Keywords: Yan's political system, the warring States period bureaucracy sealed the monarch
Yan State was an important feudal country in the Zhou Dynasty, and the "blood-eating country in 8900" (Historical Records of Yan Zhaogong Family) has its unique research value and academic significance. However, due to the lack of early materials (Western Zhou-Spring and Autumn Period), it is still difficult to outline this history in detail. With the increasing data in the Warring States period, researchers can get a glimpse of the whole leopard. Therefore, this paper mainly studies the political system of Yan State in the Warring States Period. Limited by space, this paper omits its military system and legal system together, and only discusses bureaucrats and monarchs in this period.
I. Bureaucracy
(1) Central administrative organ ①
1, official position
Guo Yan (Beiyan), the surname of Yan Houji, was a "legitimate" vassal state enfeoffed by the Central Committee of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and Yan Houji was also the "legitimate" supreme authority of Yan State. Undoubtedly, the people who exercised the supreme power in the territory of Yan State were the Zhao Gong family, that is, the family formed by the descendants of Zhao Gong who were enfeoffed to Yan State, which can be called the "Wang Family of Yan State", and this kind of "legal system" is in the same strain. Of course, this does not deny the fact that there are different surnames (such as Yi Yin and Ke Qing) in the upper echelons of Yan State.
The name of Yan Guohou was originally called Hou (Ke Qian, Ke Qian, Ke Huan Hou), among which Gong (Zhuang Gong-Wen Gong) was called Wang (Yan Guo). In 323 BC (the tenth year of Yan Wang Yi), Wei Gongsun Yan initiated the "Five Kings" of Yan Zhao, Zhongshan, Wei Han to fight against Qin, and Yan State, Zhao and Zhongshan jointly claimed the title.
It is very important that bureaucrats under princes and ministers are in charge of civil affairs and military affairs respectively. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, it was an important feature of bureaucratic organizations in various countries, which undoubtedly helped the monarch to further concentrate his power on politics. The original official seal of Wei Liaozi said: "The official is divided into civil and military, and Wang Erji is also skilled."
Item, also known as or item, is the head of the civil service system. "Everything is done by Han Feizi, the foreign reserve says left" says: "There are words from adherents." For example, Zi is the phase of the prince (Yance I of the Warring States Policy), Gong Suncao (Cheng) is the phase of Yan Huiwang (the historian leads Zhao's family), Guo Xiang [1], and Bailey is the phase of the prince when he is happy (Shi Zhao Gong's family).
General, also known as "general", is the head of military attache, and his name is found in handed down documents and unearthed materials. When the Prince of Yan died, a general was killed (Warring States Policy, Yan Ce Me, Historical Records, Yan Zhaogong Family). In 272 BC, Sun Bin, who killed the State of Yan, said that he wanted (Biography of Historical Records and Zhao Liezhuan) (see below for details). Qin Kai, a Yan who "breached the East Lake", was also a general (Historical Records and Biography of Xiongnu). Bronze Ge engraved with the word "General" has been unearthed in various places, such as "General Zhang" (No.107, No.95) [2]. Among the generals, there are "upper generals" and "Le Yi was chosen as the upper general" ("Historical Records Yan Zhaogong Family"); General in the Warring States Period, Grand Marshal in the Spring and Autumn Period (Zhou Nanwang's thirty-first year's Zi Tongzhi Bamboo Slips noted Hu Sansheng).
In addition, there is a "Sima" in Yan State. "(Anping's handsome Tian Chan) A bird's Sima and a thousand miles together ("The Warring States Policy Qi Liu Ce "), the" Sima "here obviously belongs to the military attache.
Taifu, also referred to as "Fu", belongs to the bureaucratic system of the Eastern Palace and is responsible for counseling and educating the Prince. Generally, it is a highly respected and educated person. For example, Ju Wu (a "Wu Qu"), a former teacher of Prince Taizi Dan, was far-sighted and advised the prince to take a long-term view and not to take revenge in a hurry (yan danzi). But Taizi Dan didn't listen to Juwu's advice.
