When the British and French allied forces looted Yuanmingyuan crazily, countless bandits took part in the robbery. Take everything that can be taken away, and pull the car or animals that can't be taken away. Destroy it if you can't take it away! Those inhuman British and French allied forces chose the most precious things to rob, bandits plundered the remaining essence, Wang picked up the scraps abandoned by the Committee, and even the eunuchs guarding the garden took advantage of the fire to rob. Precious things that were readily available were quickly cleaned up, and some people pinned their hopes on exquisite treasures scattered and buried in the dust. They picked up brooms and dustpans and flew sand and dust in the middle of the garden. Eunuchs and soldiers guarding the garden call them "soil-sifting thieves", and sometimes there is a saying: "soil-sifting, soil-sifting, never suffering." /kloc-in 0/900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and the gardens in the western suburbs were looted again. This time, the Qing government has completely lost control of Yuanmingyuan, and those who took advantage of the fire are not satisfied with robbing Yuanmingyuan.
Foreigners robbed the rest of the wealth. They sawed off the scattered buildings, columns and wooden bridges left over from the fire in the garden and pulled them down with big ropes, and all the trees in the garden were hacked. At that time, the timber in Qinghe town was piled up like a mountain, and the trade was busy. There were many charcoal factories in the park, and all the branches and roots were burned into charcoal. In the early years of the Republic of China, warlords who changed like lanterns regarded Yuanmingyuan as an inexhaustible building material field. There are many helpless records in the archives of Puyi period: "Soldiers use 10 cars to pull Taihu Stone in the garden every day." In fact, the situation of dismantling and selling is far more serious than that recorded in the file. Xu Shichang demolished the timber of Ming and Jing Spring Gardens in Yuanmingyuan, and Wang Huaiqing demolished the wall of Anyou Palace and the stone of the west building in the garden. Since then, everything that can be used as building materials in Yuanmingyuan ruins, from square bricks, roof tiles, wall bricks and stone strips on the ground to underground wooden nails, stakes and copper pipes, has been collected and pulled intermittently for more than 20 years! At this point, the buildings, trees and masonry of Yuanmingyuan have all disappeared. At the end of Xuan Tong, local banners built houses on the ruins of the palace in the park, facing the former royal garden. During the Japanese occupation period after 1940, Beijing was short of food, so it was rewarded for land reclamation. Since then, farmers have successively entered the park to fill the lake in Pingshan and open up wasteland to grow rice. Yuanmingyuan, a painstaking effort in the early Qing Dynasty 150 years of victory over lakes and mountains, is beyond recognition.
Site protection and restoration
Kangxi period
In the forty-eighth year of Kangxi (1709), Emperor Kangxi (that is, Emperor Michelle Ye of the Qing Dynasty) gave a garden one mile north of Changchun Garden in the northwest suburb of Beijing to his fourth son, Yin Zhen, and personally wrote the garden as "Yuanmingyuan".
Yongzheng period
In the third year of Yongzheng (1725), Yong Zhengdi (namely Emperor Sejong of the Qing Dynasty, Yin Zhen) built a palace office in the south of Yuanmingyuan, covering an area of more than 3,000 mu from the original 600 mu. From then on, Yuanmingyuan was not only a place for the Qing emperors to rest and visit, but also a place for them to meet foreign envoys and handle their daily affairs.
Qianlong period
After Emperor Qianlong ascended the throne, he adjusted the garden landscape in Yuanmingyuan, increased the number of architectural groups, and built Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (Tongzhi renamed Wanchun Garden) in the east and southeast of Yuanmingyuan. These three gardens are managed by the management minister of Yuanmingyuan, and are called Yuanming Three Gardens.
Xianfeng period
In August of the tenth year of Xianfeng (1860), the British and French allied forces invaded Beijing. On October 6th, 65438/kloc-0, Yuanmingyuan was occupied. From the next day, the officers and men began to rob and destroy crazily. In order to force the Qing government to accept peace conditions as soon as possible, British Minister Erkin and British Commander Grant ordered Lieutenant General Mitchell to lead more than 3,500 invading troops to Yuanmingyuan in June+65,4381October+August, 5438, and set them on fire. The fire lasted for three days and nights.
