Yu Pei, a famous city in history, is now very popular with the public, because jade is good for people's health, and there is a saying that everyone raises jade. Let's share an article about the famous Yu Pei in history. Let's have a look!
The famous Yu Pei 1 1 and Heshibi in history, and the famous jade in China history, also called Heshibi. Li Bai's "Ancient Style" in the Tang Dynasty mentioned that "jade entered the State of Chu, and I have heard about it. Liangbao finally gave up and he gave it to you for nothing. " It means that although it was given to the king of Chu three times, Baoyu was abandoned.
According to Liu Xiang's "Warring States Policy" during the Warring States Period, "Zhou has difficulties, Song has green knots, Liang has worries, and Chu has peace." State-owned enterprises in Zhou dynasty are struggling, state-owned enterprises in Song dynasty are not connected, state-owned enterprises in Liang dynasty are worried, and state-owned enterprises in Chu state-owned enterprises and. Harmony is harmony, and harmony is jade. Harmony is an unpolished jade.
Lantian jade is one of the four famous jade in China. During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, Song said in "Heavenly Creations": "The so-called Lantian is the alias of jade in Qingling (Kunlun Mountain), which was later mistaken for the Lantian of An. "lantian jade is another name for Green Mountain Jade, and it is also mistaken for lantian jade of Xi 'an.
Extended data
Many daily necessities of the ancients were carved from jade, and only Yu Pei could wear them often. The "beautiful jade" in Fan Qin's poems refers to the charm of jade or literary grace. The ancient people loved Yu Pei not because of the preciousness of jade, but because of its character. Therefore, there is an old saying that "a gentleman never leaves his hand without a reason".
The Ming and Qing Dynasties is another era of jade culture prosperity, and people are popular in wearing all kinds of jade ornaments. When rich people go to the brim, everything from jade waist tags, jade pendants to jade shoe buckles is almost jade. Ordinary people often wear a jade bracelet, jade earrings, jade fingers and the like. The jade materials used are mostly sapphire, white jade and blue white jade. Among them, the suet white jade produced in Xinjiang and Tian is the most precious, and topaz is also valuable.
Emerald also flowed into China in the early Qing Dynasty. However, because the original jadeite stone is generally small, it is often used to make small pieces such as interfaces and earrings. Most of the jade ornaments we see today are products of the Ming and Qing Dynasties.
The famous Yu Pei 2 and Hetian Jade in history.
Hetian jade is by no means unified in the history of China. Among the jade articles with the most academic value, cultural relic value and collection value, many of them are not Hetian jade at all. Because in the formation stage of Chinese civilization, the areas that nurtured civilization were the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, and it was impossible to communicate with the western regions, and it was impossible to talk about Hetian jade materials. However, jade articles should also be made, and naturally other jade materials should be used. The official large-scale use of Hetian jade began in the Western Zhou Dynasty (although some of the jade unearthed from the female tomb in Yin Ruins may be Hetian jade, it is only a small part of the total, and it cannot be regarded as a large-scale use). At that time, the Central Plains carried out trade exchanges with the Western Regions, and large-scale Hetian jade raw materials began to flow into Chinese civilized areas. Compared with the local jade materials used before, it is found that Hetian jade is really the best in all aspects, and Hetian jade has occupied the center of the jade stage in China since then.
In the following periods, the control of the forces in the Central Plains of China on the western regions was sometimes strong and sometimes weak, and the supply capacity of Hetian jade to the Central Plains was also sometimes high and sometimes low. Accordingly, it is impossible for Hetian jade to take care of all jade articles. In the Han Dynasty, after Zhang Qian was introduced into the Western Regions, the supply of jade materials was no longer a problem, and Hetian jade materials could continuously flow into the Central Plains, so that Hetian jade was basically used in Han jade. Therefore, the Han Dynasty became a peak of jade in China, reaching a peak from its craft to its spirit. As a result, Hetian jade has become the highest grade jade species on the historical stage of China since the Han Dynasty. From then on, high-grade jade is Hetian jade. However, there is a small exception, and that is the Liao Dynasty. Jade articles in Liao Dynasty are basically local jade in Northeast China, which can also be called grassland jade. This is also a kind of amphibole jade, with high hardness, but relatively poor luster and oiliness. Of course, Hetian jade is still used as high-grade jade in Liao Dynasty, but its general jade is basically what we call grassland jade now.
Xiuyu, hippo jade
Another major producer of jade is Liaoning, and Xiuyan County in Liaoning produces xiuyan jade. In fact, xiuyu is a big concept, which is divided into narrow sense and broad sense. Broadly speaking, all the jade produced in that area should be called xiuyan jade, but Xiuyan is a special place among all the important jade producing areas, and there are two kinds of jade with completely different geology and gemology. One is Xiuyu in a narrow sense, that is, the big carvings, green jade carvings and ginger ornaments called Liaoning topaz, which are often seen on the streets now, are all xiuyan jade. The main component of xiuyan jade is serpentine, not tremolite and actinolite of Hetian system. Xiuyan jade's Mohs hardness is 4.8 ~ 5.5, which is softer than Hetian jade. In terms of economic value, xiuyan jade is far lower than Hetian jade. Xiuyan jade is usually used to make large ornaments, because it is not expensive to make small utensils or ornaments, and only superb skills and design can have high value.