The photo room has two meanings, one is the nickname of the prime minister and the other is the nickname of the minister. As an alias of the retainer, the photo studio also belongs to the bureaucratic system of the East Palace and is the housekeeper of the Prince's Mansion. "Everything in the Woods" said: "The photo studio said,' How much has changed?' Chen Qiyou quoted the old tune of Lonely Anger: "The photo studio is also a retainer." On April 29th, the volume 10, the printing bureau has the seal of "photo studio", while the ancient seal collection 0003 has the seal of "Changping Jun photo studio". Therefore, the holder can indeed be called a phase chamber. "Twelve Golden Horses" has been the masterpiece of the Queen's Left Photo Studio for 22 years, which is called "Queen's Left Photo Studio". Researchers believe that this tripod is a bronze ware of Yan State. 1998 10 A bronze tripod from the Warring States Period was found in Jinguyuan Village, southwest of Luoyang Railway Station. Inscriptions have the remarkable characteristics of lettering in the Warring States Period. The words "Prince Jacky's family" are horizontally engraved on the front side of the tripod belly, which may also be the artifacts of the Yan State [4].
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In addition, there are some bureaucrats in charge of handicrafts in Yan State, and their names are also found in handed down documents and unearthed documents. Here is a brief introduction:
Gongyin, Taoyin Gongyin and Taoyin are responsible for making weapons and pottery respectively. Gong Yin can be divided into Zuo Gong Yin and Right Gong Yin. There is a right Gong Yin in the inscriptions of weapons in Yan State, and the words "Right Attack (Gong Yin)" are commonly used (such as three generations of Wen Cun 19.52.3, Xiao Xiao Jing Wen 10.53.2). A piece of pottery with the words "Zuo Tao Yin" written on it was found in Yanxiadu, Yixian County, Hebei Province [5]; And Wen Tao has many records in You Tao Yin. It seems that Tao Yin, like Gong Yin, has left and right points and should be an adjutant.
You Yu, You Yu's "Everything is done by Han Feizi on the Left" says: "The Song people invited you to take the king of the thorn as the female monkey, and ... you raised him three times. The right royal and metallurgical workers said that the king said ... "The" right royal "here should be related to horses and chariots. On the iron casting model of Warring States discovered in Xinglong, Hebei Province, the word "you" is often cast [6]. He should be an official in charge of handicrafts in Yan State.
Slaughterers, butchers, weighers and water officers are responsible for raising, slaughtering and cooking livestock and poultry, while weighers are responsible for measuring instruments and water officers are responsible for water affairs. These official names are also found in Fu Zi: "The people of Shuo presented a big gift, saying,' What if?'" The messenger said, "If you don't live in Pinglan, Thailand (in 903, it was called" Pinglan, Thailand "), you won't be precious if you don't live there. This year, you will be 120 years old and people will call you a fairy. Wang Nai ordered jackals to slaughter and raise them for fifteen years, as big as sand jackals. Wang Xizhi ordered the official bridge to be measured, the bridge to be broken and the tapir not to be measured. He also ordered the water officer to take a boat to measure. It weighs 1000 kg and is useless. Xiang Yan said to the king,' Xi doesn't like it? Wang Nai ordered her husband to eat it. Among them, the position of "Zaifu" can be found in Zhou Li Tianguan, and the position of "King, Three Public Officials, Six Departments, Doctors and Hundred Officials" is prominent, but the position of "Zaifu" here is not the same as that of an ordinary "diner". Dong said, "Since the Spring and Autumn Period, in sharp contrast, it is normal that the' catering husband' in Tianguan only cares about the king's food and is ashamed to feed the king and his descendants.": However, in the unearthed inscriptions (such as Dakeding and Dashovel), its status and authority are still considerable.
2. knighthood
During the Warring States Period, the titles of Sanjin, Qi and Yan were divided into Qing and Doctor. Qing is divided into Shangqing and Yaqing, and doctors include Doctor Long, Doctor Shang, Doctor Zhong and Doctor Wu.
Shangqing can be Shangqing, and his people are naturally quite pampered. In the Warring States Policy Yance I, Yan Zhaowang of the Soviet Dynasty said, "I want my son to be Shang Qing." Jing Ke was once honored as Shangqing by Taizi Dan. "Give up the palace, the prince builds doors for things outside the prison every day, gets on the bus and rides beautiful women, and Jing Ke does whatever he wants, so as to fulfill his wishes" (See Historical Records and Biography of Assassins for "The Warring States Policy Yance III").