After tongzhi
During the Tongzhi period (1750- 1949), the Tongzhi emperor prepared to restore the Yuanmingyuan for the Empress Dowager Cixi to live in. Later, due to financial difficulties, it was forced to stop work and rebuild other buildings. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded Beijing, and Yuanmingyuan was destroyed again. After the demise of the Qing Dynasty, some warlords, politicians and bureaucrats stole the building materials of Yuanmingyuan, and the site of Yuanmingyuan was further destroyed.
People's Republic of China (PRC) period
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), the state attached great importance to the protection of Yuanmingyuan site. 1979, Yuanmingyuan site was listed as a key cultural relics protection unit in Beijing. After that, the repair work of Yuanmingyuan site gradually began. Later, it became the Yuanmingyuan Ruins Park. Restoration map of Yuanmingyuan
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architectural feature
Located in the northwest suburb of Beijing, Yuanmingyuan was built in the Ming Dynasty. 1709, Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty gave it to his fourth son Yin Zhen (later Yong Zhengdi) and named it Yuanmingyuan. After more than 50 years' operation by the five emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang and Xianfeng/KLOC-0, we have concentrated a lot of material resources, entertained countless skilled craftsmen, poured the blood and sweat of millions of working people, and built a large-scale and beautiful detached palace. Every summer, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty came here to spend the summer, listen to politics and deal with military and political affairs, so it is also called the Summer Palace. Yuanmingyuan Fiona Fang10km is composed of Yuanmingyuan, Wanchun Garden and Changchun Garden. Yuanmingyuan is the largest, so it is called Yuanmingyuan (also known as Yuanming Three Gardens). In addition, there are many affiliated gardens in the east, west and south of Yuanmingyuan, including Jingyi Garden in Xiangshan, Jingming Garden in Yuquan Mountain and Qingyi Garden (the later Summer Palace was built on this basis). , with a total area of more than 5000 mu. Yuanmingyuan not only brought together several famous scenic spots in the south of the Yangtze River, but also creatively transplanted western garden buildings, which was a masterpiece of gardening art at that time. There are magnificent palaces, light and exquisite pavilions in the garden; There are "buying and selling streets" symbolizing lively markets and "mountain villas" symbolizing rural scenery; Some are modeled after the autumn moon in Pinghu, the sunset photos of Leifeng in Hangzhou West Lake, and some are modeled after the lion forest scenic spots in Suzhou. There are also poems and paintings modeled after ancient poets and painters, such as Penglai Yaotai and Wuling Chunjing. It can be said that Yuanmingyuan is the crystallization of the wisdom and sweat of the working people in our country, and it is also a model of the architectural art and culture of our people. Not only that, Yuanmingyuan also contains countless priceless treasures with different styles, extremely precious historical classics and rich and precious historical relics, such as paintings, gold and silver jewelry, Song and Yuan porcelain and so on. It can be called one of the treasures of human culture and the largest museum in the world. Yuanmingyuan is a large-scale artificial garden with beautiful scenery. The flat land is stacked with mountains to control water, exquisite garden buildings and wide planting of flowers and trees. Rolling hills, winding water, pavilions, winding promenades, islands and bridges divide the vast space into 100 scenic spots with different tastes surrounded by mountains and rivers. The water surface in the park accounts for about four-tenths of the total area of the three parks. Large, medium and small water surfaces are artificially dug on the flat ground, and the rivers flowing around the circle are connected in series to form a complete river and lake system. There are 250 earth mountains in the park, large and small, which are combined with the water system. The water turns with the mountains and the mountains live because of the water, forming a well-defined garden space. Let the whole garden be as foggy as a water town in the south of the Yangtze River. Although it is made by people, it is impossible. The water theme features of architecture The landscape of Yuanmingyuan is mostly based on water, which makes it interesting, and many of them directly absorb the interest of famous waterscapes in the south of the Yangtze River. Surrounded by nine small islands, the Houhu Scenic Area of Yuanmingyuan is a symbol of Gong Yu and Jiuzhou. Build Yuanmingyuan on every island.
