1982 the reform of government institutions is mainly to improve the efficiency of government work and realize the rejuvenation of cadres. Its historic progress can be summarized in three sentences: first, it began to cancel the life tenure system of leading cadres; Second, the leading bodies at all levels have been streamlined; Third, the pace of rejuvenation of cadres has been accelerated. After the first reform, ministries and commissions in the State Council set up deputy 1 person or deputy 1 person, and the average age of leading members of ministries and commissions dropped from 64 to 60, and the average age of bureau-level cadres dropped from 58 to 50. This reform has not touched the highly centralized planned economy management system, and the government functions have not changed.

The number of departments in the State Council was reduced from 100 to 6 1, and the establishment was reduced from 5 10 to 30,000. -"Transforming government functions is the key to institutional reform"

65438-0988 The reform of government institutions appeared under the background of promoting the reform of political system and deepening the reform of economic system. Its historic contribution is to put forward the proposition that "transforming government functions is the key to institutional reform" for the first time. Due to a series of complicated political and economic reasons, this proposition has not been solved in time in practice, and the local institutional reform originally scheduled for 1989 has been postponed. The State Council has made progress in adjusting and reducing the economic management departments of industrial specialties. For example, the State Planning Commission and the State Economic Commission were abolished and a new State Planning Commission was established. The Ministry of Coal Industry, the Ministry of Petroleum Industry and the Ministry of Nuclear Industry were abolished and the Ministry of Energy was established. The Ministry of Machinery Industry and the Ministry of Electronics Industry were abolished and the Ministry of Machinery and Electronics Industry was established. Cancel the Ministry of Labor and Personnel, set up the Ministry of National Personnel, and set up the Ministry of Labor. Cancel the State Materials Bureau and set up the Materials and Equipment Department. The Ministry of Urban and Rural Construction was abolished and the Ministry of Construction was established. The Ministry of Aviation Industry and the Ministry of Aerospace Industry were abolished and the Ministry of Aerospace Industry was established. The Ministry of Water Resources and Electric Power was abolished and the Ministry of Water Resources was established. The State Bureau of Metrology, the State Bureau of Standards and the Bureau of Quality of the former State Economic Commission were abolished, and the State Bureau of Technical Supervision was established.

The number of ministries and commissions in the State Council has been reduced from 45 to 4/kloc-0, and the staffing has been reduced by more than 9,700 after the reform. -to meet the needs of building a socialist market economy.

After setting up the socialist market economy system as the goal of China's economic system reform for the first time, China carried out the third government institutional reform from 65438 to 0993. Its historic contribution lies in that the purpose of proposing the reform of government institutions for the first time is to meet the needs of establishing a socialist market economic system. However, from the academic observation, the government institutional reform of 1993 is "clear in purpose and unclear in goal". An important reform task of establishing the socialist market economic system is to reduce, compress or even cancel the industrial specialized economic sectors. However, judging from the institutional setup of 1993, there are few mergers and cancellations of such departments, and more are reservations and additions. For example, the merger of the mechanical and electronic department was originally the phased result of the reform in 1988, and was split into two departments-the mechanical and electronic department in the reform in 1993; The Ministry of Energy was originally established on the basis of 1988 abolishing three specialized economic departments. 1993, the Ministry of Energy was abolished and the Ministry of Electricity and the Ministry of Coal were established. An important measure of 1993 reform is to implement the co-location of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection and the Ministry of Supervision, which further rationalizes the relationship between disciplinary inspection and administrative supervision. 1993 the practice of the CPC central commission for discipline inspection and the Ministry of supervision working together is one of the important ways to coordinate the establishment of party and government institutions.

The number of departments and directly affiliated institutions in the State Council has been reduced from 86 to 59, and the number of personnel has been reduced by 20%. -eliminating the organizational basis for separating government from enterprises.

In view of the increasingly prominent contradiction between institutional setup and the development of socialist market economy at that time, the Central People's Government carried out the most extensive and vigorous government institutional reform before 2008 from 65438 to 0998. 1998 the purpose of the reform is highly coordinated with the goal. Promoting the development of socialist market economy is the goal, and ending the system of direct management of enterprises by professional economic departments as soon as possible is the goal. 1998 The historic progress of the reform is the significant progress in the transformation of government functions, which is highlighted by the cancellation of almost all industrial specialized economic sectors, including the Ministry of Electric Power Industry, the Ministry of Coal Industry, the Ministry of Metallurgical Industry, the Ministry of Machinery Industry, the Ministry of Electronics Industry, the Ministry of Chemical Industry, the Ministry of Geology and Minerals, the Ministry of Forestry, the China Light Industry Federation and the China Textile Federation.

Instead of retaining the 15 Ministry, four ministries were newly established and three ministries were renamed. After the reform, except the General Office of the State Council, the number of departments in the State Council was reduced from 40 to 29. -Objectives: code of conduct, coordinated operation, fairness and transparency, honesty and efficiency.