Guo Yan's position is second only to Shangqing's. From strict to strict, "think elegant and clear" (Biography of Historical Records and Le Yi). Le Yi later mentioned it in his letter to the prince. "The envoy of (the former king) was Yaqing ("The Warring States Policy Yance II "), and Bao Biao commented:" Ya, Ji also. "
Doctors According to Records of Historian Yan Zhaogong Family, the prince of Yan sometimes has a "doctor who can manage the canal", but I don't know what kind of doctor he is. There were also "doctors" in the Warring States period. "I (according to Su Qin) are more expensive than Qi, and the doctor doesn't believe me." "If I (according to Su Qin) come, the doctor's plan will be greatly solved." [8]. The "doctor" in the above two places should be the general name of doctors in Yan State. Due to the lack of materials, it is difficult to determine whether there are Dr. Long, Dr. Shanghai and Dr. China in Yan State, but there are five. Chu, Wei and Zhao all have "five great men" (roughly equivalent to the ninth product of the 20 th Qin Dynasty [9]). There is a Wudufu crossbow machine in 20.57, the first word in its catalogue is "Qin", but judging from the font and format of the inscription, this machine is undoubtedly a swallow [10].
3. During the Warring States Period, all countries basically adopted the salary system; As for the unit of wage calculation, there are differences in different countries. Wei used "pots", Qi Wei used "bells", Qin used "barrels" and Yan used "stones". After Rebecca abdicated, he was "the son who died because of the official seal of three hundred stones" (Yance Warring States Policy). "Taking stone as wealth" may be Yan's initiative. Wu Shidao's "Bu Yue" in Yuan Dynasty quoted Lv Zuqian's "Memorabilia" in Southern Song Dynasty, saying: "Only here is learning stone." Ten liters make a bucket, ten buckets make a stone, and each stone weighs 120 Jin.
(2) Local administrative organizations
During the Warring States period, the local administrative organizations of Yan State, like other countries, also implemented the county system. Generally, there are counties under the county, which has become a county-county two-level system. "The Warring States Policy, Qin Ce V" said that "Zhao attacked Yan, gained 36 counties in the valley (county), and Qin Shiyi".
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In Yan Zhaowang, Yan Guo Xi 'an attacked the East Lake of Qin Dynasty, built the Great Wall in the north, and set up five counties: Shanggu, Yuyang, Youbeiping, Liaoxi and Liaodong. The main purpose of setting up these five counties in Yan State is to "reject Hu"-that is, to guard against the East Lake and consolidate the border defense (Biography of Xiongnu in Historical Records). In the occupied areas of other countries, the Yan State also carried out the county system. Yan Zhaowang, cutting qi, sweeping, "qi more than 70 cities, all counties are Yan" ("Historical Records and Biography of Le Yi").
The chief of the county is the "guard" (sometimes called "satrap"), all of which are served by military attache; The county order consists of Cheng and Wei. There are grassroots organizations such as townships, towns, villages or companies and villages below the county level [1 1]. According to Zhao Ce Si, a Warring States Policy, Zhao She, a native of Zhao, once apologized for living in Yan State, and "Yan State values luxury". The so-called "Shanggu Shou" means Shanggu County Shou. From the official seal, we can also know that the State of Yan has "Situ", "Sima", "Sigong" and "Cheng" in the local area. Those belonging to Stuart, such as Yicheng Capital, Wen Anzhi Capital, Wu Xia Capital, Pingyin Capital and Fangcheng Capital; Sima is divided into Sajima and Yujima, such as "Sajima in Gongyin" and "Yujima in Gengdu". Belonging to the foreman, such as "Du Gonggong"; It belongs to the process, such as "Figure □ Du Cheng" [12]. As for the specific situation of Yanshi County and below, it is not clear because of insufficient materials.
Second, the system of conferring the monarch
The appearance of conferring monarchy in the Warring States period was abrupt and uncoordinated. Because at that time, the major vassal States had generally established local administrative institutions with counties as the ruling institutions, and implemented a centralized political system to replace the previous system of nobles occupying land according to grades; However, the system of conferring the monarch was set up, which maintained the new aristocratic privilege to a certain extent.
