Earthworms have a developed digestive system and strong digestive ability, so the feed eaten by earthworms can be fully digested and utilized.
1, type of feed
Earthworms mainly feed on decaying organic matter. As long as it is non-toxic, the pH value is not too high or too low, and the salinity is not too high, the organic matter that can be decomposed by microorganisms can be used as earthworm feed, such as any organic waste produced by livestock manure, wine making, sugar making, food, paper making, wood processing, etc., such as distiller's grains, bagasse, sawdust, hemp knives, waste paper paddles, edible fungus residues, etc. Garbage, domestic organic garbage (such as vegetable leftovers, leftovers, rice soup, waste blood, fish viscera, etc.). ), insect larvae, eggs, animal carcasses, various bacteria and fungi can all be used as earthworm feed. Earthworms should not eat feed that is too sour, too alkaline, too astringent, too bitter and too spicy. Eisenia foetida (Eisenia foetida) of Daping No.2 eats fermented and decomposed animal manure, compost, protein and feed rich in sugar sources, especially sweet food such as rotten fruit and banana peel, which is more likely to be eaten by it. The daily intake of Daping II is 0.3- 1 times of its own weight.
2. Feed formula
Due to different nutrients and carbon-nitrogen ratios in different feeds, different earthworms have different intake, digestion and absorption rates. Therefore, in order to raise earthworms well, it is necessary to scientifically allocate feed (commonly known as formula) according to the above situation. Use local materials, use waste, reduce transportation, reduce costs, diversify feed as much as possible, and match nutrition reasonably. At the same time, the selected feed is fully fermented after being evenly mixed to improve the maturity and utilization rate. Examples of formula: ① 50% cow dung and 50% pulp sludge; (2) cow dung 100% or all livestock manure mixed100%; ③ Cow dung, pig dung and chicken dung each 20%, and straw scraps 40%; (Note: Chicken manure should be used to raise maggots first, or it can be left for more than 1 year before being used to raise earthworms, otherwise all earthworms will escape or die. ④ 40% corn straw or rice straw, peanut straw and rape straw alone or mixed, and 60% pig manure; ⑤ 80% horse manure and 20% rotten leaves; 6. Pig manure 60%, sawdust 30%, straw10%; ⑦ 70% of organic garbage and 30% of livestock manure; You can also use all garbage 100%. (8) 60% of various manure and 40% of bagasse; Wait a minute.
3. Feed adjustment
(1) Fermentation: firstly, spread a layer of dry material (thickness 10- 15cm) with straw and straw (preferably cut into small pieces, and the straw can be directly decomposed if EM active bacteria are added), and then spread a layer of dry material (thickness 4-6cm) and add manure for 3-5 layers repeatedly. If you use garbage, you pile up a layer of garbage and a layer of dung. The length, width and width are not limited, and it is tightly covered with film. In high temperature season, the temperature in the reactor generally rises obviously the next day, and can rise to 60-70℃ in 4-5 days, and then gradually decreases. When the heap temperature drops to 40℃ (this process takes about 15 days), it is necessary to turn over the heap (turn over the top, turn over the bottom and turn over the middle to pile again, and add EM diluent), and then turn it every 7 days, usually 3-5 times, to complete the fermentation of feed. (Adding EM active bacteria only needs to be turned over once or not, and the fermentation time is shortened by more than half).
If 100% manure is used, dry the manure to 50% or 60%, then pile it up, spray water (preferably add EM) and cover it tightly with a film. It can be used after 10 to 15 days. Grass must be dug out or piled up for infiltration and decay to avoid secondary fever.
② PH adjustment of feed and addition of nutrients.
After the feed is fermented, test the PH value (the PH value of manure fermented by EM active bacteria will naturally drop to 6.5-7.5 without adjustment). Generally speaking, the suitable PH value of earthworm feed is 6-7.5, but the PH value of many animal and plant wastes is often higher or lower than this value, such as the PH value of animal manure is 7.5-9.5, so it is necessary to adjust the PH value of earthworm feed appropriately to make it close to neutrality and suitable for earthworm growth.
When the PH value exceeds 9, acetic acid, vinegar or citric acid can be used as buffer, and the addition amount is 0.0 1- 1% of the feed weight, so the PH value can be adjusted to 6-7, and the addition amount is too small to have little effect; However, if it exceeds 1%, the cocoon production rate of earthworms will drop sharply.
