First, how can people become "wolves"?

[Phenomenon Example] According to historical records, kamala (female), an 8-year-old wolf child, was found in India in 1920. Her figure is different from that of human beings. Her limbs are longer than that of ordinary people, her hands are knee-high, her thumb is slightly larger, and her wrists are muscular. The pelvis is thin and flat, the back bone is developed and weak, but the waist and knee joint are atrophied and inflexible. She has obvious animal habits: eating raw meat, crawling on all fours, loving darkness and fearing light, always squatting in a dark corner during the day, wandering outside the courtyard at night, 1 howling like a wolf at 3 am and dressing her, but she rudely tore off her clothes. She has bright eyes and a keen sense of smell, but she can't speak and has no human reason.

[Psychological Comment] People can't help asking, why didn't this 8-year-old girl, once a human, become a "wolf" without humanity? This example strongly illustrates the decisive significance of social life to people's psychological development. Because the girl fell into wolves since she was a child, she was raised by wolves and lived in wolves for eight years. Although she has the genetic quality of human beings, has all the physical characteristics, physiological institutions and sensory organs of a person, and is indeed born by a person, she does not have the psychological function and rational thinking ability of ordinary people. This is because she has been divorced from people's social life since she was a child. Although she is born with a neural mechanism for speaking, she doesn't contact with people and communicate with them, so she doesn't understand human language. Although she has a human brain and various sensory nerve organs, she doesn't live in society, is not influenced by social and cultural environment, and doesn't get normal development and training, so she can't form human psychological phenomena and spiritual world. On the contrary, because she lived as a wild animal for a long time, in the living environment of the herd, the nervous system of primitive people has shrunk and her physical characteristics have changed. The longer the time, the more wolf habits they have, which is why people gradually become "wolves". The same is true of similar pigs, sheep and Xiong Haizi. Visible, only a sound brain, if you leave the social life environment, people's psychology can't develop normally. Kamala, a wolf child, was brought back to live in the crowd. After careful nursing and training, he gradually recovered to a normal mental state.

Second, look at the personality pattern from the firewood collection.

[Phenomenon Example] In the research of psychology, someone once designed a natural experiment of "collecting firewood", and the experimental object was 40 kindergarten students. The experiment was carried out on a winter night. The experimenter put wet firewood in a nearby shed and dry firewood in a distant ravine, and asked the students to collect firewood at night to make a fire and keep warm, while observing the children's movements by themselves. The winter night is terribly cold. It turns out that some children are happily walking into the ravine. Others complain while walking; Some dare not go far, so they go to a nearby shed to wet firewood. Later, the experimenter told them the story of the brave, so more and more people went to the ravine to collect firewood. After several months of education and observation, I found that 20 children have changed a lot. From this, we can know the personality differences of children, some are brave and active, and some are timid and convenient; Some people waver, some people are timid. Their personalities can be changed through education.

[Psychological Review] From the above experiments, we can see that children have different attitudes towards the same objective reality of collecting firewood to keep warm on winter nights. Some people are not afraid of darkness and cold, and happily go to the ravine to get dry wood; Although some people also go to the ravine, they don't want to; Some people are afraid of the dark and cold, so it is convenient to take wet firewood nearby. It can be seen that each child will have a different attitude towards the same thing, thus adopting different behavior patterns. In psychology, these attitudes and behaviors are called personality traits. In scientific terms, personality is a stable psychological feature in one's attitude and behavior towards reality. The so-called attitude towards reality reflects what people pursue and reject, and shows the motivation and direction of people's activities. Behavior pattern is an action that adapts to its attitude, that is, how people pursue what they want and how to avoid what they want to refuse. This attitude is stable and behavior pattern is also a habitual behavior pattern. Taking the above experiment as an example, it is said that a child is brave, not only because of his attitude, but also because his action of collecting firewood in the ravine on a cold night is regular and stable. Therefore, Engels believes that a character's character is not only reflected in what he is doing, but also in how he does it. People's personality is very complicated, and its patterns are also varied. How to understand people's personality characteristics can start with people's attitude and behavior towards reality.

Third, self-confidence is the secret of success.