Small gardens or scenic spots have their own characteristics and learn from each other. There is a good chance of climbing Yueyang Tower to see Dongting Lake. "The rainbow is near the lake, spanning hundreds of feet, trimming fences and cutting wings, and it is a wide pavilion. The reflection of the tattoo, between the lintels and overlooking the sky, is a blue sky. " The west coast looks like watching fish in Yuquan, Hangzhou. Commonly known as goldfish pond. "Chiseling pool is a country where fish are happy, and there are more than a thousand scales beside the pool." Wanfang in the west of Yuanmingyuan is peaceful. The house is built by the lake, shaped like a Chinese character, warm in winter and cool in summer, with exotic flowers and grasses embroidered on the other side in the distance. Yong Zhengdi likes living here. Shui Mu residents in the north of Yuanmingyuan used Taixi (Xize) water method to introduce water into the room, and turned the fan. "The forest is rustling, the water is flowing, the stream is rustling and the birds are singing." Emperor Qianlong likes to spend the summer here. Serene of the West Lake in Changchun Garden has a three-story temple on the circular platform in Bai Yushi, which looks like a mirage from a distance. Penglai Yaotai in Fuhai is based on the mythical Penglai Fairy Island, formerly known as Penglai Island. According to legend, Qin Shihuang sent a man named Xu Fu to lead more than 1000 boys and girls across the ocean to find fairyland and fairy medicine for him, so that the enterprise could live forever. This can only be "a sailing tourist will talk about Japan, and the water and fog are hidden outside the method." Yong Zhengdi asked craftsmen to build three islands with rugged boulders in the East Lake of Yuanmingyuan, symbolizing the legendary "Three Immortals Mountain" of Penglai, Yingzhou and the abbot. There are halls and pavilions on the island, just like five golden halls. Twelve Jade Buildings ",and press" Xu Yuanmingyuan "
The meaning of "searching in the rich sea" named East Lake "Fuhai". There are also more than ten beautiful gardens on the four banks of Fuhai. Fuhai, five or six hundred meters wide from east to west, north to south, and the surrounding small waters, is about 35 hectares, which is equivalent to the water surface of Beihai Park. Here, the water is open and the scenery is beautiful. Every year during the Dragon Boat Festival, a large-scale dragon boat race is held here. On the night of July 15, the Qing emperor watched the river lantern here. After freezing in winter, the emperor took an ice bed to play in Fuhai. Fuhai is actually the water entertainment center of Yuanmingyuan. Another notable feature of Yuanmingyuan, which combines the architectural features of the whole country, is that it imitates many famous gardens all over the country, especially in the south of the Yangtze River. Li Hongceng, emperor of Qianlong, visited Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces six times in the south, visited Wutai stations in the west and visited Daiyue, Jehol, Shengjing (Shenyang) and Panshan Mountain in the east. Wherever he goes, he likes famous mountains, rivers and gardens. After returning to Beijing, he will let the accompanying painters draw and copy in the garden. According to incomplete statistics, there are no fewer than forty or fifty places that directly copy the landscape of Yuanmingyuan. The ten scenic spots of West Lake in Hangzhou are all copied from the park, and the names will not be changed. As the saying goes: whoever says the scenery in the south of the Yangtze River is beautiful will shrink in your arms. After Emperor Qianlong's southern tour, Yuanmingyuan has four famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River. An Lan Garden in the northwest of Fuhai is one of them. In the twenty-seventh year of Qianlong's southern tour, Chen Jiao Garden in Haining was named "An Lan Garden". Emperor Qianlong liked the wonderful structure of this garden very much. After returning to Beijing, he rebuilt and built around the Four Overflows Bookstore in Yuanmingyuan, imitating its location. After the garden was completed, it was named "An Lan Garden". At that time, Changchun Garden also built three other famous gardens. One is the Xiaoleyuan Garden, which was built in the East Courtyard of Siyongzhai in the 23rd year of Qianlong's reign, modeled after the Wangyuan Garden of West Lake in Hangzhou. One was built in the thirty-second year of Qianlong, modeled after Jiangning (Nanjing). One is the lion forest built in the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong, modeled after the famous gardens in Suzhou. For example, the Garden and Lion Forest have 16 scenic spots respectively. The west peak of Yuanmingyuan is beautiful, and it is the place where