There are about 500,000 species of plants on the earth, and the whole plant kingdom is usually divided into 16 phyla.
1. Euglena plants
2. Chlorophyta
3. Charophyta
4. Chrysophyta of Chrysophyta
5. dinoflagellate of dinoflagellate
6. Phaeophyta (spore plants).
7. Cryptophytes and lower plants of Rhodophyta.
8. Cyanophyta (spore plant) (embryo plant)
9. Bacteria
10. Myxomycetes
1 1. Eubacteria.
12. Lichens
13. Bryophyta
14. Pteridophytes (seed plants), higher plants of archegonium.
15. gymnosperms flowering plants vascular plants embryonic plants
16. Angiosperms
Plant taxonomy is a basic discipline that mainly studies the origin, kinship and evolution of different groups in the whole plant kingdom. That is to say, the complex plant kingdom is classified and arranged according to the system, so that people can know and use plants.
Basic introduction
Plant taxonomy is the oldest and most comprehensive branch of plant science. In the past, classical classification was mostly based on external morphology and internal anatomical characteristics. Later, the combination of sporopollen morphology, geographical distribution and paleontology is helpful to further identify species, explore plant evolution and plant classification.
background knowledge
It is estimated that there are more than 500,000 kinds of plants (about 250,000 kinds of seed plants) living on the earth. In order to study such a large number of plants that are very different from each other, the first step must be to classify them from coarse to fine and from the outside to the inside according to their natural properties, otherwise there is no way to start. The content of plant taxonomy includes three aspects, and its research object is plants living all over the world.
Classification (classification)
Identify &; Determination)
term
Plant taxonomy is a subject that developed very early. Its task is not only to identify species and names, but also to clarify the genetic relationship and classification system among species, and then to study the origin, distribution center, evolution process and evolution trend of species. Therefore, this is a subject with both practical value and theoretical significance.
In order to classify various flora, people give them certain names according to their range and grade, which is the hierarchical unit of classification. Understanding and mastering the hierarchical units (strata) of classification is the basic knowledge of taxonomy.
12 major grade (order element)
According to the abbreviation of international code of botanical nomenclature (ICBN), it is an international regulation. The nomenclature of green plants (including fungi) * * * includes 12. The main classification order is as follows:
A department of the door
Classis (class)
order
Familia (family)
tribe
Angiosperm system map of john hutchinson
Genus (genus)
Grouping (group)
Series (series)
Species (category)
Variety as (variety)
Variant form
basic knowledge
Its significance
1. Human needs for food, clothing, housing and transportation:
(1). The need of human survival
(2) the need of economic development
(3) the need for health and longevity
2. The need of biological development:
(1). The need of the development of plant taxonomy:
① Resource investigation-flora compilation
② Understanding and protecting species diversity
③ Discuss the origin and evolution of plants;
First, the nature and formation mechanism of species
Genetic relationship among taxa
(2). The needs of the development of other biological disciplines:
plant geography
phytoecology
plant geography
plant genetics
phytophysiology
phytochemistry
plant resources
Environmental botany
botanical garden
Pharmaceutical Botany
Resource botany
Its ideas and methods
(A) the idea of plant taxonomy
Three leaps in plant taxonomy: manual classification, natural classification and systematic classification.
Three different classification systems: artificial classification system, natural system and phylogenetic system.
Three periods of classified history:
The period of artificial classification system (—— 1830) (Li Shizhen, Linnai)
The natural system period before the publication of the theory of evolution (1763— 1920) (Adamsen, Su Yu, Lamarck, Candolle Augustin Pyrame de, Bentham, Hooke).
Phylogenetic period (1883——) (Eichler, engler, john hutchinson, Tahiti, Kronquist, Zon, Nordagril, stebbins, Tamura Dolph).
The four most striking systems:
1. Kronquist system (1968, 1979, 198 1)
2. Taklimakan system (1953, 1966, 1969, 1980)
3. Hutchison Whampoa System (1926, 1934, 1948, 1959, 1973)
4. Tamura Dolph System (1974)
Classification system of angiosperms in john hutchinson: Dicotyledonous plants are divided into herbaceous branches and woody branches, which evolved in parallel with Magnoliaceae and Ranunculaceae respectively. It is considered that catkin plants are relatively evolved, and monocotyledonous plants are more evolved than dicotyledonous plants and originated from Ranunculaceae. It represents the real flower school in the origin theory of angiosperms.
