Apple is a kind of fruit, belonging to the genus Malus of Rosaceae, and the tree is a deciduous tree.

Apple fruit is rich in minerals and vitamins, and it is one of the fruits that people often eat. Value: Apple is a low-calorie food, producing only 60 kilocalories per100g.

Apple is known as "living water" because of its high solubility and easy absorption by human body. It is beneficial to dissolve sulfur and make skin smooth and tender.

Apples also contain elements such as copper, iodine, manganese, zinc and potassium. Without these elements, the skin will be dry, fragile and itchy. Efficacy: Apple contains more potassium, which can be combined with excess sodium salt in human body and excreted.

When the human body ingests too much sodium salt, eating some apples is beneficial to balance the electrolytes in the body. The phosphorus, iron and other elements contained in apples are easily absorbed by the intestinal wall, which has the functions of nourishing the brain, calming the nerves and helping sleep.

Clinical application has proved that patients with depression have greatly improved their mood and relaxed spirit. After smelling the fragrance of apples, the sense of depression disappears. China is the largest producer and consumer of apples in the world, accounting for more than 40% of the world's planting area and output, and occupies an important position in the world's apple industry.

2. Apple's little knowledge

Growth habits of apples

Growth habits of apples

First, the root

The function of roots is to fix plants, support trees, absorb, transport and store nutrients, transform inorganic nutrients into organic nutrients, synthesize hormones such as cell activation, gibberellin and auxin, and secrete organic acids.

Apple is a fruit tree with deep leaves and woody roots. In orchards with deep soil layer, loose soil and low groundwater level, the depth of main roots is 1.5-2.0m, the main distribution range of horizontal roots is 1-3 times that of crown, and the distribution range of root groups is mostly in the soil layer with a depth of 20-60cm.

When the soil temperature is 0.5℃, the roots begin to move and can be absorbed and transported at 5℃. The optimum temperature is 7-20℃, and the roots stop growing when it is lower than 0℃ or higher than 30℃. The soil moisture content is 70%-80% of the maximum field capacity, which is most suitable for root growth. There are few new roots below 40%, and lignification is accelerated, so irrigation is needed to increase humidity.

Root system in a year, young trees have three growth peaks, the first one is from the end of March to the beginning of May before the vigorous growth of spring shoots, which takes a long time and has more roots; The second time was from mid-May to mid-June, when the spring seedlings were about to stop growing. Although the time is short, the amount of hair roots is large. The third time is from the first ten days of August to the end of 1 1, and the autumn shoots will soon stop growing, with the longest time and large amount of hair roots. Results There were two growth peaks in a year, the first one was from the end of March to the middle of June, and there were many roots. The second time is from the end of August to the end of 1 1 after the autumn shoots stop growing, with the longest time and the largest number of roots. The growth of roots and branches is staggered, that is, the vigorous growth period of roots is the slow growth period or stop period of branches and branches; Similarly, the vigorous growth period of shoots is the slow growth period or stopping period of roots. The surface roots grow vigorously in spring and autumn, and the deep roots grow vigorously in summer.

Second, bud and bud

Buds are the precursors and reproductive materials of organs such as stems, leaves and flowers. Apple bud is a late-maturing bud, with great heterogeneity, long life of hidden bud and strong apical dominance. Germination ability and branching ability vary from variety to variety. Marshal and Fuji varieties have strong germination and branching ability; Jin Shuai, Jonah King, etc. Strong germination ability and strong branching ability; Rich and winter bananas, etc. Strong germination and weak branching.

Branches born in those years are called vegetative branches without flower buds and fruiting branches with flower buds. The critical temperature of shoot growth is 8℃, and it grows fastest above 65438 05℃, and stops growing above 40℃. There are two new shoot growth peaks in a year, the first peak is from late April to mid-May, and the second peak is from early July to mid-August. The first growth is called spring shoot and the second growth is called autumn shoot. The boundary between spring shoots and autumn shoots is called "blind festival". Spring shoots are long and autumn shoots are short, trees are strong, flower buds are well differentiated, and high and stable yields are achieved; Spring shoots are short and autumn shoots are long. It is a long tree with thin flower buds and low yield. The new branches of old trees only grow once a year. Therefore, we should pay attention to irrigation and topdressing in the early stage to promote the growth of spring shoots, and control water and nitrogen fertilizer in the later stage to inhibit the sudden growth of autumn shoots.

The fruiting branches are divided into short fruiting branches below 5cm, medium fruiting branches of 6- 15cm, long fruiting branches of 16-30cm, and long fruiting branches of 3 1cm. Axillary flower bud branch is the flower bud in the axils of the lateral leaves of the branch in the current year. It is triangular, shaped like a leaf bud, but larger than the leaf bud, and can draw leaves, blossom and bear fruit, but the quality of the fruit is not as good as that of short fruit branches. Therefore, if there are enough flower buds, try not to bear fruit with axillary buds.