The reform of government institutions in 2003 was carried out under the background of China's accession to the WTO. The purpose of the reform is to further transform government functions, improve management methods, promote e-government, improve administrative efficiency and reduce administrative costs. The goal of the reform is to gradually form an administrative management system with standardized behavior, coordinated operation, fairness, transparency, honesty and high efficiency. The focus of the reform is to deepen the reform of state-owned assets management system, improve the macro-control system, improve the financial supervision system, continue to promote the reform of circulation system, and strengthen the construction of food safety and production safety supervision system. The great historical progress of this reform lies in grasping the outstanding problems in the social and economic development stage at that time and further transforming the government functions. For example, establish SASAC to deepen the reform of state-owned assets management system; Establish China Banking Supervision Committee and establish a supervision system; Establish the Ministry of Commerce to promote the reform of the circulation system; Establish the State Food and Drug Administration of the United States, adjust the State Administration of Work Safety as a directly affiliated institution of the state, and strengthen the supervision of food and drug safety and production safety.

The State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission and the China Banking Supervision and Administration Commission were established, and the Ministry of Commerce, the US Food and Drug Administration and the State Administration of Work Safety were established. The State Development Planning Commission was reorganized into the National Development and Reform Commission, and the number of departments in the State Council became 28. On March 1 1 2008, the State Council's institutional reform plan was announced, and the State Council will newly set up the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Transport, the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, the Ministry of Environmental Protection and the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development. After the reform, there are 27 departments in the State Council except the General Office of the State Council.

The first session of the 11th National People's Congress will hold its fourth plenary meeting at 3 pm on March 1 1, 2008, and listen to the explanation of the State Council's institutional reform plan.

The State Council's institutional reform involves 15 institutions, and the number of ministerial-level institutions is reduced by 4. The specific contents include:

-Rational allocation of functions of macro-control departments. The National Development and Reform Commission should reduce micro-management items and specific examination and approval items, and concentrate on macro-control. The National Development and Reform Commission, the Ministry of Finance, the People's Bank and other departments should establish and improve the coordination mechanism and form a more perfect macro-control system.

-Strengthening energy management institutions. Establish a high-level deliberation and coordination body, namely the National Energy Commission. Establish the National Energy Administration, which is managed by the National Development and Reform Commission.

-The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology was established. The National Bureau of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense shall be established and managed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau was changed to the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology. The Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense, the Ministry of Information Industry and the the State Council Information Work Office will no longer be retained.

-Establish the Ministry of Communications. Establish the National Civil Aviation Administration, which is managed by the Ministry of Transport. The State Post Bureau was changed to the Ministry of Transport. The Ministry of Communications and the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China will no longer be retained.

-The formation of Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. The establishment of the National Civil Service Bureau, managed by Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security. The Ministry of Personnel and the Ministry of Labor and Social Security will no longer be retained.

-Establishment of the Ministry of Environmental Protection. The State Environmental Protection Administration will no longer be retained.

-The Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development was established. The Ministry of Construction will no longer be retained.

-The US Food and Drug Administration was changed to the Ministry of Health. It is clear that the Ministry of Health is responsible for the comprehensive coordination of food safety and organizes the investigation and handling of major food safety accidents.

After the reform, there are 27 departments in the State Council except the General Office of the State Council. The State Council consists of the following departments:

1. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of People's Republic of China (PRC)

2. Ministry of Defence of People's Republic of China (PRC)

3. National Development and Reform Commission of the People's Republic of China

4. Ministry of Education of People's Republic of China (PRC)

5. Ministry of Science and Technology of the People's Republic of China

6. Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China

7. State Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China

8. Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China

9. Ministry of National Security of People's Republic of China (PRC)

10. Ministry of Supervision of the People's Republic of China

1 1. People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Civil Affairs of the People's Republic of China

12. Ministry of Justice of the People's Republic of China

13. Ministry of Finance of People's Republic of China (PRC)

14. Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, People's Republic of China

15. Ministry of Land and Resources of the People's Republic of China

16. Ministry of Environmental Protection of People's Republic of China (PRC)

17. Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China

18. Ministry of Communications of People's Republic of China (PRC)

19. Ministry of Railways of People's Republic of China (PRC) and China

20. People's Republic of China (PRC) and Ministry of Water Resources

2 1. People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Ministry of Agriculture

22. Ministry of Commerce of People's Republic of China (PRC)

23. Ministry of Culture of People's Republic of China (PRC)

24. Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China

25. People's Republic of China (PRC) population and family planning commission

26. China People's Bank

27. People's Republic of China (PRC) Audit Bureau

The reform of the Ministry system in 2008 should be said to be the key first step. There are also some good innovations in the reform of the Ministry system, such as Shunde, Guangdong Province, which has made great efforts in the reform of the Ministry system. Draft completed

20 13 the drafting of a new round of "Ministry system" reform plan has been basically completed and will be submitted to the upcoming second plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee for discussion. The specific contents of the draft include: the powers and responsibilities of the Ministry of Civil Affairs in expanding social management; The Office of the Food Safety Committee of the State Council integrates the existing food safety supervision departments and establishes a special market order supervision department; The State Oceanic Administration has expanded its power to strengthen the authority of comprehensive marine management; The Ministry of Railways and the Ministry of Transport are expected to be integrated. The reforms such as "big energy", "big culture", "big finance" and "big economic restructuring Committee" that were widely circulated before have not been included in the focus of this round of reform.