(2) Plant taxonomy methods
1. Classical methods: specimen room examination, literature, morphological anatomy-morphological classification.
2. Modern experimental taxonomy methods
1. Cultivation observation test
2. cytotaxonomy (Chromosome Taxonomy)
3. Chemical taxonomy
1. directly visible substance
2. The product of the plant itself
① Primary metabolites
② Secondary metabolites
③ molecules with information (DNA, RNA, protein).
1) Taxonomy of protein
① Serology (1897)
② Electrophoresis (electrophoresis)
③ amino acid sequencing (amino acid sequencing)
2) cytochrome c
3) hybridization of 3)DNA and RNA molecules
4. Numerical taxonomy: the application of mathematical theory and computer technology to deal with the marginal subject of biological taxonomy.
Born in 1957 (? ), the numerical taxonomy principle of Socard and Snihs (1963) is the symbol.
5. Cladistic taxonomy: Based on the cladistic model of phylogeny, it aims to establish the pedigree relationship of biological system development.
① Intra-group comparison method
(2) external group comparison method
③ Branch diagram method
④ quantitative branching classification
Plant classification grade
1. Basic level
Boundaries, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Subdivision (-bionta), subphylum (-phytina), subclass (-idea), subclass (-phyidae), suborder (-ineae), subfamily (-oidea), subgenus and subspecies.
2. Complete grade
Boundaries, subboundaries, phylum, subphylum, class, subclass, (Superorder), order, suborder, family, subfamily, family (-eae), subfamily (-inae), genus, subgenus, group, subgroup, series, subfamily, species, subspecies, variety, subform, variation.
Plant kingdom, embryo subfamily, vascular plant phylum, seed subfamily, angiosperm class, dicotyledonous subfamily, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae, Rosaceae.
Rosasubfamily, Rosaceae, Rosasubfamily, Rosasubfamily, Rosasubfamily, Rosaceae, Caninae, Canine, Canine, Yellow-haired Canine, Hairy-stemmed Canine.
3. Species and subspecies taxa
(1). Species: the basic unit of biological classification. It is a biological group with a certain natural distribution area and certain physiological morphological characteristics. Individuals of the same species have the same genetic traits, and hybridization with each other can produce fertile offspring, while hybridization with individuals of another species generally cannot produce offspring (or infertility). Species are the product of biological evolution and natural selection.
(2) Population: it is the structural unit of species. A species consists of several populations, and a population consists of multiple individuals of the same species, and each population is always distributed discontinuously in a certain area (that is, the distribution area of species). Each population is a collective and forms its own reproductive system. Individuals have sexual reproduction, exchange genes and maintain species reproduction.
(3) Subspecies (subspecies): A group within a species. Morphological differences, distribution or ecological or seasonal isolation, such groups are called ~
(4) Variety. Variety. It is a species with morphological variation, which is relatively stable and its distribution range is much smaller than that of African species. This is a local competition.
(5) Form (variant): Form. There is morphological variation, but you can't see a certain distribution area, but scattered individuals. Such individuals are regarded as ~
(6) Cultivated species: refers to the collection of cultivated individuals with any characteristics (morphological, physiological, cytochemical or other) for agricultural and horticultural purposes, and they can still maintain this distinctive feature after reproduction (asexual or sexual).
(It is an identifiable entity with different attributes. Such as clones, pure lines with fertile flowers, or cross-fertilization combinations characterized by 1- multiple attributes.
4. Four main criteria for determining species:
(1). Individuals should be very similar, and it is easy to recognize that they are members of this group.
(2) There is a gap between the variation spectra of related species.
(3) Each species occupies a certain geographical area (wide or narrow) and proves to be adaptive to the environment they encounter.
(4) Individuals in the sexual taxon should be able to hybridize, with little or no fertility loss, and the level or success rate of hybridization with other species should be reduced.
naming rule
International Botanical Nomenclature Society (ICSN)
Paris conference 1867 was drawn up by a.p. de candono and others.
Revision of the International Botanical Conference held in England from 65438 to 0930.
1975 The 1st12nd Leningrad International Botanical Congress-9th Edition (1978)
198 1 13th Sydney international botany congress-10th edition
It is revised every five years.
Article 75+Many supplementary rules, explanations and examples
Retroactive effect, provisions:
1. Bryophytes and vascular plants come from 1935.
2. Starting from 1958, all new taxa of algae should be described in Latin.
(1). Biological nomenclature of Linnaeus.
J. Bao Xin (1623) comes first. Rivinus (1692) pioneered (? )。 Linnaeus perfected it. Therefore, Linnai is an internationally recognized scholar who pioneered binomial nomenclature. In his book Plant Species published by 1753, he took binomial nomenclature as the starting point. All plants named in this book are valid names.
