This is a masterpiece carved with an old hammer on the Loess Plateau in northwest China, and it is a wonderful flower between the Yellow River in Huang Po. A high-pitched, very sonorous, sweeping away the decadent voice; It's refreshing to hear.
It's a folk song in northern Shaanxi. In northern Shaanxi, it is called "Xintianyou", also known as "Shuntianyou" and "Xiaoqu", in Shaanxi it is called "Qu Shan" and in Inner Mongolia it is called "Mountain Climbing Tune". Whether it's Xintianyou in northern Shaanxi, Qu Shan in Shanxi, or Climbing Mountain Tune in Inner Mongolia, the lyrics are all in the form of upper and lower sentences with seven-syllable 223 as the basic sentence pattern, which shows that they are good at romantic comparison. Xintianyou has a wide range of competitions, from the sun, moon and stars to the rain and dew; Down to flowers and trees, birds, animals, insects and fish; There are also rice, oil and salt, whole grains, food, clothing, housing and transportation. According to Liu Xie, ... "Xing" has both metaphorical meaning and evocative and evocative functions. It can make suggestions according to the micro to arouse feelings, that is, to entrust the author's feelings with subtle things and render the atmosphere. "(1) since it is a" subtle thing ",it can be understood, but it can't be said. There are many inexplicable situations in the rise of Xintianyou, such as: "The towel on the sheep's stomach is blue, and I am back as the brother of the Red Army." Another example is: "The towel (that) on the sheep's stomach is blue. Is it difficult for you to say (that)?" Qi is the same, but what comes out is completely different. What is the connection? How did this connection come about? What rules can this creator's psychological activities show in folk song creation? Through pragmatic analysis, we may get the answer.
Folk songs in northern Shaanxi are the crystallization of the spirit, thoughts and feelings of the working people in northern Shaanxi. They are the closest companions of the working people in northern Shaanxi and the most direct reflection of their lives.
Northern Shaanxi is a place where folk songs gather. There are many kinds of folk songs, which are commonly called "folk songs" or "sour songs" locally. There are mainly more than twenty kinds of Xintianyou, minor, wine song and Yulin ditty, among which Xintianyou is the most distinctive and representative.
Xintianyou's singing scene is a vast and boundless yellow plateau, full of valleys, ups and downs, boundless and magnificent, with deep sadness and tragic; Clear, determined and full of frustration and frustration. For thousands of years, it has imperceptibly influenced the living customs of people in northern Shaanxi with its own personality, shaped the plateau culture with distinctive personality, and shaped a desolate, grand and gloomy trip to the sky. Xintianyou, in this remote ravine with poor land and inconvenient transportation, is the best means for the working people in northern Shaanxi to express their feelings in the long history, and it is a voice from the depths of the people's hearts.
The lyrics of Xintianyou are generally two sentences, the first sentence is comparison, and the next sentence is topic, which is basically improvisation. These spoken poems have amazing language, vivid images and great artistic appeal. Its content mainly reflects love, marriage, resisting oppression and striving for freedom. People in northern Shaanxi praise the belief in heaven, not only the happiness of life, but also the personal sorrow; There is no lack of romance and concern for reality, which is the pursuit of a better life and emotional sustenance.
The rhythm of Xintianyou is mostly free, and the melody is unrestrained, open, exciting and soul-stirring, which is directly related to the landform of ravines and rivers in northern Shaanxi. In the local area, people are used to standing on slopes and at the bottom of ditches, shouting or talking at a distance. Because of this, they often pull their voices very long, thus forming a rhythm of free evacuation between high and low, which will naturally have an impact on Xintianyou. Therefore, the melody of Xintianyou is melodious and unrestrained, and the rhythm is harmonious, revealing the beauty of health without modification. The aria of Xintianyou highly concentrates the natural landscape and social features of the plateau, as well as the spiritual world of the people in northern Shaanxi.
Xintianyou, the pearl on the Loess Plateau, with the changes and vicissitudes of history, is showing its charm and dazzling brilliance in the evolution of the times.