yongzheng emperor and Emperor Qianlong held a wonderful Tanabata feast on the seventh day of July. Here, you can borrow the scenery of the western hills. On the west bank of the river, there are a group of overlapping mountains, majestic and steep, and waterfalls in the mountain stream rush down. Looking closely, it looks like the majestic momentum of Lushan Mountain, hence the name "Little Kuanglu". Sitting on a stone by a stream, imitating the Yinshan Lanting in Shaoxing. Built in Yongzheng period, commonly known as Liu Beiting. Scholars such as Wang Xizhi of the Eastern Jin Dynasty once lived in Yonghe on March 3, 1999 (the last day). They would gather in Lanting to meet, meander water, compose poems and repair wedges (sacrificial activities), which became a much-told story. The Lanting in the Yuanmingyuan, in the ravine, is rugged with rocks and continuous shock waves, and there are three-bay double-eaves pavilions. In the forty-four years of Qianlong, six "Preface to Lanting" posts by famous calligraphers of past dynasties were collected, which, together with the handwriting of great scholar Yu Min and Emperor Qianlong himself, became the "Eight Columns of Lanting". Emperor Qianlong requested that the pavilion be converted into eight directions and replaced with stone pillars, each of which was engraved with pillars. This is the famous Eight Pillars of Lanting in Yuanmingyuan. Dagong Kuanran, later also known as Shuanghezhai, was modeled after Jichang Garden in Huishan, Wuxi. The northern part of this scene is in the middle period of Qianlong, which is modeled after the Yunlin stone chamber rock of Panshan Jingji Mountain Villa. Jiaqing poem praised "Shuanghe Zhai": the structure is deeply like Huishan, and the famous garden is quiet and leisurely. The winding path is steep, the pine and cypress are lush, the hole is rugged, and the stone is not stubborn. People know that the humorous garden in the Summer Palace is modeled after Huishan Airport Garden. In fact, there was a Jichang Garden in Yuanmingyuan at that time. It's just that the artistic conception of the two imitations has its own merits. Spring scenery in Wuling describes the artistic conception of Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden. Built at the end of Kangxi, it was called Taohuawu during Yongzheng. This used to be the place where Li Hong studied, and the library was called "Leshan Hall". In this scene, it is said that there are 10 thousand mountain peaches. There is an ancient Taohuawu in Nagato, Suzhou, which is said to be the former residence of Tang Bohu. Although the name of Taohuawu in Yuanmingyuan is adopted, it is not as good as Shengyuan in Peach Blossom Garden. The modeling feature of the building is that there are more than 100 gardens and scenic buildings in Yuanming Three Gardens, which are usually called 100 scenic spots. It integrates various garden buildings such as halls, pavilions, pavilions, halls and corridors, covering an area of about 6.5438+0.6 million square meters. More than the total construction area of the Forbidden City 10000 square meters. The buildings in the park not only absorbed the advantages of the palace-style buildings of past dynasties, but also broke through the shackles of official norms in many aspects such as plane configuration, appearance modeling and group combination, and recruited a wide variety. It has created many rare architectural forms in the north and south, such as Zixuan, Ma Yuexuan, Tian Zi Temple, fan-shaped, bow-shaped, round mirror-shaped, I-shaped, mountain-shaped, cross-shaped, square-shaped, book-shaped and so on. In addition, in the layout of the garden, the scenery changes with the situation; All kinds of scenery in the park are interlocking and distinct, forming a colorful, natural and harmonious overall beauty. Wang Zhicheng, a French missionary, once had an image description. He said: there are many changes in the form of the buildings in Yuanmingyuan, which are uneven and have no stereotypes. Each of its small palaces seems to be made according to a strange model, which seems to be randomly arranged, and none of them is the same as the others. Everything is so interesting that people can't enjoy the scenery at a glance. They must study it carefully bit by bit. The religious features of the temple gardens in Yuanmingyuan also reflect the ancient culture of China. Anyou Palace (Hongci Permanent) was built according to the old practice of Jingshan Shouhuang Hall. It is the royal ancestral temple in the park, dedicated to the "Emperor" of Kangxi and Yong Zhengdi. There are nine palaces with a ridge and double eaves and covered with yellow glazed tiles. This is the largest building in the garden. There are two pairs of China watches at the southern end of the central axis, which are surrounded by