Generally speaking, e-government includes three parts: first, the electronization and networking of office functions within government departments; Second, government functional departments can enjoy authorized real-time information exchange through computer networks; Third, government departments conduct two-way information exchange and decision-making with the public and enterprises through the network. The third part is the external performance of the success of e-government, which is based on the efficiency of the first and second parts and the effectiveness of information communication, so an efficient e-government system should be an organic combination of the above three parts.
The practice of e-government projects in recent years has made people have a new understanding of the complexity of e-government projects. The experience of many countries and regions shows that the most complicated and difficult problem is to realize the government public platform and information sharing. In order to realize "one-stop" service for enterprises and residents, almost no e-government project has nothing to do with "up, down, left and right". Eliminating all kinds of barriers and obstacles between departments and between central and local governments has become the most difficult challenge in almost every e-government project construction. At present, although people have realized the importance of this problem, there is still a lack of real solutions to this problem. From the organizational point of view, some countries have specially set up e-government management departments for this purpose, such as the "Electronic and Communication Technology Bureau" of the French government, the "Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation" of the Italian government and the "Liaison Bureau" of the Irish government, which are responsible for coordinating the construction of e-government projects among government departments.
Judging from the application of e-government, there are mainly the following five aspects: First, it is used for making government affairs public. Governments at all levels widely use powerful government websites to disclose a large amount of government information to the society. The second is to provide online services. The third is to realize resource sharing. Governments at all levels provide public database information resources owned by the government to the public through government websites to realize the value-added utilization of public information resources. Fourth, the internal office is electronic. Meeting notice, information transmission, policy propaganda, laws and regulations promulgation, opinion survey, etc. They are all handled by e-mail to speed up the flow of information. The fifth is to provide protection.
First, foreign experience in developing e-government.
E-government is the inevitable trend of the development of government management. The construction of "information expressway" abroad began in the 1970s, and by the 1990s, e-government had developed rapidly in some developed countries. Throughout the development of e-government in the United States, Canada, Britain, Germany, Japan, South Korea and Singapore, there are many experiences worth learning.
1. The government makes unified planning and formulates technical standards.
1993 The United States formulated and promulgated the National Infrastructure Action Plan of the United States, and 1994 put forward the vision of government information technology services, thus determining the goal of the federal government of the United States to promote the development of e-government. The EU has formulated the "Information Society Action Plan", which has made careful arrangements for the future government informatization. Britain issued the Green Paper in 1996, which made a systematic plan for the development of e-government and put forward short-term and long-term goals. In 1994, the Canadian Minister of Industry put forward a strategic framework for developing information expressway, in which issues related to government informatization are the main contents. 1993, Japan formulated the Action Plan for Promoting Administrative Informatization, and put forward three levels of government informatization: the first level is the Basic Plan for Promoting Administrative Informatization, which was adopted by the Cabinet in 1994; The second level is the action plan to promote administrative information, which was adopted by the Inter-provincial Committee of Administrative Information in 1995. The third level is the specific action plan and scheme put forward by various departments to promote the administrative informatization plan. Singapore recently put forward the e-government plan for 2003-2006, aiming at making e-government more convenient for citizens, customers and the government.
2. Set up full-time institutions to classify government business and integrate business processes.
The Singapore government has set up the Information and Communication Development Authority, which is responsible for the overall and coordinated development of e-government, and organized the establishment of the National E-commerce Action Committee, which is composed of major committees, bureaus and other institutions, with the participation of inter-departmental committees, to coordinate and promote the realization of the goals of e-economy, e-government and e-society.
1994, the American "government information technology service group" emphasizes the use of information technology to assist the interaction between the government and customers, pays attention to the development and integration of electronic information services, and proposes to provide government information according to the convenience of the people to help citizens obtain it in one stop. Canada has positioned the basic framework of e-government core information in the following four aspects: first, the basic framework and service of same-sex e-commerce information; The second is the innovation of single window, that is, the support service of "two stops to the end" service center; Third, network rationalization and management services, such as various communication services, network management master control center services and backbone network services; Fourth, data processing facilities management services.