[Story of People] Helen Keller (1880- 1962), an American female scholar, was born in Tuscany, Alabama. She suddenly fell ill at the age of 1 1/2, which made her blind, deaf and dumb. In such unimaginable life adversity, she embarked on a long journey of life ... People say that Helen came to this world with a studious and confident temperament. Although fate was so unfair to young Helen, with the help of her first teacher, Anne Sullivan, tenacious Helen learned to write and speak. Little Helen once confidently declared: "One day, I want to go to college! I'm going to Harvard University! " This day has finally arrived. Radcliffe Women's College of Harvard University arranged her entrance examination in a special way. I saw that she skillfully touched the raised braille with her hand and then answered the question with a typewriter. After 9 hours, I passed all the subjects and got excellent grades in English and German. Four years later, Helen graduated with honors from Radcliffe College with a parchment certificate in her hand. Helen loves life. She devoted her life to the welfare and education of the blind and deaf, and won the praise of world public opinion. She has completed my life's work.

Things and other 14 works have had a worldwide impact. Her self-esteem, self-confidence and indomitable spirit of struggle are known as the eternal pride of mankind.

[Psychological Comment] 1 Helen, who is blind, deaf and dumb at the age of half, could not have grown into a scholar praised by the world without strong courage and confidence to challenge her fate. Life will face one challenge after another. How do we face the challenge? If the ego does not shrink back, knows the difficulties and finally wins, then the ego will be more perfect and mature. In the face of challenges, we must first affirm ourselves, which means our strength and confidence; Self-confidence can make people constantly strive for self-improvement, overcome difficulties and explore their inner self-potential. Helen is a powerful example. Helen once said, "Faith is the master of fate". It is important to cultivate a confident temperament. But self-confidence is not innate, it is gradually formed and developed in personal life and practice. Seriously sum up your strengths and successful experiences, let self-confidence give us the strength to meet the challenges of life and learn from Helen.

Fourth, the sour grape effect.

[Phenomenon Example] In Aesop's fable, there is a story of "the fox and the grapes", which tells that the fox wants to get the ripe grapes. It jumped up, but not high enough, and then it jumped up again ... It wanted to eat grapes, but it didn't jump high enough. This is also a kind of "frustration" or "psychological pressure". What should the fox do at this time? If you keep jumping, you will be exhausted and still can't jump to the height of the grapes. So the fox said, "anyway, this grape is sour." The implication is that grapes are inedible anyway. Even if you jump high enough, you can't eat. In this way, the fox will "feel at ease" and walk away to find other delicious food.

[Psychological Comment] When encountering "setbacks" or "psychological pressure", the fabled fox will adopt the negative method of "distorting the facts" to achieve his "psychological balance". To be fair, isn't that what people do? Like the True Story of Ah Q written by Mr. Lu Xun, when he was beaten, he read "My son beat Lao Zi anyway" in his mouth or heart and forgot the pain of his flesh and blood. Don't people often use the "Ah Q spirit" to relieve stress and achieve "psychological balance"? Undeniably, they do have practical significance and function, especially when people think they are unable to cope with the pressure they face, so as not to go to extremes. Everything has positive and negative meanings. As long as it plays the role of suspending psychological pressure and balancing psychology, it has its practical significance, that is, "rationalizing" the sour grape effect. Of course, we can't stay here forever. We should take active measures to solve this problem.

Five, rational emotional regulation

[Phenomenon example] There is a joke: an old lady has two daughters, one runs a laundry and the other an umbrella shop. The old lady was in a dilemma: one sunny day, she was worried that her daughter, who runs an umbrella shop, had a bad business; On a cloudy day, I am worried that my daughter who runs a laundry will not hang clothes. One day, someone advised you, old lady, you are very lucky. When it rains, your daughter who runs an umbrella shop should be happy. You should be happy that the weather is fine and your daughter's clothes are drying quickly. Any day is a good day for you. The old lady thought about it, and she felt much better.

[Psychological Comment] Some people's bad emotions are indeed caused by adversity in life, but some are blindly developed because people lack understanding of the real situation of things or have deviations in understanding. The same thing, because of the different starting point and understanding, the mood is different, as in the above example. Because the old lady didn't fully and reasonably understand things, she was one-sided and only looked at the problem from the unfavorable and pessimistic side. This unreasonable belief led to negative emotions. If we analyze the problem rationally from a positive perspective, we can get a pleasant experience.

Sixth, how about "deprivation of feeling"

[Research example] An experiment was conducted in Princeton University, USA, in which 55 volunteers were isolated in a dark room with almost sound insulation. In order to deprive this feeling as much as possible, the subjects put on cotton gloves up to the elbow and covered them with an eye mask. Their headgear is placed in the U-shaped pillow to reduce auditory stimulation, and the air conditioner makes monotonous sound to limit hearing. In this way, these subjects lie in their beds day and night, or fall asleep in various boring ways, or fantasize. They all feel unbearable pain, and some people even have fantasies. Four days later, the released subjects were tested and found that their abilities were impaired. It takes them about 1 day to get back to normal. Psychologists have done similar sensory deprivation experiments in other universities, as well.

