Academic papers are articles used to conduct scientific research and describe scientific research achievements, which are referred to as papers for short. It is not only a means to discuss problems in scientific research, but also a tool to describe scientific research achievements for academic exchange. Including academic papers, graduation papers, dissertations, scientific papers, etc. , collectively referred to as academic papers.

1, academic paper

Let's start with the school year paper. Academic paper is an academic paper that colleges and universities require students to complete every academic year, and it is a primary form of academic paper. Its purpose is to guide students to learn to conduct scientific research on the professional knowledge they have learned in a school year. Write an article every academic year to gradually cultivate students' scientific research ability and lay the foundation for writing graduation thesis in the future. Writing academic papers should be carried out under the guidance of a tutor.

In our school, the implementation of each major is different. This is required by the Academic Degrees Ordinance. The Ministry of Education stipulates that academic year papers should be written first. After gradually accumulating experience, it won't be too difficult to write a graduation thesis when you graduate. However, many schools do not regard term papers as a way or tool to cultivate students' scientific research ability. Then near graduation, students still don't know how to write their graduation thesis. Of course, there are still quite a few institutions of higher learning, especially key institutions, which attach great importance to the writing of academic thesis, because only by training the writing of academic thesis can we logically transition to the writing of graduation thesis. From the teaching of each course to the final exam, in a sense, it is actually training thesis writing for a semester or a school year. Because all teachers give you a little knowledge problem from the perspective of their own courses, and then give you a discussion problem. Then for essay questions, it should be said that experienced teachers can make good use of essay questions to train students to write papers. Some schools do this, but some schools are not on the agenda. Or does every teacher specifically ask students to do homework once, without emphasizing their studies? The former Chinese Department of Beijing Normal University, now the College of Liberal Arts requires students to train and write academic papers from the second year of college, and hold paper competitions on special days such as May 4 or July 1 day,1February 29 to train students in paper writing. Then every school year, every teacher has the responsibility to train students to write academic papers and lay the foundation for future graduation papers. Then this is a concept and related situation.

2. Graduation thesis

The following is the graduation thesis. What is a graduation thesis? Graduation thesis is a summative academic thesis independently completed by recent college graduates. Here are a few points that need everyone's attention: first, fresh graduates; The second is to complete it independently, of course, under the guidance of the teacher; The third is summative. The so-called summative, that is, the purpose of the topic in the future, such as the Chinese department, may choose Chinese or literature. Language, you may prefer ancient Chinese, or modern Chinese, or applied linguistics. In literature, you may like classical literature, or modern literature, or contemporary literature and foreign literature. Foreign literature, you may like eastern Europe or western Europe, or Japan. Generally speaking, the professional point is stronger. Why is it summative? Although the topic you choose may be the most interesting topic you have studied in the past four years, you need to mobilize all kinds of basic knowledge to really write a decent and qualified graduation thesis. So we can check the level of basic knowledge, basic theory and basic skills you have learned in four or three and a half years through your graduation thesis. Therefore, in this sense, the graduation thesis is summative.

So it's a paper, which means it's different from the usual feeling of reading. Write down your own perceptual knowledge. The graduation thesis is academic. The so-called academic, that is, when you put forward your own point of view, you must have your own sufficient reasons to prove it, so that your argument can stand. Not only can we gain a firm foothold, but we also require your theory to make a certain contribution to society or your discipline.

Why do students have to write graduation thesis before graduation? The main purpose is to let students sum up their learning achievements in the past four years. The school examines students' graduation thesis to see how they can comprehensively apply what they have learned to solve practical problems. One is the comprehensive application of learned knowledge, and the other is the ability to solve practical problems, which are two main points. So don't underestimate the graduation thesis, just choose a topic and write it. After you really start writing, you will feel that through the writing of this paper, you have combed everything you have learned, which is a good exercise. As long as he is a student who writes a paper carefully, his final experience is that if I hadn't written this paper, I might not know how much knowledge and ability I have mastered. Because of the exams of various courses, I sometimes take the closed-book exam by reciting. But this paper is open and doesn't need to be recited. Mainly depends on your ability to choose a topic, whether you can combine social practice and choose a topic that society needs. Depends on your social sensitivity. This is also an investigation. From the perspective of topic selection, this is an investigation of ability, whether this paper has value, what kind of value, how profound and novel it is.