3. From easy to difficult, implement in stages.
The United States divides the development of e-government into four stages: the first stage is the initial stage, which mainly provides general online information and simple transaction processing; In the second stage, the portal website will be further developed to provide more complex transaction processing, realize initial cooperation, and the technical complexity will be gradually improved; The third stage, realize the reorganization of government business and establish integrated system and complex technical system; In the fourth stage, it is necessary to establish an adaptive government affairs handling system to realize the interactive communication and service among the government, enterprises and citizens. At the same time, establish a highly complex technical support system. According to the plan of the United States, 35% of the government will be in the second stage by 2005, and most government departments will be reformed according to the requirements of e-government by 20 10. Thus, the establishment of e-government is a complicated process, which can not be achieved overnight even in developed countries, and must be implemented step by step.
4. Constantly improve laws and regulations and strengthen the effective protection of information security and privacy.
Information security and privacy protection are extremely concerned issues in the development of e-government in many countries. Therefore, it is very important and urgent for many countries to formulate unified privacy protection standards (such as privacy protection laws), digital signature standards, and corresponding encryption standards for information with different sensitivities to ensure that public information collected by the government is safely stored and maintained and will not be obtained by unauthorized personnel. In practice, countries around the world have taken many corresponding measures according to their own conditions.
The federal government of the United States stipulates that any information system of the federal government shall not begin to collect public information and put it into use until it has passed the privacy protection evaluation and submitted the evaluation report to the chief information officer of the federal government of the United States. 1998, the Singapore government revised the Computer Abuse Act promulgated in 1993, adding three new charges: the act of interfering with or obstructing legal use, the act of entering a computer system to commit crimes, the act of revealing the password for accessing the network, and the act of illegally profiting and causing losses to others. At the same time, the government has also formulated laws and regulations such as Information Security Guide, Electronic Authentication Security Guide, Electronic Transaction Law, Electronic Transaction Law Enforcement Guide and Electronic Transaction (Authentication) Regulations to better safeguard the development of e-government and e-commerce.
5. Implement market-oriented operation to improve the scope and efficiency of e-government.
Marketization of e-government is an important trend of e-government development in the world. An important aspect of this trend is that the investment of enterprises and non-governmental organizations has increasingly become an important channel for e-government funds. The New Zealand government emphasizes that close partnership with private enterprises is the basic element of the success of e-government. In the construction of e-government, the Mexican government solves the problem of government networking by establishing a strategic partnership with private telecom enterprises. South Africa's electronic tax system is jointly built by the South African government's General Administration of Taxation and private enterprises. When enterprises participate in the construction of e-government, the benefits and risks are shared by enterprises and the government, which has achieved what the government wants to do but cannot do, and greatly promoted the construction of e-government. In the second-step plan of e-government from 2003 to 2006, Singapore gave preferential service fees to those who completed relevant government service activities in the form of e-government to encourage the wide application of e-government.
6. Improve the application level of e-government for the whole people.
E-government needs the application of civil servants, citizens and enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the ability of all citizens to apply e-government. Before the full implementation of e-government, British government leaders organized training in time according to the specific needs of government personnel, and their reserve forces were also completed through the education system. In order to improve people's information quality, the Korean government has launched a massive "National Information Education Plan", including housewives, soldiers, the elderly, the disabled, and even prisoners in juvenile detention centers and training centers, all of whom should participate in nationwide information popularization education to bridge the "digital divide" between different regions and different groups.
Secondly, we should pay attention to several relations in the development of e-government in China.
1. the relationship between e-government and China's political system and national conditions
E-government should adapt to the specific political situation in China. E-government is not groundless, it is rooted in a country's specific political situation and can only be used by its own government, enterprises and residents. The long-term management system adapted to the planned economy, the constant market-oriented economic system reform and the political system reform adapted to the market economy have formed a unique political situation in China.
The establishment of e-government information system is a necessary condition for transforming government functions. The development of e-government has attracted the attention of all countries in the world. On the one hand, because the government is the largest information owner and the largest user of information technology in society, a more diligent, clean, streamlined and efficient government can be established by effectively using information technology. On the other hand, because information technology can make people better participate in the government's decision-making activities, thus promoting the progress of the whole society, informatization can not only do what the government could not do before, but also do it faster and better.