Qiao Songyan's cover, giving people a sense of solemnity. Fanghu Scenic Area is located in the northeast bay of Fuhai, built according to the imaginary fairy mountain Qiongge. According to historical records, there are more than 2,200 Buddha statues and more than 30 pagodas here. The front base of the building is made of white marble, which is in the shape of a mountain and extends into the water. The whole building is huge and magnificent. Whenever the mist first rises in the morning, the building appears and disappears in the smoke, just like Qiongge Yaotai. The style and momentum of this building are rare among the existing garden buildings in China. The Acropolis is a typical Buddhist building. It is said that it was built by imitating the layout of the capital of Sharo, and it is an ancient Indian bridge. There are 326 temples and houses in this city. Since Kangxi, whenever the emperor and the empress dowager celebrated their birthdays, the Buddha statues presented by princes and ministers were stored here. Among them, there are pure gold, silver-plated, jade carving and copper plastic, and there are hundreds of thousands of them year after year. Yuanmingyuan was ransacked and burned, and the losses caused by this place alone, whether it is economic value or cultural and artistic value, are difficult to measure by numbers. Evaluation of Yuanmingyuan Architecture Yuanmingyuan embodies the essence of ancient gardening art in China and is the most outstanding large-scale garden at that time. Emperor Qianlong put it well: "There is no better place, a place full of treasures and spirits." But also occupies an important position in the history of world landscape architecture. Its reputation spread to Europe, and it was called "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". Hugo, a great French writer, commented on 186 1: "Just imagine that it is a fascinating building like the castle of the Moon Palace, and the Summer Palace is such a building." It is often said that Greece has the Parthenon, Egypt has the pyramids, Rome has the Colosseum and the East has the Summer Palace. This is an amazing and unparalleled masterpiece.
Location and scale
The Qing Dynasty invested all the material resources of the whole country, gathered countless exquisite craftsmen, filled lakes and piled mountains, planted exotic flowers and trees, gathered 40 scenic spots at home and abroad, built 145 large buildings, and stored countless art treasures and books and cultural relics. Among these buildings, in addition to the quadrangles with Chinese style, there are also western-style buildings such as Haiyan Hall and Garden Cinema in Changchun Garden, which is known as the "Garden of Ten Thousand Gardens". 1860, British and French troops invaded Beijing and burned Yuanmingyuan. 1900, Eight-Nation Alliance went to Beijing, burned and looted, and Empress Dowager Cixi fled to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu. Eight Banners soldiers, bandits and local ruffians took advantage of the fire to rob nearly 100 buildings that remained in the park and were basically restored, and all the buildings and ancient and famous trees in Yuanmingyuan were completely destroyed. Since then, the cultural relics of Yuanmingyuan have been plundered by bureaucrats, warlords and profiteers for a long time, and even destroyed by government authorities in a planned way. The dignitaries of Beiyang government, including some people responsible for the protection of Yuanmingyuan site, relied on their power to transport stone carvings and Taihu stones from Yuanmingyuan to repair their gardens. The invaders not only took away precious historical relics, but also turned them into ashes without mercy. Yuanmingyuan covers an area of 350 hectares, of which the water surface area is about 140 hectares. The plot ratio of Yuanmingyuan is 10,000 square meters more than that of the Forbidden City, and the water area is equal to a Summer Palace, with a total area of 8.5 Forbidden City! It inherits the excellent gardening tradition of China for more than 3,000 years, which has both the elegance of palace architecture and the euphemism of Jiangnan gardens. At the same time, it absorbs European garden architecture forms and blends different styles of garden architecture, making people feel harmony and perfection in the overall layout. It can really be said: "Although it was made by people, it is a fable." Yuanmingyuan is not only famous for its gardens, but also a royal museum with a rich collection. Hugo, a great French writer, once said: "Even if all the treasures of all museums in China are added together, it can't compare with this magnificent Oriental Museum." The lobby of the park is decorated with countless mahogany furniture and displays many rare cultural relics at home and abroad. Garden Hanyuan Pavilion is one of the four royal libraries in China. There are precious books and cultural relics such as Sikuquanshu, Integration of Ancient and Modern Books and Essentials of Sikuquanshu in the park. Yuanmingyuan was once famous for its grand geographical scale, outstanding architectural skills, exquisite architectural landscape, rich cultural collection and profound national cultural connotation, and was known as "the model of all gardening arts" and "the garden of ten thousand gardens". 