The biggest "surprise" of this round of large-scale department system is that it will carry out nationwide food safety supervision reform. An organization called the General Administration of Market Order Supervision can be established. And from the internal reform of each system, we can see a new round of reform. 20 1 1 The industrial and commercial and quality inspection departments below the provincial level began to be adjusted from vertical management of local governments to hierarchical management. Prior to this, the food and drug supervision departments below the provincial level also began to adjust the hierarchical management. According to the food safety law implemented in 2009, local governments take overall responsibility for food safety. Reducing the intervention of the central government can facilitate local governments to exercise their power. The biggest regret of this round of reform of the Ministry system is that the "New Commission for Restructuring the Economy" has been shelved. Previously, economists generally hoped to break the government's own interests and re-establish a substantive reform coordination body similar to the State Commission for Economic Restructuring to take the lead in promoting economic restructuring. However, an expert close to the discussion of the plan told the reporter that the "new commission for restructuring the economy" is not in the reform plan of the large-scale system to be submitted soon, and the weakening of the examination and approval power of the National Development and Reform Commission is also limited. This means that during the Twelfth Five-Year Plan period, the National Development and Reform Commission will still lead the "reform" and "development". "Although the draft has been basically completed, there is still the possibility of revision before it is submitted for discussion." The experts close to the discussion revealed that after the Second Plenary Session, the reform plan of the Ministry system is expected to be "finalized". From today to 28th, the second plenary session of the 18th Central Committee of China Producers' Party will be held in Beijing. The State Council's institutional reform plan, state institutions and candidates recommended by the leaders of China People's Political Consultative Conference will be the main topics of the meeting.

According to the agenda, this meeting will discuss the draft plan for institutional reform and functional transformation in the State Council. In addition, the meeting will also discuss the candidates recommended by the leaders of state institutions to the First Session of the 12th National People's Congress and the candidates recommended by the leaders of CPPCC to the First Session of the 12th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference.

As the National "Two Sessions" are just around the corner, issues related to institutional reform in the State Council have attracted much attention at this meeting. Since the Second Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, especially after the promulgation of Opinions on Deepening the Reform of Administrative Management System, the adjustment of government institutions in China, which focuses on the reform of the Ministry system, has been the focus of Chinese and foreign media.

In March 2008, after the announcement of the State Council's institutional reform plan, the State Council newly established five ministries and commissions, including the Ministry of Transport. After the reform, there are 27 institutions in the State Council. This adjustment has also been called "the first round of reform of the Ministry system" by the media.

20 12, 165438+ 10. In the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the "Ministry system" was mentioned again, and the report of the 18th National Congress called for "steadily advancing the reform of the Ministry system and improving the departmental responsibility system". Some analysts said that the second plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee put the institutional reform in the State Council on the agenda, which was a major measure to implement the administrative system reform proposed by the third plenary session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, and also meant that the upcoming "two sessions" would promote a new round of institutional adjustment in the State Council.

For the new round of institutional adjustment, the the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee meeting pointed out on February 23rd, 20th13rd that "we should be active and steady, step by step, mature first, put the functional transformation in a more prominent position, continue to simplify administration and decentralize power, promote institutional reform, improve institutional mechanisms and improve administrative efficiency."

In this regard, Wang Yukai, a professor at the National School of Administration and vice president of the China Administrative System Reform Research Association, analyzed that this round of institutional adjustment should focus on transforming government functions and rationalizing internal relations, rather than attaching too much importance to the merger of external departments.

"The reform of the Ministry system is not that the bigger the department, the better, but to achieve the goal of decentralization, reduce government intervention in the market and society, cut government power and deprive the government of departmental interests. This is the core. Without these reforms, simple departmental merger is of little significance. "

Wang Yukai said that the reform of the Ministry system is not a simple administrative reform. The early stage of reform is political reform, and the later stage is economic reform. The ministerial system is a combination of the two. Therefore, the reform should be designed not only from the perspective of administration, but also from the perspective of diversification of national and social development.

Some analysts said that promoting government reform is a systematic project, involving all fields of economy and society, and it is difficult to hope to "achieve it overnight". After defining the reform objectives, we should focus on creating conditions, actively and steadily advancing one by one, and truly release a strong reform dividend. (End)