaogou tourist line, which is the essence of Zhangjiajie. Nature is ingenious, a natural stone slab with a width of only 3 meters and a thickness of about 5 meters is hung and embedded between two peaks, cleverly connecting the east and west peaks. The bridge is 20 meters long, with a span of about 50 meters and a relative height of nearly 400 meters. It is the highest stone bridge in Zhangjiajie, and it is called "the first bridge in the world" because of its height, span and rare adventures in the world. The pine trees on the bridge are tall and straight, the clouds under the bridge are rippling and the abyss is endless. Surrounded by cliffs, water droplets splash. When you walk on the bridge deck, you can't help feeling the wind. Holding the iron railing, looking up, the Qingfeng-xiangguang fracture is shrouded in clouds; Overlooking, the strange peaks are like bamboo shoots, and the smoke billows in the deep valleys of rocks, scattered and gathered. The first bridge in the world is still hung with many infatuated men and women's concentric locks.
Climbing to the next higher bridge platform, I saw a touch of spring water floating down from the cliff top more than 200 meters high, like a white horse falling from the sky. There are deep pools, clear water and long mist under the waterfall, and the bridge hangs over the cliff, which is majestic and steep. As expected, "hanging in the sky for nothing"
At the junction of Zhong Ping and Xia Ping in Yuanjiajie, there is also a hidden landscape called "Back Garden". The tourists were walking in the bamboo forest between the cliffs when they were suddenly blocked by a stone wall. I was wondering if there was nothing I could do, but I saw a corner of the cliff, a full moon-like white stone opened and passed through the door. In front of me, dozens of strange peaks stand in the deep dark green stream. Among the green valleys, there are many stone peaks, lingering streams, towering old trees and cold clouds on the ground, just like a natural bonsai. There are hundreds of stone peaks, which rise into the sky and lie flat, ups and downs, and set each other off.
In Yuanjiajie, there are not only stony streams and high waterfalls, but also lush bamboo forests and hanging pine trees. Because of abundant water resources and dense forests, the air is extremely fresh. The latest measurement shows that the forest coverage rate in Yuanjiajie is as high as 98%, and the dust content and bacteria content in the air are particularly low, but the oxygen content is very high. The number of negative ions in some areas has reached nearly 50,000, which is about 500 times higher than the usual environment. It is like a huge "natural oxygen bar", which is very suitable for leisure and health.
At the end of this tour, the tour guide told me that because of the dangerous terrain, the traffic around Yuanjiajie was extremely inconvenient in the past, so it was little known for a long time. In recent years, with the completion and opening of the world's highest Bailong sightseeing elevator, the traffic bottleneck problem that has plagued the scenic spot for many years has been solved, and Yuanjiajie scenic spot has been deeply developed. Many inaccessible places have become popular tourist attractions, and the magical beauty of Zhangjiajie, known as the "back garden", has also been able to walk from behind the scenes to the front.
One legend is that ...
Zhangjiajie was not called Zhangjiajie earlier, but called Qingyan Mountain. At that time, there was no Zhang in Zhangjiajie. Why was it later called Zhangjiajie? This has to start with Liang who stayed in the Han Dynasty.
According to legend, after Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang pacified the world, he killed heroes indiscriminately. In order to save his life, Liu Hou Sean resigned and lived in seclusion. Following the footsteps of Pinus densiflora, he came to the place where Shun Di was exiled in ancient times, and then climbed the Qingyan Mountain. Since then, he has lived in seclusion here, cultivated immortals and learned Taoism, and left behind descendants of Zhang. In order to protect the geomantic omen of Qingyan Mountain, Sean planted seven ginkgo trees in the south of Qingyan Mountain. These seven ginkgo trees grow tall and big, guarding Qingyan Mountain like seven giants. Many years later, a court official named Zhang Wanchong visited Qingyan Mountain and took a fancy to Qingyan Mountain. Taking these seven ginkgo trees as the boundary, he carved a word on each ginkgo tree and engraved the words "leading Zhang Wanchong's boundary", which occupied Qingyan Mountain, causing Zhang descendants who once lived on Qingyan Mountain to be forced.
One day, hunter Zhang went hunting in the mountains and saw seven ginkgo trees all flowing with yellow water, like a tearful person. Zhang was very surprised. Later, when he saw the seven characters on the tree, he suddenly realized that he was furious and drew his sword and changed "Wan Chong" to "Jia Xiong".
Zhang Guxiong's action annoyed Zhang Wanchong. He mobilized 300 Qin Bing to surround Qingyan Mountain to capture Zhang Guxiong alive, and drove the residents who once lived in huts under ginkgo trees, claiming that if Zhang Guxiong could not be captured alive, he would dye seven Chinese characters red with the blood of seven boys. At the critical moment, Sean, who has become an immortal, appeared. He cast a spell and sprayed seven buckets of water from the trunk of the ginkgo tree. When the waves broke out, Zhang Wanchong and his 300 horses were taken to Jin Bianxi. Then, Sean pointed the dust in his hand at seven ginkgo trees, and the seven characters "Zhangjiajie, a fairyland on earth" immediately appeared on the trees. Later generations named this mountain after the immortal Sean, and called Qingyan Mountain "Zhangjiajie" from now on.
On May 8, 2007, Wulingyuan Tourist Area in Zhangjiajie was officially approved by the National Tourism Administration as a national 5A-level tourist attraction.