Chinese name: Peony
Nicknames: aunt mouse, deer leek, white velvet, peony, white jade brocade, Luoyang flower, national color and fragrance, rich flower, etc.
Two names: peony
Field: the field of plants
Door: angiosperm magnolia door
Class: Subclass Dicotyledonous Magnolia
Objective: Saxifraga belongs to Saxifraga.
Family: Paeoniaceae, Paeoniaceae
Genus: Paeonia lactiflora
Type: Peony
Distribution: China, Japan, USA and France.
English name: Peony
abstract
Deciduous shrub, stem 2 meters high; The branches are short and thick. The leaves are usually bipinnately compound, and occasionally the leaves near the top of the branches are 3 leaflets; The terminal lobule is broadly ovoid, 7-8 cm long and 5.5-7 cm wide, 3-lobed in the middle, green on the surface, hairless, pale green on the back, sometimes with white powder, sparsely pubescent or nearly hairless along the veins, and the petiole is 1.2-3 cm long. Lateral leaflets are narrowly ovate or oblong-ovate, 4.5 ~ 6.5 cm long and 2.5 ~ 4 cm wide, ranging from 2-lobed to 3-lobed or undivided, nearly sessile; The petiole is 5 ~ 1 1 cm long, and the leaf axis is hairless. The flower has a solitary branch apex with a diameter of10 ~17 cm; Pedicel 4 ~ 6 cm long; Bracts 5, oblong, unequal in size; Sepals 5, green, broadly ovate, different in size; Petals with 5 petals, or double petals, rose, purple, pink to white, usually changing greatly, obovate, 5 ~ 8 cm long and 4.2 ~ 6 cm wide, with irregular waves at the top; Stamens are 1 ~ 1.7 cm long, filaments are purplish red and pink, the upper part is white, about 1.3 cm long, and anthers are oval and 4 mm long. The disk is leathery, cup-shaped, purplish red, with several sharp teeth or lobes at the top, completely covering the carpel, and the carpel cracks when it matures; Carpels 5, rarer, densely pilose. Kelp is rectangular with dense yellow-brown bristles. [ 1]
Plant type
Due to different varieties of peony, the height, cluster, vertical inclination and aggregation of peony plants are different. Generally speaking, according to its shape or divided into five types:
Erect type: the branches are erect and tall, densely distributed, with small spreading angle, and the included angle between the branches and the vertical line is mostly within 30. Internodes are long, and the annual growth of new branches is 10 ~ 65438+40~50cm. Generally, the height of five-year-old plants is 40 ~ 50 cm, and the height is above1m. Such as First Case Red, Purple Er Qiao and Yao Huang.
Evacuation type: branches are scattered and bent to extend around, the plant width is wider than the plant height, forming a low-spreading plant shape, the angle between branches and vertical line is greater than 45, and the new branches are long and soft. Such as Zhao Fen, Keep Red, Mountain Flowers in Full Bloom, Qinglong in Mo Chi, etc.
Spreading type: the branches grow thick and straight, spreading obliquely around, and there is an angle between them. The plant type is perfect and correct, and the height is moderate. The annual growth of new branches is 6 ~ 8 cm, and the average plant height of five-year-old branches is 30 ~ 40 cm. Such as "Zhuangyuanhong", "Silver and Red Pairs" and "Gold and Jade to Send".
Dwarf type: the branches grow slowly, the internodes are short and the leaves are dense, and the branches are densely distributed and short. The annual growth of new branches is 2 ~ 4 cm, and the five-year average plant height is 15cm. Such as "Beauty Red", "Luohan Red" and "Haiyunzi".
Single-stem type: Most of them are artificial artistic shapes, with obvious trunks and different heights, generally 20 ~ 80 cm. Some branches grow on the trunk to form a crown (some have no crown), which is simple and looks like a bonsai and grows slowly. It usually takes more than 8 years to form. Such as "18".
root
Peony has a well-developed root system and many deep-rooted fleshy main roots and lateral roots. Primary roots start from white, gradually turn yellow to brown, the meat is white, individual red, and the meat center is lignified, commonly known as "wood heart". The fleshy part stores a lot of nutrients and water for plants to grow. Generally speaking, plants with deep roots have lush foliage and tall plants, while plants with shallow roots have short branches and short plant types. Peony has different types and numbers of roots due to different varieties, but it can be generally divided into three categories:
Straight root type: This kind of roots are deep (the roots of four-year-old peony can be buried more than 80 cm), but the roots are sparse, with only dozens of thick "noodle roots" with uniform thickness. The roots are smooth and hundred-skinned, and there are few small roots on the roots. Roots (called "peony bark" after processing) have high yield and good quality. Such as Feng Dan, Zhao Fen, Er Qiao and Mo Kui. Most of these peonies are medicinal and ornamental varieties.