When the feed PH is 7-9, 0.0 1-0.5% (by weight) ammonium dihydrogen phosphate can also be used to adjust the feed PH to 6-7.
But it can't exceed 0.5%, otherwise it will also lead to the decrease of earthworm cocoon production. When the PH value of the feed is lower than 6, clear quicklime water can be added to adjust the PH value of the feed to 6-7.
Scientific feed ratio is the most effective way to improve the yield of cultivated earthworm.
Methods for preparing and adding nutritional food promoting substances;
Take a cubic meter of base material as an example, take 100 kg of water, add 2 kg of urea, 4 ounces of vinegar, 5 g of saccharin and 4 bottles of pineapple essence, and dissolve them in water after mixing. First, take 50 kilograms of water and pour it on the substrate. After turning over the pile, pour 50 kilograms of water on the base material and it will be used in two days.
In the past, people also knew that urea could be used as a nitrogen source for earthworms, but its addition was always limited to 0.0 1-0.2% (weight ratio). After adjusting the PH value with acetic acid, the added amount of urea can be increased to 65438 0%, which creates better conditions for the utilization of feed with insufficient nitrogen source. For cultured earthworms, 1g urea is equivalent to 2.88g protein, which provides a strong guarantee for accelerating the growth and yield of earthworms. In addition, citric acid, essence and saccharin are added into earthworm feed to make the sweet fruit that earthworms like best. From then on, earthworms not only didn't run away or be picky about food, but also doubled their food intake, greatly speeding up their growth and increasing their yield.
4. Feed supply
We adopt feed method and side feed method. The feeding method is to cover the feed eaten by earthworms every 10- 15 days. Side feeding method is to take out a part of finished feed, add new feed to one side, and add the other side next time. Table 5- Number of culture results of adjusting feed PH value and adding nutrients. Feed proportion PH value culture temperature℃ culture results 1 waste paper pulp residue (containing 80% water)+urea 0.7%+ acetic acid 0.03% 6.8 23 Cocoon began to form on the 8th day and hatch on the 9th day. After that, the waste paper pulp residue (water content 80%+ urea 0.7%) continued to proliferate steadily, and all of them died after 9.8 23.6 hours. 2. Waste paper pulp residue (water content 80%)+ urea 1% ammonium dihydrogen phosphate 0.45% 6.4 20 cocoon began to form on day 14 and hatched on day 22. After that, all the waste paper pulp residue (containing 80% water)+urea 1% 8.8 20 10 hours later died. 3. Waste paper pulp residue (containing 70% water)+waste paper pulp fermentation broth 10%+ clarified quicklime water 0.3% 6.2 25 Cocoons began to form on the fifth and the 265438th day. After that, waste paper pulp residue (water content 70%)+ waste paper fermentation broth10% 3.7 25 all died in 24 hours. 4. Waste paper pulp residue (water content 70%)+ acetic acid 0.03%+ urea 0.4%+0.00 1% saccharin+proper amount of essence 7 23 began to lay eggs and cocoon on the third day, 65438+.
5, earthworm packaging and transportation
The most commonly used mode of transportation:
Storage and transportation method of expanded perlite substrate
Expanded perlite is a white neutral inorganic granular material which is made of volcanic glassy rock by instantaneous roasting at high temperature of 1260℃. It has the advantages of light weight, non-toxic, tasteless, flame retardant, antibacterial, corrosion resistant, heat preservation and low water absorption. If expanded perlite is used as the base material of earthworm, it will not only be antiseptic and antibacterial, but also make the base material have a good ecological environment such as temperature, humidity and gas. When transporting, expanded perlite can be used as an ideal material for transporting earthworm cocoons as long as it is soaked in nutrient solution.
Preparation of (1) nutrient solution
In the process of transportation, the earthworm cocoon is still undergoing biological changes, that is, the hatching process has not stopped, so the oxygen and nutrients needed for earthworm cocoon hatching should be considered in transportation. Therefore, nutrient solution is the guarantee of nutrients in transportation. Its preparation method: 65% of soybean powder, 25% of potato starch, 9% of fish meal, 0.5% of dry yeast powder, 0.3% of compound vitamin additive and 0.2% of synthetic vitamin element additive; After mixing the above materials evenly, add 2 times of water, grind with a mini grinding cup for 1 min, add 10 times of water, and stir evenly to obtain the nutrient solution.