18601October 6, the British and French allied forces looted the Yuanmingyuan, and all the cultural relics were looted. 18-0916 October, more than 3,000 intruders broke into the courtyard and burned the buildings in the garden. The once miraculous and mythical Yuanmingyuan has become a ruin, leaving only broken walls for tourists to mourn. Historical Background of Construction Manchu people have lived in Heilongjiang River Basin in northeast China for generations. /kloc-In the middle of the 7th century, it invaded North China on a large scale, completely overthrew the Ming Dynasty, entered Beijing from the northeast as the capital, seized the national political power, and established the last feudal ruling dynasty in history-the Qing Dynasty. Because the Qing rulers lived a nomadic life in the northeast before entering the customs, with snow-covered forests in winter and cool climate in summer. After entering the customs, they didn't adapt to the dry and hot climate in Beijing in midsummer. Although the Forbidden City is resplendent and magnificent, the emperors of the Qing Dynasty found it dull and dreary. Especially in the early years of Kangxi, after the fire broke out in the Forbidden City, a high palace wall was built to prevent fire and riots. The courtyards in the palace set each other off and became interesting. The water in the stream was so gentle that it almost became stagnant water. At that time, the imperial city was once known as the "red wall, green tile and black sewer". This made the emperors a little tired of the palace life surrounded by high walls, so they began to build gardens in the early years of Kangxi, which lasted for more than 200 years. The influence of topographical features and buildings of past dynasties on the construction of Yuanmingyuan in the western suburbs of Beijing, there are many kinds of landforms, such as Yuquan Mountain, Wanshou Mountain, Wanquanzhuang, Beihai, etc. There are artesian springs everywhere, which merge into lakes in low-lying places. Yuquan landscape flows into Kunming Lake from west to east, becoming the largest water surface in the western suburbs. Large areas of paddy fields have been cultivated here, forming a natural scenic spot. As early as Liao Dynasty, the feudal emperors chose this place to build Yuquan Mountain Palace. In the Ming dynasty, the natural scenery here attracted more tourists, so some dignitaries occupied the countryside to build villas, and large areas of land were occupied by pieces. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Hou Liwei, the closest relative of the Ming Dynasty, built a lot of buildings here, first of all, the Tsinghua campus, which is known as the "first garden in Beijing" (so it is located outside the western wall of Peking University). Later, Mi led the lake to garden outside the east wall of Tsinghua campus, and managed the elegant and beautiful "spoon garden", which means "Haidian spoon". In the open countryside, pavilions and lakes and mountains complement each other and become a famous garden gathering place in the suburbs of Beijing. In the Qing dynasty, the emperor also took a fancy to the western suburbs, an excellent gardening place. Start building gardens on a large scale. The Yuanmingyuan, which was built, is located in the north of Guajiatun, about one mile away from Changchun Garden. The Yuanmingyuan in the Kangxi era has water surfaces such as Qianhu and Houhu, and gardens such as "Peony Pavilion" and "Natural Picture Scroll". When Yuanmingyuan was a feudal garden, its scale could not exceed that of the emperor's Changchun Garden, so there were not many scenic spots and its reputation was not great, which was far less than that of Changchun Garden. But later, with the master's accession to the throne, the prosperity of the Qing Dynasty came. After more than 60 years of continuous expansion, the most magnificent royal garden in China's history was finally built. Lei Jinyu, the chief designer of Yuanmingyuan, was attracted by Kangxi when he built the Forbidden City, but in actual construction, most of them were the opinions of the emperor, and Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong personally guided him, so Lei Jinyu was extremely happy. And created the "ironing board" model method. But it was destroyed by Xianfeng.