Slope root type: this kind of root has different thickness and length, and many lateral roots grow in a cross, commonly known as "chicken claw root" Most of them have shallow burial depth and large slope angle. Such as "Qingshan Guan Xue", "White" and "Huanghuakui", the quality and yield of this kind of peony are lower than that of straight root type, so it is not suitable for medicinal cultivation.
Intermediate type: this kind of root has moderate density and no obvious main root. Most of them are "noodle roots" with uniform thickness and smooth skin, with an average burial depth of 70 ~ 80 cm, such as "Seed Black" and "Yao Huang", which can be used for both ornamental and medicinal purposes.
petiole
The concave petiole of peony is mostly in different colors such as deep purple, purplish red, taupe, yellowish green, etc. The petiole is also divided into thickness, hardness and length, which can reach 40cm for the elderly,10 cm; Abbreviation The length of petiole, especially the angle between petiole and branch, varies greatly with different varieties, which also has a great influence on the ornamental value of flowers. The angle between petiole and branches is large, the leaves are flat or drooping, and the leaves are sparse, such as "ink sunflower", which has flowers on the leaves, forming beautiful flowers and leaves, which complement each other. On the contrary, the petiole is short and the included angle between the petiole and the branch is small. Because of the close branches and leaves, flowers are often hidden in leaves, resulting in the phenomenon of "hiding flowers in leaves", and the ornamental value is greatly reduced.
gemmule
There are 6 ~ 8 scales around peony buds, so peony buds are also called "scale buds". Peony overwinters with scale buds. Peony bud can be divided into flower bud, leaf bud, latent bud and adventitious bud according to its function and differentiation degree.
Flower bud: The flower bud of peony is a mixed bud, which can branch, grow leaves and bloom. The "terminal flower bud" growing at the top of branches is called "terminal flower bud". Once the branches of flowers are opened, the stems will dry up and retract for a period of time. The flower buds inserted between the axils of the lower leaves of the stem are called "axillary flower buds" or "lateral flower buds". Flower buds are generally plump, and you can see the "flower embryo" (that is, the bud inside the scale bud) by peeling off the scales.
Leaf buds: Leaf buds only have branches and long leaves, most of which are inserted between the axils at the lower part of flower buds, and some are born at the top of branches, which are thinner than flower buds and develop into branches after germination.
Submerged bud: Submerged bud is born at the lowest part of the new branch, and its shape is small, such as millet, commonly known as "dog turtle". It does not germinate at ordinary times, but can germinate only after flower buds, leaf buds or branches are injured, and its life span is long, reaching 10 ~ 15 years.
Adventitious buds: Buds planted in roots are called "adventitious buds". After unearthed, it germinated into sprouting branches, commonly known as "soil buds". Adventitious buds have strong germination ability and are the main source of scions. Old branches (rootstocks) are updated and new shares are added. Adventitious buds do not bloom that year, but grow vigorously. They can develop and differentiate into top flower buds that year and bloom the next year.
Peony buds are different in shape and color due to different varieties, with different shapes and characteristics. Generally speaking, there are cone, pearl, oblate, oblong cone, olecranon, etc. The size of buds, the number and thickness of scales are different. There are also different degrees of turquoise, yellow-green, khaki, khaki, silver gray, brown and purplish red; In addition, there are colors and mixed colors, which are the main basis for distinguishing varieties in autumn. Therefore, it is difficult to identify peony varieties only by the shape and color of flower buds, and it is necessary to master the characteristics of scale flower buds of each variety through long-term patient and meticulous observation.
branch
Due to the different internode lengths of effective branches in that year, the number of buds inserted and germination ability of new branches are also different, and the branching habits are also obviously different, but there are the following types of branches:
Single-branch type: annual new branches have long internodes and few buds, which germinate only at the base of 1 ~ 2 or 1 ~ 3, and only one of these new buds germinates into annual new branches. This type is generally tall and sparse, such as "Yao Huang".