Apple tree is a tall deciduous tree with thick branches and a certain shape. Branches grow from cones in buds to form new buds, and then branch many times to form a crown. Because of the strong advantage of the top of the branch, the layering of the tree is obvious. The varieties with weak branching ability have more obvious stratification; Strong branches are relatively weak.

Trunk is the general passage for nutrient exchange between the aboveground part and the underground part, and its thickening reflects the continuous renewal of transportation organization. The senescence of transportation organization is a prelude to the senescence of plants, especially plants in full fruit period, such as stagnant growth around stems and rough bark of cadres, which indicates the degeneration of transportation organization. Therefore, the thickening of trunk is an important sign to judge the level and strength of nutrient accumulation of trees.

Three. Leaves and leaf curtains

Apple leaves are produced by meristem of stem. Yuan Ye's body is formed on the embryonal branch of the bud. After the bud germinates, the leaves stick out the bud scales with the brain branches. At first, the leaves were small and the internodes were short. Later, leaves increased and internodes grew. Generally speaking, the 7th-8th leaves on the new shoots are normal standard leaves. The leaves are large, thick and green, with strong photosynthetic capacity. Leaves are important organs for photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration and synthesis of photosynthetic products. Therefore, in the process of growth, it is important to protect leaves from diseases and insect pests and improve ventilation and light transmission conditions to ensure high yield.

The leaf curtain is composed of leaves on each branch, and the size of the leaf curtain is a reflection of the total leaf area of the crown. The canopy with obvious stratification has obvious leaf curtain formation. Generally, when there are many long branches in the crown, the peak of leaf curtain appears late and takes a long time to form; On the contrary, when there are many medium and short branches, the leaf curtain forms quickly and the peak appears early. The suitable dynamic of leaf curtain formation should be a rapid increase in leaf area in the early stage, a moderate leaf area in the middle stage and a long time in the later stage to improve the organic nutrition level of the tree. Therefore, when pruning, the proportion of long, medium and short fruit branches and nutrient branches must be coordinated.

3. Health tips for fruits and vegetables

Cucumber+mango: help digestion, high fiber, lower blood pressure Cucumber+banana: constipation, loss of appetite, dry smoking+pineapple: improve rough skin Lettuce+mango to eliminate fatigue and low blood pressure, melon+mango/kiwi: improve skin, acne cucumber+papaya+tomato: vitamin C, diabetes, digestive protein tomato+watermelon+dry smoking: neutralize cholesterol. Soothe the nerves+pawpaw+pear: moistening throat and eye fatigue+watermelon+apple: chapped eyes, high-fiber pawpaw+peach+papaya: moistening intestine and relaxing bowels, with cosmetic effects; cucumber+kiwi+honeydew melon: clearing heat and promoting fluid production; acne cucumber+kiwi+apple: cucumber with high fiber and rich in vitamin C+. Reddish cucumber+pineapple+banana: laxative, powerful laxative lettuce+papaya+pear: moist and heat-clearing lettuce+honeydew melon+honeydew melon: diuretic, summer-heat-relieving, desiccating orange+watermelon: rich in vitamin C, diuretic orange+mango: improving stomach, summer-heat-relieving, papaya+watermelon: detumescence and digestive aid papaya+honeydew melon: moisturizing and antiallergic mango. Eliminate fatigue, prevent black banana+kiwi: beauty cantaloupe+kiwi: eliminate fatigue, diuretic strawberry+watermelon: lower blood pressure, bleached pineapple+apple: improve constipation, and have bowel-regulating effect: peach+honeydew melon; Improve shoulder pain+celery: lower blood pressure.

4. Little common sense about vegetables and fruits

1, fiber is good for the skin.

The fiber of fruit is pectin, which is beneficial to defecation; Fiber composition can also promote the metabolic function of the body. Because fruit can increase the excretion and metabolism of human body, which is beneficial to lose weight.

2. Vitamins make people beautiful

The main nutrients supplied by fruits are vitamins, among which vitamin C and vitamin A are the most important. Vitamin C in fruits is not lost as much as when cooking vegetables, so it is a natural supplement to vitamin C. Vitamin C can delay aging and is an indispensable nutrient for beauty.

Eating more fruits is good for health.

Fruits contain natural pigments, which can effectively prevent cancer, and some fruits containing beta carotene will be converted into vitamin A after being eaten in the human body, which can prevent cells from being destroyed by free radicals. In addition, biological lutein, an anticancer substance in citrus fruits, can help fat-soluble carcinogens to be converted into water, which is beneficial to excretion.

4. Fruit helps to keep healthy.

Fruits rich in vitamin C can promote the body's metabolism, which is a supplement for people who want to lose weight. Guava, grape, citrus, Liu Ding, grapefruit, lemon, etc. Can add vitality to the body's metabolism, so take it in moderation.