Garden structure
The Yuanmingyuan in history consists of Yuanmingyuan, Changchun Garden and Qichun Garden (Wanchun Garden). Three gardens are adjacent to each other, commonly known as Yuanmingyuan. * * * covers an area of more than 5,200 mu (about 350 hectares), which is nearly 1000 mu larger than the whole Summer Palace. It was a large royal palace built and operated by the feudal emperors of the Qing Dynasty in 150 years. Emperors Yongzheng, Qianlong, Jiaqing, Daoguang, Xianfeng, etc. all lived in Yuanmingyuan for many years, and held court meetings here to handle political affairs. Together with the Forbidden City, they were the political center of the country at that time and were called "imperial gardens" by the Qing emperor. There are more than 600 plaques hanging alone. Yuanmingyuan was mainly built in the last years of Kangxi and Yongzheng, and by the end of Yongzheng, the garden landscape group had spread over 3000 mu. During the Qianlong period, the park was built and renovated many times. The main landscape groups of the park include the famous Forty Scenes of Yuanmingyuan, Zibi Mountain Residence, Algae Garden, Ruofan Pavilion and Wenyuan Pavilion. At that time, there were about 600 plaques hanging in the main garden buildings, which was the highest among the royal gardens in ancient and modern times. Wanchun Garden was originally a house given by Prince Yi Yunxiang, and was built in the last years of Kangxi. Later, it was given to Fu Heng, a great scholar. In the thirty-fifth year of Qianlong (1770), it was formally incorporated into the imperial garden and named Qichun Garden. The scope at that time did not include its northwest. In the fourth and sixteenth years of Jiaqing, there were two gardens in the west. One was Xishuang Village, which became a prince, and the other was Zhuang Jing and Princess Han Hui Garden. After large-scale repair, reconstruction and addition, the garden began to have a scale of 1000 mu and became one of the main gardens of the Qing emperor. At this time, Yuanming Sanyuan is in its heyday. Jiaqing first wrote the poem "Thirty Scenes of Spring Garden", and then more than twenty scenes were created one after another. At that time, the famous landscape groups were Fuchuntang, Qingxiazhai, Hanqiuguan, Shengdongshi, Siyi Bookstore, Chunzezhai, Fenglinzhou, Weizaotang, Zhonghetang, Bixiang, Chikuling, Xiyushan Building, Yanyulou, Hanhui Building, Chengxintang and Weizaotang. There are more than 100 garden buildings with plaques. The palace gate of Qichun Garden was built in the 14th year of Jiaqing (Yuanmingyuan
1809), because it was built more than half a century later than the Grand Palace Gate in Yuanmingyuan and the Second Palace Gate in Changchun Garden, also known as the "New Palace Gate", it has been in use ever since. Since the early years of Daoguang, Fuchuntang area of Huayuan East Road has been rebuilt as a place to support the Empress Dowager. But the scenery of Yuanxi Road has always been the garden residence of Daoguang and Xianfeng emperors. After the destruction of 1860 Park, it was renamed Wanchun Garden when it tried to rebuild during the Tongzhi period. This foreign-related architectural scenic spot, Changchun Garden, covers an area of a dry acre. About 200 garden buildings are hung with plaques. In order to pursue all kinds of fun, the Qing emperor also introduced a European-style garden building in the northern boundary of Changchun Garden, commonly known as "West Building", which consists of more than ten buildings and gardens, such as Heqi, Hangqiao, Flower Array, Bird Cage, Fang Mao, Haiyan Hall, Garden Shadow Pass, Dashuifa, Waterscape, Hangshan and Hangqiang. The planning began in the 12th year of Qianlong (1747) and was basically completed in the 24th year (1759). It was designed by western missionaries Lang Shining, Michelle benoit and Wang Zhicheng and built by craftsmen in China. The architectural form is Baroque style in the late Renaissance of Europe, and the garden form is Rainotte style. However, many traditional technologies from China have also been absorbed into gardening and architectural decoration. Most of the building materials are white marble, the stone surface is finely carved, and the roof is covered with glazed tiles. The main body of the West Building is actually an artificial fountain called "Water Method". It is characterized by a large number, great momentum and strange ideas. It mainly forms three fountain groups: Heqiqu, Haiyan Hall and Dashuifa. The whole scenic area of Xiyanglou is no more than one fiftieth of the total area of Yuanming Three Gardens, only a small part. But this is a successful attempt to imitate the fragments of European gardens. This plays an important role in the history of garden communication between the East and the West. Aroused strong repercussions in Europe. A Western European missionary who witnessed it spoke highly of the West Tower: it combines beauty and interest in one place, with all kinds of magnificent and peculiar fountains that people can imagine, the largest of which can keep pace with the fountains of Versailles and St. Croix's Church. The missionary concluded that Yuanmingyuan is the Palace of Versailles in China.