Dense branch type: the new branches of the year have short internodes and many new buds, usually 3-5. New buds have strong branching ability, and each new bud can be pulled out in the same year, forming short branches, and the branches are mostly thick and clumpy. This variety of plants is usually short and densely branched. Such as "De", "Hong De" and "".
blade
Peony leaves alternate and consist of leaves and petioles. The shape, size, color and texture of leaves vary with varieties and can be divided into the following categories:
Large round leaf type: the whole leaf is large and round, with a length of more than 40cm and a width of more than 25cm, and the lobules are wide, round and pure, oval or ovoid; Marginal loss of lateral leaflets; How flat the leaves are. Such as "Wang Hong", "Great Lake Red", "Mokui" and "First Case Red".
Large and long leaf shape: the whole leaf size is the same as before, but the leaflets are long and narrow, rectangular and thin, with few notches and sharp edges, and the leaves are thin, flat or drooping, such as "silver powder and gold scales" and "ice covered red stones".
Lobular round leaf type: the whole leaf is small, about 20 ~ 30cm long, with short and thick lobules, round and pure edges and few nicks. Such as "Jin Ge Zi", "lantian jade" and "Beauty Red".
Small and long leaf type: the whole leaf size is the same as above, but the leaflets are narrow, with sharp edges and rolled up. Such as "fat red" and "smoke dragon purple".
Medium-sized leaf type: the whole leaf is medium-sized, about 30 ~ 40 cm long, with oval leaflets, concave edges, sharp rolling and inclined leaves. Such as "false kudzuvine towel purple", "Zhuangyuanhong" and "big brown purple".
In addition, there are special leaf shapes. For example, in the "Three Strange Sets", only three irregular circular leaves are born on each petiole, which is two-thirds less than that of ordinary varieties, and it is a compound leaf with two cycles; Another example is "Fleshy Hibiscus" and "Big Brown Purple". There are three groups of leaves on each petiole, which are divided into the top five and six * * * eleven leaflets, two more than ordinary varieties.
The color of peony leaves is mainly green and yellow-green, and some varieties have different degrees of purple halo; Some leaves are dotted with purple or yellow spots; The back of leaves is mostly grayish green and light gray, and some varieties (such as "Bai He") have a lot of fluff.
petal
Peony flowers are colorful and varied. Some varieties have intact floral organs and normal development of sepals, stamens and pistils, such as "lotus" and "phoenix white". But some varieties have petals or degenerate, forming colorful flowers.
According to the number of petals, flowers are traditionally divided into single petals (layers), double petals (layers) and thousand petals (layers). In these three categories, according to the morphological characteristics of flowers, they can be divided into six flower types: sunflower type, lotus type, rose type, hemispherical type, crown type and hydrangea type (traditionally called crown type and hydrangea type). This classification method intuitively reflects the various forms of flowers.
Experts and scholars on peony, together with researchers in producing areas, combined with traditional classification methods, have found out the evolution law of flower pattern and flower composition after years of field observation and anatomical observation of peony flowers, and put forward a new classification of peony flowers, that is, peony flowers are divided into single petal type, lotus type, chrysanthemum type, rose type, thousand-layer terrace type, laurel type, gold ring type, crown type, hydrangea type and floor type.
Single valve type: 2 ~ 3 valves, 65,438+00 ~ 65,438+05, broad and flat, with 200 ~ 300 stamens and 4 ~ 6 pistils. Male and female pistils develop normally and have strong seed-setting ability. This pattern is represented by "Opium Purple", "Pomegranate Red" and "Fontaine White".
Lotus type: 20-25 petals in 4-5 rounds, with wide petals, similar shape and size, clear arrangement, normal pistil development and strong seed setting ability, but some varieties occasionally have stamens or pistil stigma petals. This flower pattern is represented by "lotus shape", "Jinyun red" and "jade half white".
Crown type: the outer petals are 2-5 circles, wide and flat, most or all of the stamens are divided into fine wrinkled petals, and the petals are round and towering, resembling a crown. The inner petals are irregularly arranged, and there are often normal stamens or staminodes between petals, and there are often anthers between petals; Pistil degenerated or petaloid, occasionally bearing fruit. This flower pattern is represented by lantian jade, Hu Hong, Yao Huang, Shou Anhong and other varieties.
Hydrangea type: the stamens are fully petalled, the inner and outer petals are similar in shape and size, crowded and convex, and spherical; The pistil is basically or completely degenerated or valved, and there is no fruiting ability. This flower pattern is represented by "bean green", "green fragrant ball" and "snow reflecting the morning glow".