Yan has five titles and six people (one in doubt and the other in doubt), which can be found in the historical records of the pre-Qin period. They are:
1, item, should be the royal family of Yan State, probably the younger brother of [13], who was the monarch at that time. On one occasion, Yan Zhaowang sent him to Qi (Zhao Ce IV of Warring States Policy, Letters IV of Warring States Policy, and Shu Qin Cheng Qi Wang Shu). The Warring States Letters on page 10 said: "(Zhang) The death of Falcon is also the shame of the king. If you can't cry back, Wang is miserable. " The silk book sorting group of Mawangdui Han Tomb commented: "Go back to cry and go back to China to attend the funeral. A cry didn't return. Literally, Xiang may have been detained by Qi and failed to return to China to attend the funeral. He should be killed at the same time or later. " [14] Qiu Xigui has a new view on this incident: from the context, it seems that "it is more serious than not mourning"; It is suspected that "crying" is a form of "mourning", which is close to typo ("Shuowen": "mourning, death is also. From crying to death, I knew that death would sound. " ); Xiang suspected that he died in Qi State, which did not return to his funeral. After consulting ancient books handed down from ancient times and unearthed documents, Xiang's name has not been recorded since then, fearing that he would have died in Qi, so Qiu Xigui's theory is very likely to be established. (Hayabusa, a good bald head)
2, Wu Anjun, Yan Zhaowang when the monarch, was sealed by Su Qin. Su Qin, a native of Nathan Scott Lee in Luoyang in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (now Luoyang East, Henan Province), was a strategist during the Warring States Period. In his early years, Su Qin lobbied Zhao Haoqi of the State of Qin, and suggested "using force instead of literature", which was not adopted. After studying hard, he joined the strict team at school. In 295 BC, Yan Zhaowang sent Su Qin as a spy to help Qi attack the Song Dynasty as bait to weaken Qi. As a result, Su Qin cheated the trust of Qi and was regarded as the prime minister by the King of Qi. At the same time, Su Qin alienated Qi and Zhao, and made Yan form an alliance with Qin and Zhao. In 284 BC, Le Yi launched Yan, Zhao, Wei, Han and Qin to attack Qi, which almost perished. The King of Qi discovered that Su Qin was against Yan, and the car was divided into Su Qin (Warring States Policy, Yan Ce, Letters of the Warring States, Historical Records and Biography of Su Qin). Yan Zhaowang I, a great hero in the history of Yan State, had much to do with Su Qin.
Yan Zhaowang named Sue the satrap, and later Zhao and Qi named Sue the satrap. "Wu 'an" is a title, but there is no fief, which means "ruling the world by force"-because Su Qin preached "ruling the world by righteous soldiers" [15]. Later, Qin Gen and Zhao Mu both had this title.
3, often sealed, strictly sealed, and Lexian and his son. Zhongshan people, the son of the famous Wei, are good at using soldiers. Le Yi entered Yan from Zhao Jingwei and was reused. In 284 BC, Le Yi invaded Qi, captured more than 70 cities, and made Qi famous all over the world. Le Yi was also named the monarch of the prosperous country in Qixian County, and ranked in the Biography of Historical Records and Le Yi. After Yan Zhaowang's death, he took the throne to plot against him, became a general, and was forced to go to Zhao. King Hui regretted it, so he accepted Le Yi's son Le Xian as Chang Jun (The Warring States Policy, Yance II, Historical Records and Biographies of Le Yi). Therefore, he was named Chang because of his outstanding achievements; His son's attack on Changchang monarch was entirely due to a very special reason-Yan's mistakes and regrets. He Lexian's father and son were canonized, which is unique in Yan State, unprecedented and unprecedented.
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4. Cheng, Yan is the monarch, sealed as Sun Cao, and his nationality is unknown (most likely Yan). In 272 BC, Gongsun Cao killed King Yan Hui and made Wu king. Historical Records of Yan Zhaogong Family studies this matter as follows: "According to Zhao's records, Huiwen Wang (Zhao) became a Gongsun Cao regicide in 28 years", while Zhao's is "Huiwen Wang (Zhao) in 28 years" ... Yan Xi will become a king who was killed by Gongsun Cao in An Jun ". "General" and "phase" are slightly different. Chen Ping thinks that these two places are right, because "the wind of military and political integration in the Warring States period is still relatively strong, and it is often a phase, and the phase is the general", but he also thinks that the original text may be "General" and "Warring States Policy" and other books are considered to be Xiang Yan's. "Solitude" is measured by a very different concept in the future, so it is wrong to think that Zhao Zuo's "general" in Historical Records was changed because he copied it casually [16]. But I think the biggest possibility here is (and should be) a "photo", because the silk book "Letters of the Warring States" in Mawangdui Han Tomb is just a "photo"; In the world of Yan, Gongsun Cao is a "phase" of Yan. At the same time, he is named "Cheng" and holds the military power ("General"), so he can easily kill Yan and become king.
5. Lai Wen Jun, when Yan Wu became king, made him a monarch, and the seal was made by Song people. Levin, so the address is in the east of Gaoyang County, Hebei Province today. In the seventh year of Yan Wucheng (265 BC), Rong Qiu led his troops to attack Zhao, and Zhao sent Tian Chan to fight back and attack three cities in succession (Warring States Policy Zhao Ce Si, Chronicle of Six Kingdoms, Historical Records Yan Zhaogong Family and Zhao Family).