[Psychological Review] Although feeling is a simple psychological activity, it is very important. First of all, feeling provides the brain with information about the internal and external environment. Through feeling, people can understand the various attributes of external things and ensure the balance between the body and the environment. Feeling is the beginning of understanding and the source of knowledge. The above experiments can prove that stimulation and feeling are essential for anyone. For a normal person, a life without feelings is unbearable.

Seven, good at "flexible" Sun Bin.

【 Character Story 】 During the Warring States Period, Sun Bin just arrived in Wei, and Wang Wei wanted to test his skills. One day, Wang Wei called all the ministers to inspect Sun Bin's ingenuity face to face.

Wang Wei said to Sun Bin, "Is there any way to get me down from my seat?"

Pang Juan made a plan and said, "You can make a fire under the king's seat."

Wang Wei said: "Not desirable."

Sun Bin twisted his beard and said, "Your Majesty is sitting on it. I can't get him down. "

Wang Wei asked, "What would you do?"

Sun Bin said, "If the king is down there, I can find a way to get him to sit on it."

Wang Wei proudly said "That's good" and walked down from his seat. "I'll see what you can do to let me sit on it."

The surrounding ministers didn't react at the moment, and they also laughed at Sun Bin's incompetence. Suddenly, Sun Bin laughed and said, "Although I can't let the king sit on it, I have let the king get down from his seat."

At this moment, it suddenly dawned on everyone and they praised Sun Bin's talent again and again.

[Psychological Comment] After reading the above story, who wouldn't praise Sun Bin for his cleverness? Sun Bin's cleverness is inseparable from his flexible thinking quality. When solving problems, people's thinking is more conventional (even Wang Wei thinks from this aspect). Sun Bin, on the other hand, can think reversely from "letting Wang Wei sit on it" and skillfully solve the problem, that is, he can think from another angle and another side. This kind of thinking is divergent.

Many psychologists believe that divergent thinking is directly related to creativity. Therefore, we should consciously cultivate and train students' divergent thinking, that is, start with the originality, flexibility and fluency of thinking, and gradually develop students' habit of knowing things and solving problems from multiple angles, so as to make students' learning more creative.

Eight, tone anecdotes

[Celebrity Fun] Once, the famous Italian tragic movie star Rossi was invited to a banquet to welcome foreign guests. During the dinner, many guests asked him to perform a tragedy, so he read a "line" in Italian. Although the guests could not understand his "lines", his emotional tone and expression made people cry sympathetically. But an Italian couldn't help laughing and ran out of the hall with a smile. It turns out that the tragic star is not reading any lines at all, but reading the menu on the banquet table.

[Psychological Comment] This anecdote illustrates the communication function of tone itself in interpersonal relationships. Whether a person's attitude is friendly or hostile, calm or excited, sincere or hypocritical … can be shown from his tone, rhythm, pause and so on. As the saying goes, "Listen to the sound, and listen to the sound of gongs and drums." When judging a person's mood and intention, we should of course listen to what he says, but we should pay more attention to how he says it, that is, to understand his "implication" from his tone, volume, cadence and turning pause, which are called auxiliary languages. At the same time, there are so-called "quasi-language" with no fixed meaning, such as groaning, sighing, shouting, crying and coughing. These play a "supplementary" and auxiliary role in language expression. For example, the sentence "You are so smart" can strengthen or change the meaning of the word itself, which can be used to express praise or irony, depending on the tone and intonation. In interpersonal communication, please use auxiliary language correctly to achieve effective communication effect.

Nine, exchange space anecdotes

[Phenomenon example] E hall, an American anthropologist, famously said, "Space can also talk." His research found that everyone has their own unique space needs. Hall once observed an interesting scene: a South American and a North American were talking at one end of the hall, because the former kept leaning forward at the most suitable distance, while the latter naturally kept his personal space and kept retreating. By the end of the conversation, the two had unconsciously moved to the other end of the hall about 12 meters long.