Chrysanthemum type: petals with more than 6 rounds, similar in shape, neatly arranged, distinct in layers, gradually smaller from outside to inside, with occasional petals, pistil 5 ~ 1 1, which normally grows or degenerates into smaller ones. Some varieties have petal-shaped stigma and poor knot strength. This kind of flower pattern is represented by varieties such as "Rose Red", "Laughter in the Bush", "Silver Red Clever Pair" and "Jinhong".
Rose-shaped: Petals are round, gradually getting smaller from outside to inside, stamens are partially petaled into normal petals, pistils degenerate into smaller or petaled petals, and the fruiting strength is poor. This flower pattern is represented by Purple Er Qiao, Wujin Yao Hui and Xia Hong Zheng Hui.
Gold ring type: the outer petals are 2-3 rounds, wide and flat. Some stamens in the center of the flower become long and narrow vertical petals, and a circle of normal stamens becomes a gold ring between the central petal and the outer petal. The pistil is normal or slightly petal-shaped, and the fruiting strength is poor. There are few such patterns, such as "moth in the daytime", "handsome red", "pink peach blossom" and "jade beauty".
Osmanthus fragrans supporting type: the lateral petals are 2-5 rounds, wide and tidy, some stamen petals become slender petals, anthers or anther traces often remain at the ends of petals, normal stamens are mixed among petals, arranged irregularly and sparsely, and the pistil is normal or slightly petal-shaped and strong. This flower pattern is represented by "Shu Women's Dress", "Jiao Hong", "Xian 'e" and "Trilateral Saiyu".
Louzi terrace type: the stamens of the lower flowers are completely petaled, similar to normal petals, and the pistil petals become normal petals or colored petals; The petals of the upper flowers are slightly larger and fewer, and the stamens are basically petaloid or degenerate; The pistil petals become normal petals or colored petals, and some varieties degenerate and disappear. This flower pattern is represented by varieties such as "Chilong Huancai", "Shengdan Furnace", "Jade House Diancui" and "Purple Paris".
Melaleuca terrace type: there are more than four petals below, which are arranged neatly and similar in shape, and there are no stamens and staminodes between petals. Stamens are normal, few, or occasionally petals, pistils degenerate, become smaller or petal-shaped; The upper petals are small, spreading or erect, the stamens are getting smaller and smaller, and the pistil degenerates and becomes smaller or petal-shaped. This flower pattern is represented by Ling Hua Zhan Lu, Zhihong and Shouxinghong.
Fruit seed
A single flower has five horns, each horn bears 7 ~ 13 seeds, and the seeds are round. The exocarp is green and hairy at the beginning, crab yellow when mature, yellow-green seeds, cracked fruit horns when over-ripe, and dark brown seeds, which can be called 2400 ~ 3000 dry seeds per kilogram. Double flowers generally bear 1 ~ 5 horns, but the seeds are only partially or completely fruitless; A thousand petals will not bear fruit and seeds.
The difference between peony and peony:
The most fundamental difference: Peony is a woody plant, which can grow to 2 meters high, and Paeonia lactiflora is a herb (perennial root tuber) not higher than1m.
Peony blooms earlier than peony. Peony usually blooms in the middle and late April, and peony blooms in the middle and early May. The difference in flowering period between them is about 15 days.
Peony leaves are wide, slightly yellow in front, narrow and black and green on both sides.
Peony flowers are planted at the top of branches, mostly solitary, with a flower diameter of about 20cm; However, the flowers of Paeonia lactiflora are more clustered than the tops of branches, and the flower diameter is about 15cm.
Peony is called the king of flowers. Peony is called flowering period.
Peony leaves are gray-green and shiny.
Peony is more colorful than peony.
Sexual desire likes warm, cool, dry and sunny environment. Like sunshine, but also resistant to semi-shade, cold, drought, weak alkali, avoid water, heat and direct sunlight. Suitable for growth in loose, deep, fertile, dry and well-drained neutral sandy loam. Poor growth in acidic or cohesive soil. [2]
Adequate sunshine is beneficial to its growth, but it is not resistant to summer sun. The temperature above 25℃ will make the plant dormant. The optimum flowering temperature is 17 ~ 20℃, but it must be treated at 1 ~ 10℃ for 2 ~ 3 months before flowering. The lowest temperature is -30℃, but appropriate cold-proof measures should be taken in winter in the northern cold area to avoid freezing injury. The high temperature and high humidity weather in the south is extremely unfavorable to the growth of peony. Therefore, in order to enjoy the beauty of peony flowers in the south, we must give specific environmental conditions.