When you choose a topic, it is not so simple to really form a paper. Some students said that I could finish my graduation thesis in a flash. Generally speaking, it takes me nearly a semester to write my graduation thesis. From our experience, in the last semester of grade four, we have assigned students to various tutors, and the tutors communicate with the students they tutor. Students choose a topic, and the tutor will study it to see if it is suitable. Ask the students to write an outline if appropriate. Don't start writing until the outline is approved by the tutor. In terms of time, it is nearly a semester. Of course, there are also some schools that may just make a surprise attack and let students finish it in the last month or two. So what kind of level is such a paper? We can make a comparison. Of course, we don't mean long-term good, short-term bad. But then again, we say that writing a paper needs to collect a lot of information to think about. Whether there is enough time still has an impact on the quality of the paper. This is my graduation thesis, mainly because the school can examine students' comprehensive ability to use knowledge and solve practical problems through graduation thesis. At the same time, students will also be trained by scientific research norms in the process of writing papers, otherwise they will not know what scientific research is at all. Answering big questions in exams is not scientific research. That is, you face a course and see how you learn. An experienced teacher is bound to come up with an essay question, that is, to examine students' problem-solving ability in the face of the course being taught. So graduation thesis is very important for students.

The graduation thesis should be selected according to the requirements of students' majors and training under the guidance of tutors. Some students said that I didn't know how to choose a topic. Then I said that after I finished my class today, you should know how to choose a topic. What kind of topic should I choose for my thesis? Then communicate with your tutor when you are uncertain. Why do you need a mentor? The purpose of having a tutor is to further cultivate students' scientific research ability on this big topic. The completion of graduation thesis is also approved by the tutor. According to my own experience, the tutor thinks that your paper is finished, that is, it is finalized. After the manuscript is finalized, the tutor will invite several teachers to form a thesis defense team, and then let the students defend their own papers. In other words, after reading your paper, all the teachers in the defense group will ask relevant questions from the paper, and you should make realistic answers to the questions raised by the judges. One is to write a paper in writing, and the other is to reply after the paper is completed. These two processes are combined, and finally the defense group grades the students' papers. Then after this process is over, we will say that this graduation thesis has been written. Graduation thesis is now divided into three grades, one is undergraduate thesis, the other is graduate thesis and the other is doctoral thesis. Then the requirements of these three levels of graduation thesis are different.

3. Thesis

Let's talk about another concept-dissertation. An academic thesis written by a degree applicant is called a degree thesis. This kind of thesis is an important condition for evaluating whether an applicant can be awarded a degree. So what kind of people can apply? Degree applicants will be awarded if they can pass the required course examinations and pass the thesis examination and defense. If an applicant for a degree passes the course examination, but his thesis is rated as unqualified in the defense, then he will not be awarded a degree. Let me put it in a popular way: what is the popular view in schools at present? That is, you have to pass all the courses and get full credits. This is a test of your basic professional knowledge, professional knowledge and basic skills. What is a hard indicator now? A very hard indicator is English. If you haven't passed CET-4, then you are not a person who can apply for knowledge. I repeat, you can't apply for a degree in two situations: one is that you haven't passed the CET-4 and professional courses, but you are not eligible to apply for a degree only if you haven't passed the foreign language exam; In the second case, you have passed CET-4, but you are not qualified to apply for a degree even if you make up the important courses in this subject. To put it more clearly, anyone who is qualified to apply for a degree in an undergraduate course must first complete all the credits required by the school within four years, and then pass Band 4 before you can apply for a degree.