(B) the misunderstanding of eating fruit:

I think eating fruit on an empty stomach can help digestion.

Apples, oranges, grapes, peaches, pears and other fruits contain a lot of organic acids (such as malic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, etc. ), this will * * * the mucosa of the stomach wall, which is very unfavorable to the health of the stomach. Especially for children, eating fruit on an empty stomach before meals will also affect the quality of dinner. Over time, the lack of this nutrient or that nutrient can easily lead to indigestion, which is extremely unfavorable to the growth and development of children.

Think fruit can be eaten as a meal.

Many white-collar women think that eating fruit for dinner can not only lose weight, but also play a role in beauty, killing two birds with one stone. In fact, this view is wrong Over time, it will not only cause dry hair and skin damage, but also lead to frequent colds, anemia, zinc deficiency and work or study disorders. No matter how much fruit you eat for dinner, you can't get enough micronutrients such as protein, fat, calcium, iron and zinc. Because fruits do not contain these nutrients or have little content. The water content of fruit accounts for 80%, and the sugar mainly composed of glucose, fructose and sucrose accounts for 10%. Therefore, fruit should not be eaten as a meal, but should be given priority to and supplemented by fruit.

Think it's better to eat more fruits.

In nutrition, no matter what nutrients and food, we must pay attention to a "degree". Foreign studies show that excessive intake of fructose can make people lack copper, lead to an increase in blood cholesterol and cause coronary heart disease. Fruits with high sugar content include apples, pears, oranges, persimmons, watermelons and peaches. Therefore, eating too much fruit is also harmful to the body. The same is true from the perspective of Chinese medicine diet: for example, apples are cool and contain more potassium. Eating too much will lead to bloating. Therefore, patients with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold and ulcer should not eat more. Grapes are sweet and sour, and excessive consumption can easily cause diseases such as excessive internal heat and diarrhea, especially those with weak spleen and stomach. Peaches and oranges are warm and spicy, sour and sweet. Eating too much will make people get angry, especially immature peaches. Otherwise, their bellies will boil. Banana cold, spleen and stomach deficiency cold, stomach pain and diarrhea, hyperacidity can not eat more.

5. Tips on how to choose fruit

Methods of selecting fruits:

1. The sound of fruit is also important. For example, the voice of watermelon should be calm (such as the sound of patting the chest); Apple sounds crisp; Pineapple should choose the sound of meat (such as the sound of playing with the hand).

2. Pedicel and navel are relatively developed, which is a sign of fruit maturity.

3. The fruit shape is full, such as mango, with many seeds and small meat; Full coconuts will produce more juice.

4. The fruit appearance lines are obviously developed and evenly distributed, such as cantaloupe.

Among the fruits of the same size, the heavier tissues are thinner and contain more water, so they are usually more delicious.

6. Choose hard fruits, such as cherries, lotus seeds, Liu Ding and grapes. , and choose good quality hard fruit.

How to choose vegetables:

1. Don't buy vegetables with bad smell. Some vendors soak vegetables with chemicals to make them look better. These substances have an odor and are not easy to wash off.

Don't buy vegetables with abnormal colors. The brighter the vegetables, the better. For example, when buying radishes, be sure to check whether the radishes have faded.

Don't buy vegetables with abnormal shapes. Some vegetables will grow deformed if they are treated with hormones.

6. Knowledge about Apple

Nowadays, commercial apples originated in Europe, Central Asia, West Asia and Turkey, and were introduced to China in19th century.

Rosaceae (Malinae) is a large family, and it is difficult to determine the time of its appearance. There are about 7500 varieties in the world, which are sweet, sour and nutritious, and are one of the fruits suitable for all ages.

The most famous one is its medicinal value, and people have different opinions. As we all know, the so-called fame is different in different parts of nature. The so-called medicinal value depends on who eats it, and of course it is different. But the most famous apple is of course the one that Eve ate.

The water content of fresh apples with nutritional value is 85%. Apples are rich in carbohydrates, vitamins and trace elements.

Especially the content of vitamin A and carotene is higher. The influence on disease and health is rich in water-soluble dietary fiber-pectin.

Pectin has the functions of protecting intestinal wall, activating beneficial bacteria in intestinal tract, regulating gastrointestinal function, absorbing water, eliminating constipation, stabilizing blood sugar, beautifying skin, adsorbing bile and cholesterol, and can effectively prevent hyperlipidemia, hypertension and hyperglycemia, clean intestinal tract and prevent colorectal cancer. Malic acid and citric acid in apple sour taste can improve gastric juice secretion and promote digestion.

Malic acid can also stabilize blood sugar and prevent diabetes, so diabetics should eat sour apples. Apples are rich in potassium, which can prevent and treat hypertension.