Renaming: naming plants in Latin. It needs to be expressed in two Latin words. The first word is a genus name, the second word is a specific modifier (that is, a species name), and the third word is a nominator.
Such as sunflowers.
↓ ↓ ↓
Sunflower annual leaf
(2) Three-person method.
The name of a subspecies or variety is three words, without the abbreviation (var. ). That is, common name+specific modifier+subspecies or varieties. Exactly ~
Sanqi wall Var。 Panax japonicus
Genus name specific modification language name variant abbreviation variant add variant name.
Sanqi wall Var。 pseudo-ginseng
Et: yinshan Chun et Kung jointly published.
Zheng He Kuang Keren
More than two authors can use et al.
Comb.nov new combination. (combint io nova)；
Peach: Almond was later reorganized into Prunus by Bucky. Li: Cheng. The existing books of red cherry are still named after Linnaeus, while the latter is regarded as a synonym. Peach. )
Published by representative: Thhalostrum squarrosum steph. exwilld。 Thalictrum equisetum
This article is based on Willenow.
(3) Key points of laws and regulations.
Laws and regulations are documents and regulations followed by international plant taxonomists. )
① Each plant has only one legal Latin scientific name. Other names can only be used as synonyms, or abandoned. (Synonym)
② The Latin scientific names of each plant include generic names and proper names, and names have been added.
③ If a plant has two or more Latin scientific names, the earlier published name (not earlier than1753 linnaeus < <; ; Flora >:>；; The age of a book) And it is correctly named according to the "Regulations". This is a common name.
④ The legal and valid Latin scientific names of plants must be valid and published Latin descriptions.
⑤ When publishing new taxa below the family, the named type species, new species and a type specimen must be indicated.
6. Nomina Conservewnda is a name that does not meet the naming requirements. It should not be widely used, but it has been used for a long time in history. Reservations can be made through public discussion, but this part is not big.
For example, some surnames don't end in -aceae:
Umbelliferae (Umbelliferae) Labiatae (Labiatae)
Cruciferae (Coccidiaceae) Leguminosae (Leguminosae)
Palmae (Palmae)
Compositae (Compositae)
Basic synonyms. Basionym: It is one of the synonyms, that is, the common name of a plant has been changed. (If it is regrouped and included in another genus, the specific modifier remains unchanged. When the specific modifier has not changed, the original Latin name is ~
Such as Chinese Pulsatilla (Bge). ) Regel, the basic synonym is
Pulsatilla China.
(4) Type specimens. (mode method)
Type specimen: that is, the Latin scientific name of a species (or taxon under a species) is associated with one or more selected plant specimens, which serve as the basis for publishing new species and are called ~.
(Naming method: the component permanently attached to the name of the classification unit, regardless of whether the name is correct or not. It must be the most typical and representative molecule in a taxon.
1 .. Full-mode specimen. (common type specimens, main type specimens, type specimens. ) Normal mode abbreviation mode: the type specimen designated by the nominator. Used for the description, naming and drawing of new species.
2. istype of the same type of specimen.
It is a specimen with the same number as the whole type specimen. At the time of collection, several plants of the same species were collected in the same number and bound into several specimens, of which 1-2 was the main type specimen and the others were ~
3. Articulated specimens. Synthetic type (combined type)
When a person's name specifies a type specimen at the end, or when more than two specimens are designated as type specimens, (monoecious ... all the cited specimens are called ~
IV. Specimens of the same type. paratype
In the initial description, the nominator pointed out not only the type specimens, but also the specimens. It's called ~
5. Select the specimen type. (Select type) (Select mode. ) (select mode later)
In the original published articles or works, it is uncertain which specimen is the type specimen or the main pattern has been lost or changed. Later, scholars chose 1 as the naming model specimen in the original data. (It can be equal mode, combined mode and new mode. )
6. Topology type (origin mode)
When the model specimen of a certain plant cannot be obtained, the specimen of the same plant is collected according to the recorded location of the plant model specimen, and a specimen is selected to replace the model specimen.
VII. New specimens. new type
When all isomorphic, isomorphic patterns and any original data specimens of a plant are lost, the specimen is re-selected as the type specimen.
The model method can be applied to genera, families and orders.
The mode of new combination; Is the original synonym pattern. The pattern of the new name is the pattern of the replaced name.
5. Effective publications
(a) the legal name refers to the name that conforms to all the publishing rules of the International Regulations on Plant Nomenclature. This is an acceptable name for a taxon, and it is a correct name.