6. Just become a gentleman
In addition to the five that can be confirmed above, there is only one doubt, that is, he has just become king. Just became a monarch, in Biography of Historical Records, Fan Ju and Cai Ze were written as "Gang Cheng Jun", while Shuijing's Notes on Wet Water was written as "Gang Cheng Jun". It was sealed by Cai Ze and Yan people. Cai Ze once traveled to countries such as Zhao, Han and Wei, but failed. "Hearing that Zheng Anping and Wang Ji are both guilty of heavy burdens, they should be ashamed of their homes and enter Qin in the west", and Wang worshipped them as guests ("Warring States Policy, Qin Ce III"). In 255 BC, Cai Ze lobbied Fan Ju to abdicate in the Qin Dynasty. Fan Ju resigned due to illness and recommended Cai Ze to take over. Cai Ze has been in Qin for several months. "People are evil, or afraid of punishment, but they worship illness, which belongs to Xiang Yin, and the title is just a gentleman" ("Warring States Policy, Qin Ce III"). After Cai Ze lived in Qin for more than ten years, he successively served as Zhao Haoqi, King Xiaowen and King Zhuangxiang. He was the first emperor (Warring States Policy, Qin Ce III, Historical Records and Biography of Fan Ju and Cai Ze) and was also the envoy of Qin Yanyu.
However, there are many questions and arguments about Cai Ze's "Xinli" fief. Zhu Yue said, "Yanmen wandered in the south of Yanshui (according to historical records, Yan people also thanked him for his illness, and Qin Hao was king. ), doubt (Cai) is also. The world-famous Wuyi City. " It seems that Cai Ze's "just completed" land is in the territory of Yan State. Sheng, people, also question the historical record of this doubt. "But it wasn't until the Qin Dynasty arrived in Yan State that it was said in Xuzhi that (Cai) Ze sealed the hills of Yangping County as cities". Today, people often think that Cai Zezhi's program was not sealed by the State of Qin, as mentioned in Fan Ju Cai Zezhuan, but by the State of Yan, because the program was a steel city, near Xuanhua City in the southeast of Zhangjiakou today, which belonged to Gu County above the State of Yan at that time. "Yan people sealed Cai Ze here, which means to respect it." With Cai Ze as the link, Yan people seem more likely to become the monarch of Yan State.
I think the truth of the matter should be like this: Cai Ze lived in Qin for more than ten years, served Zhao Haoqi, King Xiaowen, King Zhuang Xiang and the first emperor before and after, and gained the trust of Qin State, so he was appointed as the "Ambassador of Qin to Yan" (Warring States Policy Qin Ce III); As for his purpose of "establishing Yu Yan", we can speculate according to the context of the Warring States policy. "(Cai Ze) after the establishment of the Qin Dynasty, there is a saying in Qin Ce III that" three years and Yan Li Taizi Dan is the Qin Dynasty ",which is the" below "for the establishment of the Qin Dynasty; It is the "above" of the envoys of the State of Qin, and it is clearly stated in Qin Wu Ce that "Wen Xin Hou (that is, he wants to attack the Hejian of Zhao Yiguang, so that the prince who just became a king will be Yan and the prince will be in Qin for three years". In other words, Cai Ze went to Yan this time to run for Qin's diplomatic activities, that is, to unite Yan to attack Zhao; Cai Ze's diplomatic mission was accomplished quite well. Yan promised to form an alliance and made the gesture that "the prince of Yan is superior to Qin" to show that "Yan does not bully Qin". Wen Xin Lv Hou Buwei is also quite satisfied with this. In addition, Cai Ze may get an unexpected harvest. Yan made him a monarch. That is, he was originally "an envoy to Yan State for Qin" and shouldered the mission of "an envoy to Yan State"; Finally, "three years of service" is the result of "three years of service". But for the sake of prudence, I still put it in the category of "doubt".
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As can be seen from the above example, the strict conferring system has several characteristics:
(1) As far as the ethnic composition of the blockaded personnel is concerned, it is mainly the royal family of the country and foreigners from other countries (you can call it "Keqing"), of which the second category is the majority.
(2) As far as the reasons for the seal of marquis are concerned, the seal of imperial clan in China is mainly due to the shade of blood, while the seal of marquis of foreigners in foreign countries is mainly due to outstanding achievements.