Edit the garden features of this paragraph.
abstract
Yuanmingyuan combines the characteristics of several famous gardens in the south of the Yangtze River at that time, melts the essence of ancient gardening art in China, and melts poetry and painting into the ever-changing scene of Yuanmingyuan with the artistic technique of garden in the garden. In the south of Yuanmingyuan is the imperial court, where the emperor handles official business, the most famous of which is Zheng Da Guangming Hall, where he listens to politics. There are 40 scenic spots in other areas, of which more than 50 scenic spots directly imitate famous gardens in other places, such as An Lan Garden in Haining, Autumn Moon in Pinghu in Hangzhou West Lake, Sunset of Lei Feng, Lion Forest in Suzhou, etc ..... Not only imitate architecture, but also copy names. There is also the Anyou Palace for ancestor worship and the high-rise buildings with high mountains and high water for banquets, which simulate Penglai Yaotai in the scenery of Fairy Mountain and reproduce the spring scenery of Wuling in the story of Peach Blossom Garden. More interestingly, Yuanmingyuan also has a western-style garden scenic spot. The most famous "Dashui Law" is the fountain, flowers and Haiyan Hall in the west, all of which have the style of Italian Renaissance. There is also a model of Venice in the lake, and the emperor can enjoy the "water city scenery" thousands of miles away from the mountain on the shore.
Main scenery
Grand Palace Gate: 5 grand palace gates, facing south, with a large platform in front, 5 east and 5 west; At the back of the house, there are 27 rooms with curved corners facing each other; In the east, there are duty rooms for Zongren House, Cabinet, Lib, Official Department, Ministry of War, Duchayuan, Lifanyuan, Hanlin Academy, Zhanshifu, imperial academy, Lu 'an Yiwei and Dongsi Banner. On the west is the duty room of inpatient department, Ministry of Punishment, Ministry of Industry, Qin Tianjian, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Guanglu Temple, General Affairs Department, Dali Temple, Rift Temple, Taichang Temple, Taibu Temple, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Shangyuan Hospital, Armed Forces Hospital and Xisi Banner. Zheng Da Guangming Hall: Zheng Da Guangming Hall is the main hall of Yuanmingyuan. Every year, the emperor holds a birthday party, a banquet for relatives and friends, a banquet for courtiers, a banquet for the Chinese Yuan Dynasty, a dragon dance, an examination, a provincial examination and a second interview. There are seven halls, with a big platform in front and five halls for things. Diligence Hall: Diligence Hall is the front hall of hall of mental cultivation West Warm Pavilion, located on the east side of Guangming Hall in Zheng Da, where the emperor used to spend the summer, with a total of five halls. There is a throne in the north, a window in the south, and a board wall to open the door in the east. It is connected with the Ming Dynasty in hall of mental cultivation, where the emperor summoned his ministers. Outside the window, there are wooden screens around the building, which are separated from the bright rooms and relatively secret. Now is the original display of court life. Hall of mental cultivation's Xinuange is the place where the emperor handles daily affairs, meets ministers alone and examines imperial examination papers. On the north wall of Nuange, there is a plaque inscribed by Yong Zhengdi: "Diligence and Kindness". The screen under the plaque is a poem by Emperor Qianlong. Entrust me with all my heart and soul, and stop at benevolence for you. The second code spreads the family law and respects the heavens and the people. There is no respect, and Dagong has no personal relationship. The four orders are in harmony with the time and month, and the achievement is to caress Chen. Five things only respect, be prepared. The governments of the six countries rely on cultivation, and they all support people. It is selfish to examine the seven emotions. Babel has Fei Gan. I miss him and I'm hungry. Those who support politics with nine songs are full of political prestige. Ten-page book screen, style class teacher guarantee.