[Psychological Comment] The distance between people in communication is different, which is also a kind of communication. When we associate with others, although the distance between us is unintentionally determined, it also reflects an existing relationship or a relationship we hope to form with others. Hall believes that the distance difference between people in the process of interaction can mark the degree of mutual understanding between participants. He divided the distance into four areas: intimate area, personal area, social area and public area. Due to cultural background or ethnic differences, the space for personal needs is also different. For example, when talking to the British, the French always keep a relatively close distance, and even their breath will be sprayed on each other's faces, while the British will feel very unaccustomed and give in step by step to maintain their own space. The phenomenon in the above example is because the conversation distance between North Americans is one arm's length to 1.2 meters, that is, between personal areas, while South Americans prefer to talk closer, so it is easy to break into the private areas of North Americans, so there is an interesting phenomenon that one side "advances step by step" and the other side "retreats again and again".

[Case 1]

A passionate and passionate teacher aims to make students study better and provide a more interesting learning environment. At the beginning of the new school year, he carefully decorated the classroom. All kinds of vivid and interesting pictures are posted on the walls around the classroom, and flowers and plants are placed on the windowsill, which makes the classroom full of vitality. Please judge, what kind of effect will it have? Why?

[Analysis] Although the enthusiastic teacher has a good starting point, it backfires, but it has the effect of distracting students and affecting concentrated learning. According to the law of unintentional attention, interesting pictures and indoor flowers and plants will attract students' attention, especially junior students, who tend to shift their attention to enjoying pictures and flowers, which will affect their concentration in class.

[Case 2]

When teachers write new words on the blackboard, they often write down the same parts and different parts of similar words with white chalk and red chalk respectively. what is the purpose? What are the rules?

[Analysis] The purpose is to increase the differences between similar words and facilitate students to master similar words.

(1) conforms to the law of perceptual selectivity: the greater the difference between the perceptual object and the perceptual background, the easier it is for people to perceive the object.

(2) It conforms to the law of simultaneous contrast in sensory interaction: red and white are in sharp contrast, which is convenient for students to distinguish similar characters.

[Case 3]

There are many skills to teach students to read. A teacher told students how to distinguish between "buying and selling" and said, "If you have more, you will sell, and if you have less, you will buy." The students quickly remembered these two words. Some students write "dryness" as "dryness" and "impatience" as "impatience". The teacher teaches students to remember: "dryness is fire-proof, and impatience must be stamped." Since then, students are no longer confused about these two words. What is the psychological basis of these teaching methods?

[Analysis] These teaching methods have a good inspiration and reference for us. The knowledge of psychology tells us that for all meaningful materials, students must learn to use their brains actively to find out the relationship between materials; For meaningless materials, we should try to give them artificial meaning and remember them on the basis of understanding, so that the memory effect is good. In short, teachers should teach students to memorize meanings.

[Case 4]

When checking students' knowledge, why don't teachers just choose and judge questions in the test paper, but often turn to fill in the blanks and ask questions?

[Resolution] Selection judgment is mainly answered by identification; Fill in the blanks and answer questions mainly through reproduction. Because of the different levels of recognition and reproduction, people's recognition memory is better than reproduction memory, and what can be recognized may not be reproduced. Therefore, it is difficult to show that the memory has reached a solid level only by judgment and choice, and it is often through questions such as answering and filling in the blanks.

[Case 5]

In actual teaching, some teachers take the practice of "making up for one deficiency" and "punishing ten for one mistake" for students' homework. How to treat this phenomenon? Please use the relevant laws of memory to analyze.

[Analysis] This practice violates the law of memory and is also invalid. The effect of students' memory is related to the nature and quantity of memory materials, and it should not be too much in a certain period of time, otherwise it will easily lead to students' excessive fatigue and reduce the effect of memory. At the same time, this practice of "missing one to make up for ten" and "punishing ten for one mistake" can easily make students lose their interest in learning, confidence and initiative in memory, and cause certain psychological obstacles to further study.

[Case 6]

In class, the teacher asked the students to "list the uses of bricks", and Xiao Fang's answer was: "build houses, warehouses, schools and pave roads"; Student Xiao Ming's answer is: "build a house, build a flower bed, beat dogs and knock nails." What are the answers of Xiao Fang and Xiao Ming? Which answer do you prefer? Why? Please analyze according to the principle of thinking.

[Analysis] Xiao Fang replied that the uses of bricks are scattered along the direction of being used as "building materials" and there is almost no flexibility. Xiao Ming's answer is that bricks can not only be used as building materials, but also as self-defense weapons and beating tools. This divergent thinking is flexible, and its new ideas and concepts are conducive to the development of creative thinking.