Ramses II was the most famous Pharaoh in ancient Egypt, and Nefertili was the most famous of his eight queens, the one with a temple. Neifer Tilly made a certain contribution to the diplomacy at that time. Together with Ramses II, she experienced historical events such as Habiru's departure from Egypt and the Battle of Kadesh. This beautiful and wise queen has many translations in Chinese, such as Naftali, Naftali and Nefertari. Nefertari is her English name. In Egyptian, Nefer means beauty, while Nefertari means the most beautiful woman. Another famous Egyptian queen, Nefertiti Nefertiti, literally means "the coming beauty" or translated as "the beauty has arrived". It is said that Nefertiti is Nefertiti's aunt. Nefertari was also regarded as a goddess after her death. The Greeks who came to Egypt later realized the fact that God can live forever, but mortals can't.
Basic information
Real name: Nefertili
Name meaning: the most beautiful woman
Alias: Nafta Lane, Nafta Lane, Nefertari.
Full name: Nefertari Merimut
Gender: Female
Time: the first 19 dynasty in ancient Egypt
Nationality: Ancient Egyptians
Place of birth: ancient Egypt
Date of birth: about 65438 BC+0290 BC.
Date of death: about 65438 BC+0255 BC.
Major achievements: promoting peace between ancient Egypt and neighboring countries.
Occupation: Queen of Ancient Egypt
Husband: ramses ii
Son: Amon Hekpshev
Daughter: Merita Monk
Religion: Ancient Egyptian religion (belief in the God Amon, etc. )
Literary works: the pagan queen
outline
She was the first queen of Ramses II, and the most spectacular mausoleum in the Valley of the Empress belonged to her. 1904, Italian archaeologist ErnestoSchiapparelli discovered her grave, but her mummy and funerary objects were stolen. Most murals are still preserved on the tomb wall. These murals vividly reflect the rich and prosperous paradise life that Egyptians believed in after their death. The exquisite murals restored in the tomb still make Nefertari's tomb a pearl of ancient Egyptian civilization. Later, although her mummy was recovered by archaeologists, it rotted rapidly due to contact with humid air, and we could never see her true colors again.
Ramses had eight queens in his life, and Nefertari was the first. According to historical data, she seems to be the most beloved one. This kind of love, which has been known to us for thousands of years, is also vividly displayed in many literary works. However, this love is actually controversial and full of doubts in real history. Seven or eight years after Ramses II ascended the throne, her identity began to be in jeopardy, and her image rarely appeared beside her husband. The tomb of v66 in Queen's Valley was not designed by Ramses II himself, and there were no murals and materials about her husband. The Hassall Temple, which was regarded as a symbol of her favor by later generations, was actually a similar temple built by Amenhotep III for Queen Thai, and it was never started after her death. These evidences are considered to be one of the manifestations that her husband-wife relationship with Ramses II may not be ideal.
Many people believe that Ramses II established Nefertari to better consolidate his throne. Because Ramses are not descendants of the orthodox Thebes royal family, they are rulers from the delta region. Nefertari may be descended from the royal family of Thebes. Their union will give Ramesses II orthodox royal blood. Judging from the available information, Nefertari may not be a member of the royal family, because there is no such word as "the king's daughter" in her name. It is also said that he is the eldest daughter of Debis big noble, the granddaughter of Princess Tutankhamun, and the descendant of Eknatu and Nefertiti (mentioned in Michelle Moran's work The Pagan Queen). However, regardless of Nefertili's life experience, her marriage with Ramses II did make a great contribution to his rule over upper and lower Egypt.
Mysterious life experience
Historians have two different views on Nefertari's life. One view is that she is the granddaughter of Pharaoh Ai who inherited Tutankhamun, and the other view is that she is the daughter of a hereditary nobleman in Thebes. No matter which statement is correct, we know that at least Nefertari was born into a noble family. For the Ramses family from the lower Egyptian Delta, marrying the daughter of the upper Egyptian aristocratic family is an effective way to win the support of Thebes nobles who are the majority of the ruling class and consolidate their power in upper Egypt. Strictly speaking, the marriage of Ramses II and Nefertari, a young couple, started for political purposes.
Nefertari married Ramses when he was about 15 years old before he succeeded to the throne, and gave birth to his first prince. In later years, she gave birth to Ramses at least three sons and two daughters, but none of their sons lived long enough to inherit the throne. According to mural records, Nefertili has many titles, including his lover, mistress of upper and lower Egypt, great royal wife, sweet lover, favored by Mu, elegant lady, wife of bull, wife of God and mother of king.
love
In the temple of Abu Simbel, she was described as "the sun shines for her (Neifer Tilly)", and Ramses II also said many touching love words to her in some legends or literary works.
Some scholars believe that Queen Nefertari, like many queens in 18 dynasty, is very powerful-she has independent power and private wealth, and wears an elaborate crown. However, so far, we know very little about Nefertari's actual activities as queen. We only know that in the first three years, Nefertari played a very important role on various occasions. However, in the following 18 years, there was almost no other account of her except a letter she wrote to the Queen of Haiti/Hittite about ending the negotiations between the two countries. Maybe Nefertari, like the queen of the ancient kingdom in 18, is just an accessory of the king? Or is the record about her really just lost? None of us can answer this question.
Neifer Tilly Tomb is the most important tomb of Ramses II, which was discovered by Ernesto schipa Raleigh 1904. Although plundered in ancient times, her grave is still extremely important. Mural decoration is considered as one of the greatest achievements of ancient Egyptian art.
Steps cut out of the rock can enter the front hall, which is decorated according to the painting in Chapter 17 of the Book of the Dead. The ceiling represents the sky, painted dark blue, with countless golden five-pointed stars on it. There is a big hole in the east wall of the front hall, with Osiris on the left and Anubis on the right; This leads to the side room decorated with scenes, and then an anteroom with pictures of the gods welcoming Nefertili. The stairs in the north wall of the front hall lead up to the tomb, which has a huge quadrangular room covering an area of about 90 square meters (970 square feet), and its ceiling is supported and decorated by four pillars. At first, the queen lay in a red granite sarcophagus in the middle of the room. According to the religious teachings at that time, the ancient Egyptians called it the "Golden Hall", where the dead could be resurrected. The decorative pictographic murals on the wall of the tomb were drawn according to chapters 144 and 146 of the Book of the Dead: in the left half of the room, there is a paragraph about the gate of the underworld ruled by Osiris in chapter 144, and his gatekeepers, guardians and the dead must say spells before they can pass through the gate.
People of later generations
The princess's name means "the most beautiful woman", and many portraits also prove her charm. Ramses married 15 years old, and it first appeared in official records in the first year of Ramses II's accession to the throne. In early paintings and other cultural relics, she can often be seen standing close to her husband.
Ramses II is next to the Queen's Tomb, and Nefertili is buried in Tomb 66 in the Valley of the Queen. Of all the tombs excavated in this tomb, her tomb is the largest and the most spectacular.
According to tradition, Nefertari was also regarded as a goddess after her death. Then the Greeks who came to Egypt realized the fact that God can live forever and mortals can't. So the kings and queens of ancient Egypt were regarded as gods after their death, and then worshipped by ordinary Egyptians. In Abu Simbel, Nefertari, as the incarnation of the goddess Hassall (the goddess of love), people built a magnificent cave temple for her to gain the admiration of the world.
Ramses II built two grotto temples in Abu Simbel, and the grotto temple in Nefertari is the smaller of the two grotto temples. In this cave temple, a * * * carved six figures, four of which were Ramesses II himself, and only two were Nefertari, who was regarded as the goddess of Hassall. On the murals of grottoes and temples, there is also a picture of Ramses II paying tribute to the goddess.
Nefertari gave birth to five children (three men and two women) for her husband Ramses II. However, due to the death of the eldest son, Amon Hepchev, all the crown princes after Ramses II came from another queen, Si Nuo Flatt, and finally her son Melumputa became the heir of Ramses II.
On all the murals in the early days of Ramses' rule, Nefertari can often be seen standing beside Ramses as his wife, and sometimes she even attends celebrations instead of her husband. When Ramses started to build temples and tombs for herself, she also built a temple for Nefertili. Nefertari's tomb in the Valley of the Queen is one of the most beautiful and magnificent tombs in Egypt. Her temple is next to Ramses' own temple. In front of this temple, the statue of Naftili, the incarnation of the goddess Hator, stands side by side with the statue of Ramses himself. The statue of a woman, even a noble queen, is as high as the statue of Pharaoh and arranged side by side, which is very rare in the whole history of Egypt.
Historical regret
1904 When the Tully Mausoleum in Neifer was excavated, the funerary objects were looted and the mummy of the owner was destroyed, leaving only three pieces of his knee and a pair of exotic sandals. For decades, scientists have been studying and analyzing, and they are not sure that these fragments are Nefertili's own legs. Recently, however, an international research team from all over the world has conducted a series of tests, covering radiocarbon dating, leg X-rays, paleopathology (the study of ancient diseases), genetics, chemistry and Egyptology. Finally, all the researchers strongly "agreed" that the mummy's jade legs came from Nefertili herself. According to the anthropometric reconstruction and the size of the kneecap, scientists infer that her height is about 165- 168 cm, which is more than 84% of that of women at that time. Sandals made of palm leaves and papyrus paper are typical of Neifer Tilly style, and the size is 9 in the United States, which once again conforms to the height of the queen built by the model. Unfortunately, due to the destruction of the mummy, it is impossible to restore the peerless appearance of the most beautiful woman in ancient Egypt by modern scientific means.
Film and television image
Nefertili (anne baxter anne baxter) in the film The Ten Commandments.
In the Hollywood movie The Mummy Returns, the character was renamed "Nafidili" (rachel weisz? The play is set as the daughter of Pharaoh seti i. Because she failed in the confrontation with Pharaoh's pet Giak Nasu, Pharaoh asked her to keep the seal of the Scorpion King-the death bracelet. But that night, witnessing Aksuna's adultery and her father's death, Nafidili ordered the guards to arrest Aksuna and Iraqi model Hope. Later, in modern society, Nafidili was reincarnated as an archaeologist Eve. After finding the death bracelet and missing her son, Eve's genes in her previous life woke up. Although she was killed by the reincarnation of Akona, Eve's brother and son revived her with the Black Sutra of the Undead. In the end, Eve defeated the reincarnation of Aksuna and escaped with her husband, brother and son.
Related novels
Ruchu's heroine, Tali, missed Ramses several times and finally got together.
Ivy, the heroine set in You You's work "Favourite of the Pharaoh" (Misa adapted a cartoon and renamed it "Song of the Sand and the Sea"), called herself Nefeltali when she was guided through the era before Ramses II ascended the throne in ancient Egypt, in order to get convenient action in the local area. Since then, Ramses II has always regarded Ivy as the real Nefertili and his first queen.
The heroine in the novel The Princess of the Nile in the Dead of Night became the beloved wife of Ramses II because of her time travel.
The princess appeared in the chapter "Pharaoh of Egypt" in Vivibel's work "A Journey to Find Past Lives", but was translated into Nefertitali.
The heroine in Qiao Wei 'an's work "The Princess of the Empire" traveled through time and space to become the youngest daughter of the Panos family, Nafil, and later became the beloved wife of Ramses II. She died of postpartum hemorrhage, and then her soul traveled to the ancient enemy of Egypt and the just princess of Ramses II (worshipped as the adopted daughter of the Hittite Queen).
Five Steps of Ramses by Christian Jacques.
The Queen's translation in "The Pagan Queen", one of Michelle Moran's "Egyptian Trilogy", is Naftali. The situation in Thebes changed suddenly, and a devastating fire swallowed the royal family of the eighteenth dynasty. In 1283 BC, the only surviving blood relative of the Nefertiti family was Naftali, an orphan left by King Saiti I. The girl's dead family was regarded as a heretic, and no one in Egypt dared to mention their names. As an orphan of the previous dynasty, Naftali was left out in the cold, and this insignificant princess was left in the palace since she was a child. However, since she was sheltered by the Pharaoh's aunt, her fate has changed. She was taken to Hassall Temple to learn etiquette and prepare for becoming the future queen.