Then when you are eligible to apply for a degree, the graduation thesis you write for it is called a degree thesis, a bachelor's degree thesis. A bachelor's degree thesis is both a degree thesis and a graduation thesis. If you don't pass CET-4, but all the credits are full, you can graduate, and the thesis you write is just a graduation thesis, not a degree. Similarly, master students can apply for a master's degree after completing all courses and passing CET-6. Their graduation thesis is both a master's degree thesis and a graduation thesis. In the second year of master's degree, the credits are not enough, and the foreign language has not passed, so it is not allowed to start the topic. You are not allowed to start a topic, you are not allowed to continue studying, and you should be eliminated. The master can go to the third grade and complete the credits when he graduates. Only when he has passed the foreign language and the topic can he be qualified to write a master's degree thesis. In the same way, so do doctors. Therefore, a dissertation and a graduation thesis are the same thing for some people. A thesis can have two meanings, both a graduate student and a degree. But for some people, they graduated without a degree.

First, the standards and requirements for writing a bachelor's degree thesis.

Then I will explain the standards and requirements of bachelor's degree thesis in more detail. First of all, a bachelor's degree thesis. What are the requirements for a bachelor's degree thesis? The paper should reflect the author's solid professional basic knowledge, have certain ability to study science independently, and have his own unique views on the research topic, and the paper has certain academic value. Generally speaking, you should have a solid professional basic knowledge: if the basic knowledge is floating, the paper will definitely not be written well. This is the premise of writing a good graduation thesis; Independent scientific research ability: I don't mean copying a lot of articles in the world. I chose a writer with a lot of references. I just need to spell out a paper. This will definitely fail the paper. As a graduation thesis, you must have your own unique opinions, and never follow others' advice. Even if your point of view is the same as others', you should change your perspective and have your own discussion process. So the ability of independent scientific research refers to many aspects. One is the topic selection, through which you can see your ability; Second, if your topic is the same as others, for example, everyone is studying Shen Congwen's Xiangxi literature, but everyone has different opinions, or to say the least, they all have the same evaluation: from the perspective of Xiangxi literature, Shen Congwen is unique and no one can surpass him. The evaluation is consistent, but everyone has their own starting point. Different entry points are also the performance of students' independent scientific research ability. If the starting point is different, you will show your unique views in some places in the process of elaboration. Therefore, we all frame our scientific research ability within a certain range, because you are an undergraduate, different from master students and doctoral students. This is from the perspective of a bachelor, that is, your undergraduate.

Second, the standards and requirements for writing master's degree thesis.

The standards and requirements for writing master's thesis are the basic knowledge of theorists. What I just said is solid professional basic knowledge. There are extensive and in-depth basic knowledge and theoretical knowledge in related fields. It's unfolded here. For undergraduates, we only require solid basic knowledge, while for master students, it is extensive and in-depth basic knowledge and theoretical knowledge in related fields. Because we have many interdisciplinary subjects, we must go out of our own fields and have relevant theoretical knowledge in some research. For example, writers and works studying Chinese must have knowledge of philosophy, sociology and psychology, otherwise your paper will have no depth and breadth. The ability to carry out independent scientific research is "certain scientific research ability" for undergraduates, but it is necessary for master students. Of course, this independence is inseparable from the guidance of the tutor. You must have original ideas about the subject you are studying. In other words, you must have original opinions on all topics. I just talked about the master's thesis. Compared with the bachelor's thesis, as a master's thesis, the judges can see its better scientific value.

Third, the standards and requirements for writing doctoral thesis.

As a doctoral thesis, this thesis should show that theorists can master professional knowledge in professional fields and related fields, and it highlights the word profound rather than extensive. Last year, the president of Peking University said at the president's forum that under normal circumstances, there are almost five or six foreign doctoral tutors, and the tutors are mainly in one discipline and cross each other. Therefore, this is a doctor worthy of the name, who has profound attainments not only in the professional field, but also in related fields. Then this situation is lacking in China. A tutor brings five, six or even a dozen doctors. In foreign countries, five or six teachers bring a doctor, and teachers from different disciplines bring a doctor together. We only need to have a general understanding of the situation abroad, that is, to have profound knowledge in professional fields and related fields, which is the first. Second, we should have skilled scientific research ability, originality and unique opinions in this major. The difference between originality and originality is that originality means having your own opinions based on your own professional knowledge. Creativity is in this field, which others have not involved, but you can think about it and really make a contribution in this field. Therefore, this paper has high academic value. This is the third concept I talked about. I gave an overview of these three kinds of papers, including bachelor's thesis, master's thesis and doctoral thesis, and what their general standards are.