China people's salt intake is seriously excessive, which leads to the retention of sodium and water in the body and promotes hypertension. Potassium can increase the excretion of sodium from the kidney and reduce the content of sodium in cells, thus lowering blood pressure.

Potassium can also dilate blood vessels, and together with pectin can prevent metabolic syndrome. Apples can also prevent cancer and lead poisoning.

Apple juice has a strong effect on killing infectious viruses. People who eat more apples are much less likely to catch a cold than those who don't eat or eat less apples. Therefore, some scientists and doctors call apples "all-round healthy fruits" or "general practitioners".

Now the air pollution is more serious. Eating more apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, and protect the lungs from pollution and smoke. Apple has a natural and pleasant aroma, which has obvious effect of eliminating depression.

Traditional Chinese medicine believes that apples are flat in nature and have the effects of nourishing the heart and moistening the lungs, promoting fluid production and detoxifying, benefiting qi and regulating the stomach, sobering up and calming the liver. Eating should avoid apples and seafood.

Apples contain tannic acid. Eating with seafood not only reduces the nutritional value of seafood protein, but also tends to have symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting. Similarly, other fruits with more tannins, such as strawberries, bayberries, persimmons, pomegranates, lemons, grapes and sour pomelo, should not be eaten with seafood.

Apples are rich in nutrition. Chewing slowly when eating apples is not only conducive to digestion, but also conducive to reducing human diseases. Expectant mothers eat an apple every day, which can reduce the reaction during pregnancy.

Methods of purchasing, preserving and eating There are many kinds of apples, with different appearance and pulp characteristics, and their applicability in seasons and various uses is also quite different. Fresh apples should be solid, crisp and beautiful in color; Mature apples have certain fragrance, compact texture and easy storage; Immature apples have bad color and no fragrance, and may shrink after storage; Overripe apples droop easily when pressed lightly on the surface.

Apple will have internal damage and collision scars after being frozen for a period of time. Irregular brown or brown spots will not seriously affect the eating quality of apples.

Apples that grow without bagging are unsightly in appearance, but have high sugar content. From early spring to summer, apples in this period are all stored apples, so the taste is not very fresh.

The skin of fresh apples is sticky, and you can see a layer of frost. This is not because of waxing, but a layer of natural waxy substance, which can protect apples. Besides, some apples taste as sweet as honey. This is because a special kind of sugar will be formed in fruit after being fully irradiated by sunlight. This kind of sugar has high osmotic pressure and can absorb water from surrounding tissues, so it tastes like honey.

Apples can be kept fresh for 7~ 10 days in the shade, and can be kept fresh for longer if they are put into plastic bags and put in the refrigerator. If you have extra apples, you can make them into candied fruit or jam and keep them in the refrigerator.

If immature kiwifruit or pear is put into a plastic bag with apples, the ethylene released by apples can make other fruits mature and make kiwifruit and pear soft. But if apples are put together with other mature fruits and vegetables, they will accelerate the decay, so they should be avoided.

Precautions for eating apples After cutting or peeling, apples can be soaked in light salt water or sprinkled with lemon juice to prevent discoloration. Vitamins, pectin and other effective ingredients in apples are mostly contained in and near the peel, so apples should be washed and eaten, and try not to peel them.

Apple with no pesticide and low pesticide is preferred. Related recipes and foods are served with shredded apples, and apples are peeled and cut into pieces; Heat a proper amount of oil in a wok, pour in white sugar, simmer until the sugar is thin, then add diced apples, turn them repeatedly until the sugar is hanging, and then take them out of the wok and serve.

The dish has the effects of appetizing, harmonizing stomach and prolonging life, and is suitable for people with poor appetite. Suitable for people, ordinary people can eat.

"An apple a day" is a well-known health slogan. Indeed, apples are rich in sugars, organic acids, cellulose, vitamins, minerals, polyphenols and flavonoids, and are called "all-round healthy fruits" by scientists.

So, what health care function makes it win such a good reputation? Hypolipidemic: The human experiment of Japan Fruit Research Institute showed that after eating two apples a day, the triglyceride level in subjects' blood decreased by 265,438+0% after three weeks, and the high triglyceride level was the chief culprit of arteriosclerosis. After apple pectin enters the human body, it can combine with bile acids, absorb excess cholesterol and triglycerides like a sponge, and then excrete it.

At the same time, the acetic acid decomposed by apple is beneficial to the catabolism of these two substances. In addition, vitamins, fructose and magnesium in apples can also reduce their content.

Lowering blood pressure: Excessive sodium is an important factor causing hypertension and stroke. Apples contain enough potassium, which can be combined with excess sodium in the body and excreted, thus lowering blood pressure.

At the same time, potassium ions can effectively protect blood.