[Edit this paragraph] Xintianyou context
Context is an important concept in pragmatic research, which refers to the speech environment in which people use natural language to communicate. This environment includes: context, situation, national cultural tradition and so on. Context is very prominent in the rise of heaven belief. For example, in Blue Flower: "Blue line (that) blue line (a) bright blue color, giving birth to a blue flower (ah) is really love." How did the blue line and the blue line originate and lead to lovely blue flowers? This should be analyzed from several aspects: first, the context of the place. This gobbledygook is spread on the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, where there are endless loess, mountains and hillsides, and the winding Yellow River is also mixed with yellow mud. In such a yellow world, clear water is desirable and aesthetic, which reminds people that the color of water is also beautiful. Lyrics of "green" and ""So what role does "line" play here? This should be analyzed from the traditional context of national culture. In the traditional culture of China, one of the virtues that women should possess is "women's work", that is, housework and knitting, embroidery and sewing that women used to do at home. Line is an indispensable material for this kind of works, so the image of "line" is associated with women. So it is logical to take a beautiful thread to arouse the blue flower of a lovely woman. The rise of Xintianyou has such "gender characteristics". For example, "the lamb belly towel (that) is blue, and I came back as the brother of the Red Army." If we don't analyze the social norms and customs in the traditional context of national culture, we can't see the inevitable connection between the rising phrase "sheep belly towel three blue" and being a brother of the Red Army. However, if we understand the customs in northern Shaanxi, we can know that tying a "hero knot" on the sheep's stomach with a towel is a typical dress of local young and middle-aged men, and it is regarded as a hero by the locals. This sentence actually outlines the image characteristics of "being a brother of the Red Army" and can also explain the young people's yearning for the Red Army at that time. On the Loess Plateau, there is not only monotonous color, but also a lack of vibrant life. Loess and sandstorms give people a feeling of boredom and loneliness. Therefore, all vibrant colors and things that can be in sharp contrast with yellow are very eye-catching. For example, a well-known Xintianyou "Shandandan bloom Red" reads: "Shandandan bloom Red, our Party Central Committee (Oh) the Red Army went to northern Shaanxi." Dandan flowers are shaped like day lilies. As soon as it opened, it dyed red all over the mountain. Render the atmosphere from the beginning: warm, festive and full of vitality. Moreover, during the first revolutionary civil war, the people of northern Shaanxi called joining the Red Army "making trouble". If they have such historical knowledge, they can better understand why this Xintian Tour should be made up of red Shandandan flowers instead of other things.
Only through the conversational implicature theory of pragmatics can we infer the relationship between the content and the rise of some sky tours. Such as "Love Brother":
"(That) the lamp on Dongshan (Hey) the lamp on Xishan (get a) bright, and there are still forty miles (that) that have long disappeared.
You are sick at your house (alas), I am crying at my house, and the pears on the (that) scale can't be delivered to my door. "
The whole first paragraph was fun. If analyzed by the principle of conversational implicature, this passage first violates the "quality principle" and is groundless. In the era of burning oil lamps, how to make the lights on the east mountain and the lights on the west mountain light up? Even if it is 40 miles flat, it is impossible for people to see the end at a glance. "Not seeing anyone" is normal. This is against the "principle of quantity" and nonsense. Since it's not true, since it's clear, why say it? Because you have to say it. In other words, this increase is intended to violate these principles. In order to lead to the following content: so far away, I can know that you are sick in your home, and I am worried about you. People who love each other are connected. But I don't have anyone I can trust-"I can't see anyone", so I can't give you what I bought for you. Seven-star color here, in addition to emphasizing the mutual affinity between lovers, also set off the pain of women missing but no one to talk to, as well as anxiety and helplessness of asking for help. Another example is "The white rabbit (that one) has red ears (that one), and missing anyone (that one) is not like missing my brother." The rise of "White Rabbit with Red Ears" violates the "quality principle". It is impossible for white rabbits, black rabbits, gray rabbits and flower rabbits to have red ears. There is no white rabbit with red ears in life. However, as a kind of excitement, this special little white rabbit successfully leads to "thinking about no one is like thinking about my brother". The white rabbit is different, and my thoughts about my brother are different. Another example is Mr. Wang Chaowen's quip that "the mountain is in the water, the stone is in the people, and you are not there". If the stone is movable and "the stone is there" does not violate the principle of quantity, then "where the mountain is, the water is there" obviously violates this principle, which is nonsense. However, it is precisely because the stone that has everything is there, but the lover who can't leave for a moment is not there. This is the most unreasonable for the "lover", and the woman's disgust is strong. The "he" who raised others is here. Why don't you coquetry and ask questions, and bring up mountains, water and rocks as the reason why you should be here! Nonsense is not nonsense here, on the contrary, without its foreshadowing, "everyone is here, you are not" will not have such a big shock to people's hearts.