In order to have a legal name, you must:
1) If it is qualified, it will be effectively published, printed into materials, exchanged or sold for free, and made public in botany.
2) Form relevant rules according to names.
3) Latin standards are not applicable to fossil plants, but fossils and algae need to be accompanied by maps to illustrate their characteristics.
4) Label the naming mode.
5) Clearly point out the hierarchy of the genus they constructed.
(3) When an author adopts a name created by another author but not yet published effectively, two authors' names appear in the author's citation, the first author's name +ex+ the last author's name.
④ For complete quotation, the place where it was published should be indicated after the author quoted it, such as Acris L. of Ranunculus, categories plantarum, P554( 1753). If it is published in a work not fully signed by the author, the word "in" should be used. For example, Ramatuella Virens Spruce ex Eichler in Martius, FloaBrasiliensis,14 (2):100 (1867) describes the new classification. Gen nov cimb.nov, a new name, is named according to the taxonomic group described earlier. But when all the names are different, use. Nominate November
5. Qualified publications usually achieve their goals by describing a new taxonomic group or quoting the name of the same taxonomic group that was previously qualified for publication.
(1) adopts the earliest effective legal name (others are synonyms).
②. Not earlier than Linnaeus:>( 1753.5. 1) (Peat algae originated in Hebweg:> (1801.1) some algae except all fungi and fossil plants)
(3) When choosing the earliest name of a taxon, only the name or text of that level can be considered, and its publication date is also subject to the publication date of that level, which is not necessarily the earliest publication date of that name or text. Usually, when the earliest words of the corresponding level only exist in an inappropriate combination, a new combination will be produced.
(4) Priority laws and regulations only apply to departments and their levels.
⑤. Names of the following taxa. There are some rules according to the international nomenclature of plants. In any case, after changing a generic name (for example, due to the discovery of an earliest name), many new combinations must be created for the species it includes. In order to avoid this situation, some generic names that are found to be incorrect according to the international botanical nomenclature, but will cause a lot of inconvenience after being replaced by other generic names, can be kept at this time. Those are correct.
× Gislea L.( 1753) (rarely used since Linnaeus' time)
Compilation and use of factory key tables
~ is a tool to identify plants. Usually, the method of plant morphology comparison is used to distinguish unknown plants (recorded) one by one according to the standards and remarkable characteristics of taxonomic groups (families, genera, species, etc.). ), and finally separate their families, genera and species.
1. Type:
First, the outline key table:
Taxonomic groups are arranged with concise minimum identification features, and their arrangement order reflects their assumed kinship. But all the identification features may be hidden or difficult to determine. This outline is written in the form of a search table.
Two. Manual search table
1) single channel or continuous key table (two waves. Morrison)
A. fixed distance key table. (sawtooth. Indentation)
B. Parallel search table (hierarchical)
2) Multi-channel retrieval table
A. Key table of tool cutting and piercing
B. main body punch key table.
C. List retrieval table
D. side key table.
2. Preparation and use:
Bifurcation classification: a group of plants with different characteristics are divided into two parts and arranged step by step for classification, which is called ~. According to ~, natural plants can be listed as a classified key table. Also known as Lamarckian dichotomy (1744- 1829) (actually, it should be R.Morison's new star of Umbelliferae (65439).
1). Fixed distance key table (hierarchical key table)
Arrange each pair of distinguishing features at a certain distance, mark them with the same item number, and retreat one word for each lower item number.
Each set of features is written at a certain distance to the right, and the number 1.2 ... is in front of it, while the corresponding set of features is written at the same distance. A set of relative characters at the next level starts from the last point of the previous level for each divergence, and so on, and the description is getting shorter and shorter. Until the name of a class or a plant is retrieved.
Advantages: clear contrast and convenient use.
Disadvantages: when there are many kinds, the left blank is too wasteful, and it is difficult to find both sides of each pair of sentences.
2). Parallel retrieval table
The features of each pair of common areas are numbered with the same project number, and then juxtaposed. Although the item number will change, it will not backspace, and the item will not indicate the next item number to check or the classification level found.
Same as the above * * *, each group of relative characteristics is closely related and easy to compare. After describing a set of characteristics, it is a number or a name.
3). Continuous parallel retrieval table
A pair of distinguishing features are represented by two different item numbers, in which the latter item number is enclosed in brackets, indicating that they are related items.
identification key
There are three common key tables for plant classification: fixed distance (classification), parallel and continuous parallel: