What are the symptoms of anorexia? Anorexia nervosa, also known as anorexia, is a psychological and physical obstacle that patients' own weight obviously drops below the normal physiological standard weight and tries to maintain this state. It is more common in teenagers, and the onset age is between13 and 25 years old, which mainly affects women, and the ratio of male to female is about 1: 9.5. Its main manifestations are: 1 endless weight loss and fear of weight gain. In the late stage of the disease, due to long-term lack of food, loss of appetite may occur. Patients mainly carry out various activities around losing weight, such as deliberately dieting, strictly controlling the amount of staple food, fat and protein, and increasing daily activities, which are far below the appropriate weight standard of patients, and often present emaciation, extreme emaciation and severe malnutrition. On the contrary, patients will feel gratified or feel safe. Most patients still think that they or a certain part of themselves are still "fat", so they are uneasy and insist on "losing weight" activities. Anorexia nervosa is a kind of eating disorder caused and maintained by itself, which is manifested by anorexia, weight loss and even anorexia caused by dieting, and often causes malnutrition, metabolic and endocrine disorders and physical dysfunction. The most basic symptoms of anorexia nervosa are anorexia, extreme lack of appetite and emaciation. This symptom is mainly related to psychological factors, not caused by organic diseases of digestive system. The onset age of this disease is 10-30 years old, mostly 15-23 years old. Female patients are about10-20 times higher than men. Due to the change of social atmosphere and lifestyle, the incidence of anorexia nervosa has greatly increased or decreased. Acute mental trauma or persistent depression may lead to this disease under certain conditions. Recently, the number of girls with anorexia nervosa caused by blind weight loss and excessive dieting in Shanghai has gradually increased. The data of the Municipal Children's Mental Health Center also shows that the incidence of the disease has tripled compared with the same period last year. Its main clinical manifestations are: at first, there was the psychology and behavior of deliberately dieting for fear of obesity, and then there was uncontrolled eating and rapid weight loss. The emaciated elephant cachexia still refuses to increase its food intake, and even feels too fat when it is infinitely thin and fatal. Refuse to keep the weight at the lowest level corresponding to their age and height, so that some patients are skinny and unable to get out of bed, some people starve to death, some use exercise, vomiting, venting and other means to lose weight, sometimes overeating, vomiting after meals, and lose more than 25% weight. Due to hypoglycemia, nausea, dizziness, fatigue and sometimes syncope often occur. Extreme malnutrition such as dry skin, pale skin, poor elasticity, thin subcutaneous fat and skin edema caused by hypoproteinemia. Accompanied by severe endocrine dysfunction, female amenorrhea, male libido loss or impotence. If it happens before puberty, puberty development slows down or even stagnates, breast dysplasia, male secondary sexual characteristics are undeveloped, and genitals are childish. This kind of patients often have emotional instability, anxiety, insomnia, obsessive-compulsive ideas, and some will also lead to secondary depression and morbid psychology. In severe cases, they may have suicidal thoughts and behaviors. It should not be ignored that many girls generally lack knowledge of anorexia nervosa, and girls who blindly pursue slimming and deliberately diet suffer from anorexia nervosa and dystrophic muscular atrophy to varying degrees. Diagnostic criteria of anorexia nervosa: (1) The standard weight of the same age and height is less than 15%, and the original weight is reduced by 25%; (2) Pursuing slimness, intentionally controlling diet and being willing to starve; (3) Women who have been in menopause for more than 3 months; (4) Slow heartbeat, vomiting, etc. (5) No other physical diseases or schizophrenia; (6) onset age 10 ~ 30 years old. The treatment of anorexia nervosa mainly includes the following aspects: (1) Psychotherapy: First of all, we should get the cooperation of patients, understand their causes, give cognitive therapy, behavioral therapy and treat fatigue at home. (2) Physical support therapy: according to the characteristics of less food intake, provide a high-calorie diet, and give intravenous infusion or high intravenous nutrition therapy to patients who vomit or refuse to eat. Take multivitamins, and hormone therapy can be given for endocrine changes. (3) Stimulate appetite: Under the observation of a doctor, inject 2 ~ 6 units of insulin into the muscle half an hour before meals until the weight returns. (4) Psychotherapy: antidepressants, lithium antipsychotics, antiepileptic drugs and anti-anxiety drugs can all be used for the treatment of this disease. Commonly used are sulpiride 200 ~ 400mg/ day, cyproheptadine 12 ~ 32mg/ day, amitriptyline 150mg/ day, which has better effect on people who overeat and vomit. (5) Change of ideas. Slim is popular now, and thinness is beauty, which is a trend. The recognition of being fat, thin, strong and thin changes with the guidance of public opinion. It is widespread in some countries and regions in history or now to regard fat as beauty and firmness as beauty. In my opinion, girls are in the period of physical development, so don't blindly lose weight and diet. No matter what the trend is, health is always beautiful. Being strong and plump is more conducive to enhancing resistance and fertility, and it is also sexier, so you can enjoy a good sex life in the future. A junior high school girl, after overhearing her classmates say that she is fat, only eats a small amount of snacks and fruits every day. When eating, she either said she had eaten, or quietly dug it out and spit it out. Three months later, her weight dropped from 95 kg to 60 kg, her appetite disappeared and her mood was obviously low. However, girls still don't feel thin and insist on controlling their weight. After her mother found out, she took her to the hospital for treatment and was diagnosed as anorexia nervosa. There is also a female student who weighs 100 kilograms. She felt overweight, so she went on a blind diet to lose weight, almost to the point of not eating. In less than two months, the weight dropped to 65 kg, but it was accompanied by malnutrition edema and anorexia nervosa. This is obviously overkill. If you really want a healthy body, you should not start with dieting, but strengthen exercise, get rid of the bad habit of eating snacks, adjust your diet structure, eat more fruits and vegetables with low sugar, low fat and high protein. The singer Carpenter died of anorexia nervosa because of dieting, which is a great loss for the world literary and art circles. Do you want to follow in her footsteps? Anorexia nervosa is more common in adolescent girls and young women. It is characterized by anorexia, obvious weight loss and amenorrhea. The cause of anorexia nervosa is still unknown. Related factors can be divided into the following aspects. 1. Socio-psychological factors In adolescence, girls become more and more plump with the development of secondary sexual characteristics. In this regard, it is easy to have a sense of fear and shyness, and there is a desire to maintain or restore the body shape to be "slim" before development. Adolescence is the period with the highest incidence of anorexia nervosa. Social concept affects the standard of being fat, thin, beautiful and ugly. In a civilized and developed society, there is a misunderstanding that thinness is beauty. This is why the social civilization and living standard have been continuously improved for more than 20 years, but the prevalence rate of anorexia nervosa characterized by emaciation is obviously increasing gradually, especially in some occupations, such as ballet dancers and fashion models, which is 3-4 times that of the general population (the same age). In addition, anorexia nervosa mostly comes from families with high social status or rich economy; The prevalence rate of urban population is higher than that of rural population; In cities, the prevalence rate of female students in private schools is higher than that in ordinary schools. 2. Individual susceptibility. Such patients tend to be competitive, pursue perfection, like to pursue praise, self-centered, neurotic; On the other hand, they are often immature, unstable, suspicious, sensitive, over-dependent on their families and shy. Some studies have found that the occurrence of this disease may be related to some genetic qualities. 3. Patients with hypothalamic dysfunction anorexia nervosa have obvious hypothalamic dysfunction, such as menstrual disorder or amenorrhea; The level of thyroxine in blood is low; Abnormal appetite and appetite, low mood or irritability. The clinical manifestations of anorexia nervosa are usually occult, with gradual anorexia and weight loss, 1/4- 1/2 or above, and amenorrhea. Different degrees of emaciation, serious when skinny. However, physical strength is still abundant, and amenorrhea without pubic hair loss is the characteristic of this disease, which can be distinguished from pituitary dysfunction (Simon's disease), but fatigue, burnout and depression may occur in the later stage. Patients don't necessarily have anorexia at first, but just create various reasons to refuse to eat. Some patients have a good appetite, but after eating a few bites, they feel full and uncomfortable and stop eating, or they don't want to eat when they see food. If you eat forcibly, it will often induce nausea and vomiting; Some patients even try their best to induce vomiting. In addition to anorexia, patients may also have other neurosis symptoms, such as hysteria, epigastric fullness and discomfort, unexplained fatigue, lack of interest in sexual desire, insomnia and so on. Patients diagnosed with anorexia nervosa need to go to the gastrointestinal specialist clinic for a comprehensive examination. If the gastrointestinal examination is negative, there is a history and manifestations of severe mental trauma, emaciation and physical strength are acceptable, and there is no comprehensive endocrine gland dysfunction, the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa can be made. Treatment of anorexia nervosa 1. Supplementing nutrition and correcting malnutrition can endanger life. In the case of severe malnutrition, the mortality rate of anorexia nervosa patients can be as high as 10%. Therefore, emergency treatment is necessary. If the patient refuses treatment, he should be hospitalized by persuasion and coercion to save the patient's life. At this time, the treatment is to correct the water-electrolyte balance, supplement blood potassium, sodium and chlorine, and monitor. When plasma protein is low, hydrolyze protein, plasma, etc. It's all intravenous. Iron, folic acid and vitamins should be supplemented for anemia. Because the patient does not eat for a long time, the gastrointestinal function is extremely weak, so eating should be gradually increased from soft food and a small amount of meals, and there is no rush to achieve success; Appropriate digestive AIDS: gastric enzyme mixture, multi-enzyme tablets, lactase, etc. Or acupuncture treatment, can also be used to promote the recovery of appetite and digestive function. The patient's weight should be increased by1-1.5 kg/week. 2. Psychotherapy Psychotherapy should find an experienced specialist psychologist. Psychotherapy includes relieving patients' psychological pressure, having an objective understanding of the environment and themselves, finding an angle to adapt to society and the ability to handle and cope with various life events. In addition, the concept of healthy body, the significance of standard weight, and the objective evaluation of one's physical condition. Understand the knowledge of food and nutrition. For patients with family tension, family members can be invited to do family psychotherapy when necessary. Behavior correction is another kind of psychotherapy, which mainly promotes the patient's weight recovery. It can be used to limit the patient's range and amount of activity, and gradually give him freedom of movement with the increase of weight. This method is generally used in hospitals with extremely low patient weight. 3. Antidepressants are often used in the treatment of psychotropic drugs. Etiology thinks that the disease may be related to depression, so clomipramine, amitriptyline and dodopin are used. Diazepam is also often used to regulate patients' anxiety. These two kinds of drugs have positive effects on improving patients' depression. The earliest drugs used to treat anorexia were hibernating spirit (chlorpromazine) and perphenazine. A small dose is used to treat patients who are extremely afraid of obesity and cannot objectively evaluate their body shape (physical disorder), and has also achieved certain results in the treatment.