The rise of natural belief also includes the truth of pragmatic presupposition. For example: "Cut a handful of millet and bend down to drink a mouthful of cold water." "Cut a handful of millet and bend it once" and "A sip of cold water is good for your mother's family" seem to have nothing to do. If there is no preset, we can't understand the relationship between them, but the premise is that the lyrics are not given to us: harvesting is very hard and strong physical labor. The implication is: I am very tired. But my husband's family didn't cherish me because of this, so the next sentence is: even drinking cold water is for the good of my family. The implication is that the husband's family is not good. I miss my family very much and want to go back to my home. There is also a song "I know my sister's mind": "The barrel is twisted in the well, and I know my sister's mind." This letter tour is not talking to himself, but an object to talk to, and the object is "sister". The premise of the song is that sister has a heart, but it is actually the communication between two people. Qi Zhong Xing: "Water" comes from the well, which is the water in the "heart" of the well. I poured water into the bucket, and I put my sister's heart into mine. Another example is: "The wall on the race is too low, so I miss you sitting face to face." The premise of prosperity here is that the wall is very high. If it is really low, it will not be said that the "return" is too low. The premise here is summed up from the symbol of "return" in speech. The analogy between rising and rising is logical: sitting face to face should be forgotten, just like horse racing on the wall is high enough, but "I have run on the high wall, but I still don't think it is high enough", so the next sentence "I miss you when sitting face to face" is seamlessly combined with the first sentence to express my love for each other incisively and vividly.
The rise of Xintianyou is very characteristic, but because of its long spread, the context of its emergence is very different from the contemporary context. Therefore, the relationship between the rise and the content is not so straightforward, and it is necessary to analyze and find the law, so as to deepen the study of folk songs into the creative psychology of folk singers.
[Edit this paragraph] History of Xintianyou
Northern Shaanxi, northern Shaanxi Province, is basically confined to Yulin and Yan 'an areas. When it comes to northern Shaanxi, many people will think of the northern Shaanxi folk song-Xintianyou, which has a long history and has been sung for generations.
Folk songs in northern Shaanxi are commonly known as "folk songs" or "sour songs" in the local area. Formally, it can be divided into belief in Heaven, minor, labor chant, dance music, folk songs and religious songs. The more common ones are travel in heaven and minor. Xintianyou is the most distinctive folk song in northern Shaanxi, which constitutes the main body of folk songs in northern Shaanxi. The tune is long and high-pitched, rough and unrestrained, and the rhythm is beautiful. Its content mostly reflects love, marriage, daily life, resistance to oppression and freedom.
Northern Shaanxi, located in the Loess Plateau, is connected by ravines. People who live here work and farm in the mountains, and the porters who drive ghosts have an affair with local women. They walked between steep mountain roads and deep ravines. In the heavy and monotonous life, one is to relieve one's sadness and loneliness, vent one's loneliness and masturbate. Second, when I recall my family, friends and loved ones, I will see the scenery and send my feelings to the scene. Make up and sing at will, express your feelings and feelings with high-pitched and long songs, and tell your love and pursuit of a better life, so as to release the accumulated depression and sadness in your heart.