(2) Dewatering treatment of expanded perlite
Put the clean river sand into an iron pot, heat and bake it to 100℃, then put the clean expanded perlite into the sand and bake it to 300℃, then take it out of the pot, separate the expanded perlite from the river sand with a sieve, and naturally cool it to 60℃ for later use.
(3) Synthesis of nutritional base material
Pour the prepared nutrient solution into expanded perlite at 60℃ and stir it quickly while pouring. Then take a few boards to press all the expanded perlite that has surfaced below the liquid level to ensure that the expanded perlite can fully absorb the nutrient solution. When expanded perlite is soaked in nutrient solution for 2-3 hours, a layer of "nutrition film" is formed on the surface of expanded perlite particles. At this time, all the expanded perlite can be fished out. Air drying, and sealing with a plastic bag to obtain the nutritional base material.
(4) packaging and transportation of earthworm cocoons
The collected earthworm cocoons to be transported are evenly mixed into the expanded perlite nutritional base material according to 40%~80% of the volume of the expanded perlite nutritional base material, then put into a polyethylene plastic bag, tie the bag mouth tightly, and then use a needle to tie more than a dozen pinholes in the bag as air holes. The amount of earthworm cocoons depends on the outside temperature and the length of transportation time. If the temperature is high and the transportation time is long, the earthworm cocoon should be mixed less, and vice versa. Finally, put the bag into a water tank with a volume of 0. 1 m3, and spread fluffy fillers around it, such as wet grass, to reduce the vibration of the bag during transportation and increase the air humidity in the box. A space of 1/4 should be reserved in the box, and the box cover should be nailed before it can be delivered to the transportation department for consignment. Using this method, it is safe and reliable, and even the young earthworm hatched in the cargo within 1 month will be safe and sound.
(5) packaging earthworm cocoons
It is advisable to gently knead fermented manure, spray it with clear water, and stir it while spraying, so that the moisture in cow dung reaches 40%. The collected earthworm cocoons to be transported are evenly mixed into the sterilized cow dung according to 40%~60% of the weight of the cow dung, then packed into plastic bags, the bag mouth is tied, the vent holes are tied with needles, and the bags are packed and transported safely.
Rapid and high-yield cultivation of earthworm
Earthworms, commonly known as qu eel and qu snake, are hermaphroditic and lay eggs. Young earthworms mature in 4 months and like temperature, humidity, quietness and darkness. Its artificial propagation technology mainly includes the following points:
First, the variety selection of earthworm artificial propagation should choose Beixing No.2, Daping No.2 and other varieties with fast growth and development, strong reproduction, wide adaptability, long life and easy domestication and management.
Second, the breeding method is to relax the breeding box of1.2m in sunny, humid and irrigated outdoor places. A trench with a width of 0.4m and a depth of 0.4m is opened between boxes. Fill the center of the box with 1 m wide and 20 cm thick fermented bait, and then put 3 cm thick bait with young earthworms. The stocking density of earthworms is generally about 5,000 per square meter, about 30,000 per square meter 1 month-old young earthworms, and about 20,000 earthworm cocoons are hatched per square meter. When the temperature is higher than 15℃, when the temperature drops to 10℃, move the incubator indoors. You can also use wooden cases, cartons, barrels, etc. Used for indoor reproduction. This method is generally used for small farmers.
3. Feed preparation: Chopped straw, weeds, bagasse, etc. Add pig, cow and chicken manure, pile it into a cone with a height of 1 m, and then cover it with straw curtain or plastic film for fermentation. If the raw material is too dry, spray water until there is a small amount of water droplets in the hand-squeezed raw material. After 5 days, when the feed temperature rises to 70℃, turn the feed 1 time to facilitate uniform fermentation. After that, the bait is sprayed with water every few days 1 time, and the bait is fermented for about 3 weeks. The ideal bait should be dark brown, odorless, loose and non-sticky. First, try to feed earthworms with a small amount of fermented bait, and then feed them in large quantities without adverse reactions.
Four, management every time you throw bait, first gently scrape off the earthworm dung on the surface of the box (earthworm dung is discharged on the bait surface), put the remaining bait and earthworm aside, add a new layer of bait, and then cover the old material with new material. Turning materials regularly is an important work in earthworm culture. Every 1 week, the upper and lower floors of the breeding box should be turned 1 time to facilitate ventilation. The specific method is to defecate first, then turn over the upper and lower floors, and finally feed. Outdoor culture should pay attention to keep the humidity in the box, and cover the rain in rainy days.