(3) In terms of heredity, most of them are non-hereditary. At that time, although the feudal city of the monarch could be hereditary according to traditional habits, there were very few real hereditary cities (Sanjin, Qi, [18]). There is only one common example of Yan State, and this hereditary leisure monarch, for very special reasons, is really a common person.
(4) As far as the acquisition of titles is concerned, there are two main types. One is to use the names of feudal cities as appellations, such as Wen Jun and Lai as usual; The other is based on talent, such as Xiang, He and Cheng.
Precautions:
The word "central" used here corresponds to the word "local", and its scope is limited to the territory of Yan State; It must not be confused with the "central government" of the Zhou Dynasty.
(2) Li Xueqin quoted four cases of Wen Tao, who was "left Tao Yin" and "right Tao Yin" in the "Overview of Inscriptions in the Warring States" (Cultural Relics No.7 1959).
(3) Qiu Xigui: "Notes on the Reading of Letters in the Warring States Period", originally contained in the 36th Series of Literature and History, and later included in its "New Exploration of Ancient Literature and History Research", Nanjing: Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992, p. 82.
(4) The time recorded in Historical Records, Yan Zhaogong Family and Zhao Family is wrong, which should be "the 27th year of Zhao Huiwen" (272 BC); According to the Chronicle of Six Kingdoms, Zhao Huiwen was the king of Yan Hui for seven years in the twenty-seventh year, while the Yan Zhaogong family said that "Yan Hui died in seven years and ... became the" king "of Li.
⑤ Silk Book Arrangement Group of Mawangdui Han Tomb: Letters of Warring States Period, page 8 1. Publishing House: Pages 263-270 of Chronicle of the History of Yan did not quote the words "Hou (why) didn't make people call Yan Wei" in the letters of the Warring States, but when it was quoted on pages 272, it was not analyzed in the notes or comments. Unfortunately, Chen Ping gave up such an important piece of material.
⑥ Liang Yu's mistake in saying that "ten" must be "twenty" (Doubts in Historical Records, Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 198 1 year, 129 1 page), which can be obtained from.
References:
[1] [8] [13] [14] Silk Book Arrangement Group of Mawangdui Han Tomb. Letters of the Warring States Period [M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House,1976,81,10,330.
[2] Hebei Provincial Cultural Relics Management Office. A number of children's songs have been unearthed at Yanxiadu Site 23. Cultural relics. 1982 (8).
[3] Huang Zhu. Textual research on newly unearthed gold wares in Xuyi and related problems [J]. Archaeology. 1984 (10).
[4] Cai. On Prince Ming Ding [J]. Cultural relics. 200 1 (6).
[5] Archaeological Group of China History Museum. Investigation report on the capital site of Yanxia [J]. Archaeology. 1962 ( 1); Cultural relics team of Hebei Provincial Department of Culture. Investigation and Trial Excavation of Yanxiadu Ancient Town in Yixian County, Hebei Province [J]. Journal of Archaeology.1965 (1); China Academy of Sciences Institute of Archaeology. Archaeological achievements of New China [M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1962.62.
Zheng Shaozong. Founding model of production tools in the Warring States period discovered in Xinglong, Jehol [J]. Archaeological News. 1956 (1).
[7] Dong said: Seven national examinations [M]. Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1956+0.
[9] [11] [15] [18] Yang Kuan. History of the Warring States (updated edition) [M]. Shanghai People's Publishing House, 1998.253, 228-23 1.
[10] Qiu Xigui. An analysis of the social nature of the Warring States period [A]. A new probe into the study of ancient literature and history [M]. Nanjing: Jiangsu Ancient Books Publishing House, 1992 438+09 and 429 Note 22.
[12] brilliant. General theory of ancient philology in China [M]. Beijing: Cultural Relics Publishing House, 1987.5438+0-583.
Chen Ping. Yan's Chronology will be compiled according to Volume 2 [M]. Peking University Publishing House, 1995.267.
[17] Chang Zheng. A probe into the history of ancient Yan State [M]. Liaocheng Press and Publication Bureau, 1992.398.
Attachment: This is part of Chapter 9 "Political System" written by the author (Beijing: China Literature and History Publishing House, August 2005, 275,000 words).
This paper is one of the achievements of the Youth Fund Project of Yibin University and the Scientific Research Project of Sichuan Provincial Department of Education "Research on the History and Culture of Yan State" (SB04-0 14).
[This article originally contained Journal of Yibin University, No.5, 2005, pp.6-9. ]
The "grain storage plan" proposed by Vanke at the end of last year is accelerati