Xintianyou is a special genre of northern Shaanxi folk songs, which can best represent the charm and characteristics of northern Shaanxi folk songs. Its rhythm is free and lively, simple and generous. The sentence structure is very special. It is stipulated that each section has two sentences, two sentences and one rhyme, and the next section can be changed or not. A short song may have only one paragraph, or it may be dozens or even hundreds of paragraphs.
In northern Shaanxi, the artistic technique of "believing in heaven" is becoming more and more popular. The latter metaphor is heartfelt, lyrical, free and unrestrained, passionate and romantic, and beautiful in tune. Folk singers can express their ambitions with implicit humor at will and sing without hesitation. Singing in Shan Ye, listening to the sounds of nature, floating on the cliff, listening to the sounds of trees and flowers, let her swim with the wind, so it is also called "Shuntian Tour". Her sentence patterns are simple and changeable. There is no such simple and convenient expression. Just like the character of people in northern Shaanxi: straightforward, generous, open-minded and capable.
The tune of "Xintianyou" is composed of upper and lower paragraphs repeatedly, and the structural relationship is balanced and clear. There is no strict limit to the number of words in each lyric, but it should rhyme symmetrically. The trivial things in life, such as acupuncture and flirting, constitute the basic materials for a trip to heaven. Combining all the xintianyou together has become a full-screen portrayal of people's life in northern Shaanxi.
Xintianyou is a song of sacrifice to life, a hymn to love and an ode to life by the people of northern Shaanxi. Her eternal vitality comes from endless affection and love, hatred and hatred on the vast loess plateau. She collected thousands of sketches of life from working people in Qian Qian, and she condensed the self-talk of people in northern Shaanxi who struggled with nature and life from generation to generation. Blue sky, white clouds, Dongshan millet, Xigu, lamb, cow mother, sister, love brother, yellow land and tianyou are the most beautiful scenery in northern Shaanxi.
The episode "Pastoral in Northern Shaanxi" was adapted by Liu Chi according to Xintianyou's original words: "The flowers on the cliff are red and green, and the suffering people look forward to a good time", "Mali's head is not as high as Ma's, and there are more people in it than his brother", "The eggshell is bright and half-healthy, and my brother is not too poor to burn a small cup of rice" and so on, which became a popular aria of Xintianyou. Her moving melody and timbre inspired many poets, writers and musicians, and created a number of excellent works that are well-known in the art garden, which are known as the mother of art. For example, in Li Ji's Wang Gui and Li Xiangxiang, "A pair of big eyes are watery like dew dripping on the grass" and "Shandan bloom is beautiful, and the fragrance grows well". This long poem fully inherits the characteristics of Xintianyou, and uses various metaphors almost from beginning to end, which is both popular and unconventional. There is He Jingzhi's Back to Yan 'an: "I cling to the loess and cling to my heart", "The lamb looks at my mother at the breast, and the rice supports me to grow up", "Let's grow wings and go back to Yan 'an to see my mother". They are all created in the format of Xintianyou, which has become a model of modern Xintianyou and has been sung for a long time.
Love songs are the essence of belief in heaven and constitute the main theme of folk songs in northern Shaanxi. For example, the folk songs Sanlidian, Brothers Who Stopped the Sheep, Sacrifice Spirit, Farewell to Lovers, Tears-filled Eggs Thrown in Artemisia argyi and Walking West are all representative works of love songs. People who live here often hum inadvertently and become part of the fun of life.
You don't need a reason to love, you don't need a stage to hum and you don't need an audience to sing. Some people say that pop songs are popular, but their life span is not long. Xintianyou will wander in the sky, flow in ravines and streams, echo in the mountains, and will not be sealed by years. There is some truth in this statement, so let time judge it. However, Xintianyou has become another landscape with light makeup and strong ink in northern Shaanxi, which has been recognized by the world.
Xintianyou, Northern Shaanxi Yuefu, Northern Shaanxi Teana. This wonderful work of art is unique in the forest of art gardens with its unique charm. It is a household name, lingering and fragrant forever.