2. The relationship between the speed of e-government construction and the process of political reform.
In principle, the construction speed of e-government should adapt to the process of political reform, and actively and steadily carry out e-government according to the principles of possible technology, reliable methods, mature conditions and favorable work. It should be said that through the development of e-government in recent years, e-government has formed a lot of mature experiences at the technical level to learn from, and the method has also formed a strategy from easy to difficult, from policy information release to office program networking and interactive office. With the reduction of telecom tariffs, the reduction of computer equipment prices and the popularization of network knowledge, the conditions of e-government will become better and better, and the promotion of e-government needs unified planning and policy promotion from top to bottom.
In design, according to the current situation and orientation of regime reform, for mature and stable government affairs, we should first realize e-government, and at the same time leave room for the content space and technical application of government affairs, so as to continuously expand and improve with regime reform and reduce the reform cost; In addition, the system reform should also fully consider the development trend of e-government and the superior characteristics of personalized service, and actively use the advanced experience and achievements in the practice of e-government in the reform to improve the level and efficiency of e-government.
3. The relationship between the government's transformation from management to service.
The transformation of the government from management to service can be explained from the following aspects:
Change of ideas. The transformation of government functions from management to service, first of all, or more importantly, the concept, attitude, style and behavior of national civil servants should be greatly changed, from managing the people to serving the people.
Institutional arrangements. To realize the transformation of government functions from management to service, we need a good and self-improving institutional arrangement. The so-called good institutional arrangement is to get the understanding and support of the vast majority of people; Continuous self-improvement means that a good system may still encounter unforeseen circumstances, including various shortcomings, in the implementation process. In the system setting, we should pay attention to the construction of its self-improvement ability.
Work object. Under different management modes, the performance of working procedures is significantly different. In the management-oriented government, the object of civil servants' service is the leaders at the next higher level, and they are responsible for the leaders; In a service-oriented government, the working object and service object of civil servants are unified, and whether civil servants are satisfied with the service object is the main criterion to judge their work quality. At this point, the job of the leader at the next higher level is to supervise and check whether the work at the next lower level meets the requirements of the government's work objectives.
Work content. The choice of work content and the implementation effect are important characteristics reflecting the effectiveness of government work. Effective government work should be able to grasp the main problems and key issues, and use steel in the cutting edge. To do this, government leaders need to have good professional quality, keen insight and decisive decision-making ability. They need to start with the selection of leading cadres and implement the assessment of leading cadres, realize dynamic competitive management and maintain permanent vitality.
4. The relationship between information transparency and government information confidentiality and social stability
It should be said that there are many kinds of government information, some of which belong to national military and political security, some belong to the decision-making process of government work and do not need to be made public, and some belong to the personal privacy of government officials, such as work route, home address, home phone number and relatives' work units. The transparency of government information should be the transparency of policies, procedures of government departments, surnames of responsible persons, compilation materials, etc. It is the transparency of government information that has authority and responsibility according to national security and the safety of government workers, and it should not be the transparency of all information. With the implementation of e-government, the transparency of government information will be further improved, the content of government information confidentiality will be reduced, and its strictness will be further enhanced.
In the long run, the transparency of government information will be beneficial to the long-term stability of society, because the transparency of information makes different interest groups reduce the information gap and eventually tend to balance. Balanced information possession, in fair, open and just government management, its benefit distribution will also tend to be balanced. Balanced distribution of interests is the foundation of social stability. But in the short term, the interests of various interest groups are unbalanced, and the transparency of information will lead to the redistribution of interests. If this distribution is not optimal, the party with reduced interests will inevitably have an unbalanced psychology, especially when this imbalance is expected to be a long-term state, which will inevitably have a serious impact on social stability. Therefore, in the process of e-government, we should fully consider the information that leads to the redistribution of benefits and implement it step by step on the basis of full preparation for the consequences.
5. The relationship between e-government and e-commerce
Economic activities determine the basic state of people's lives, and economic activities are an important part of all people's activities. E-commerce has gradually entered people's lives and will be more extensive and in-depth in the future, so it will inevitably become one of the main objects of e-government. According to the characteristics of e-commerce, it is one of the primary tasks of e-government to adopt appropriate and efficient intervention methods to ensure the normal development of e-commerce. At the same time, the development of e-commerce will also provide a new research topic for e-government, and people's lives will be more flexible and colorful in mutual promotion.