Hemayu
Broadly speaking, there is another kind of jade in Xiuyan, which is also produced in Xiuyan, called Hemu Jade. People who collect ancient jade call ancient and jade old and ink. Now, because of the soaring seed material of Hetian jade, some people say that Hetian jade is the seed material in xiuyan jade, which is a concept of stealing. Why? Yes, they are basically produced in the river bed. From this point of view, it is the same as Hetian seed material. But it's completely different from xiuyan jade. Xiuyan jade is serpentine, and Hetian jade is a kind of amphibole jade like Hetian jade. The Mohs hardness, mineral composition and chemical composition of Hetian jade are similar to those of Hetian jade. Therefore, the quality and oiliness of Hemo jade are similar to those of Hetian jade. It is a precious jade material since ancient times and the earliest jade material used in China. It differs from Hetian jade mainly in color and light transmittance, and Hetian jade is basically not white. What color is that? Green, yellow, and even some dark green and blue. If there are some jade articles, their color is grass green or yellow, and this yellow is not yellow but a little grass yellow, sometimes there will be dark green jade articles, which have very high hardness, feel close to Hetian jade, but the light transmittance is obviously lower than Hetian jade, which is basically the river ink jade in Xiuyan, Liaoning Province.
Nan Yangyu/dushan jade
The third main producing area is Nanyang, Henan, which is called Nanyangyu, also called dushan jade. In fact, this is a very long producing area, which was mined quite early in the late Neolithic period. Everyone should know the most famous jade in the history of China-Heshibi. When it comes to He Shibi, it is necessary to say "full return to Zhao". Since we learned this text in middle school, it has given us two wrong concepts.
First of all, everyone thinks Cui and Cui are the best. In the illustration of the middle school textbook "Return to Zhao in Perfect Condition", Lin Xiangru is holding something to hit a post, and the king of Qin is watching in horror over there. The thing he is holding in his hand is a very famous large-scale silhouette drawn during the Han Dynasty War, which is completely a layman's fantasy, because it is not a gem. Never put off till tomorrow what you can is used to worship heaven, which is the highest. Jade is a gift from heaven, so it has a high grade. In ancient times, jade as a ritual vessel was basically made of the best jade materials, so it can be used to refer to all good jade. We usually say that a piece of white jade has no flaws, not that a piece of jade has no flaws or spots. It refers to a good white jade with no flaws on it, but this white jade can be any image. So if she really exists, she is not a piece of jade. Because it is said that Heshibi was finally made into a national seal, this statement can be found in the Historical Records of Justice written by Zhang Shoujie in the Tang Dynasty, and later as a note in the Historical Records: "It was made by Justice Cui, Li Simo and Heshibi and passed down by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, which is called the national seal. Wu sealed the square four inches and handed the last sentence to Wulong, saying that he was ordered to live in Yongchang. The photo-printed part of the national seal is four inches square, and one inch of China ruler is equal to 2.3 1 cm, so the photo-printed part will be 9 cm thick, not to mention the five dragon buttons on it, which requires a thicker jade blank. If it is a piece of jade, the basic shape of jade is flaky. Since ancient times, the jade-making process has been formed by cutting materials. Once the blank is flaky, it can't be made into a square block-the thickness is not enough, so it is definitely not jade from this point of view. In fact, many people in history have doubted whether she really exists because of this obvious logical error. According to the story of He Shibi, Bian He dedicated this thing, and when it was finally cut open, it was found to be a good jade. In fact, this is a rough stone, or rather a big seed, so Lin Xiangru should be holding a big stone to scare the king of Qin. There is a saying in the Song Dynasty's "Tiangong Zhuyu Eighteen" in the Ming Dynasty: "The jade in the garden is flawless, and the emperors of past dynasties used it as a seal, calling it priceless." Such a one-foot-thick jade corresponds to the size of the official seal, which is the reason.
Second, if it really exists, it can't be Hetian jade. Because Chu is far away from Hotan, separated by Jin and Qin, it is unlikely to get a Daiwada monolith. This rough stone was produced in the state of Chu. According to the story, it is produced in Jingshan, that is, Xiangfan area, but that area is really not a traditional jade producing area. 192 1 year, geologist Mr. Zhang affirmed in his book Cliff that Heshibi is the moonstone of basic rocks in Jingshan area, that is, Labrador. However, today, it is hard for us to imagine that the most famous and expensive piece of jade in the history of China is actually not jade, but a kind of plagioclase that does not meet the established aesthetic standards of jade in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty. Nanyang is the largest and most famous jade producing area in Chu State. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, Nanyang had several vassal states such as Hubei, Shandong, Xie, Li, Guo and Tan. In the early Spring and Autumn Period, Chu became powerful, and these small countries were destroyed by Chu one by one, so this area belonged to Chu. Therefore, the original stone of Heshibi is probably a piece of Nanyang jade, which may be accompanied by a record of Jingshan. After all, Xiangfan was the core area of Chu at that time, while Nanyang was the marginal area (in fact, Nanyang was not far from Xiangfan, which was 100 kilometers, even for the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, it was not difficult to transport jade). If so, its color is probably not white, because the mainstream of Nanyang jade is not white. There are many colors of Nanyang jade, mainly green, cyan and variegated, but also purple, blue and yellow. White jade only accounts for about 65,438+00% of Nanyang jade, and Heshibi is probably turquoise.
Other famous historical jade articles
These three areas are the major jade producing areas that still exist since ancient times. Of course, in ancient times, in addition to these three areas, there were two other areas famous for jade: Lantian, Shaanxi. Lantian jade was a very important jade species in ancient times, especially before the Warring States Period. Especially in several primitive cultures in the northwest, Gansu Tuyu and lantian jade are the main jade materials. However, there is another saying about lantian jade, which is recorded in "Heavenly Creations": "Jade enters the land of China, and its users are all in the dark green hills. The so-called Lantian, that is, the place name of jade came from Qingji, and later generations mistakenly thought it was Lantian. The source of its landscape is called Aying Mountain, which divides two rivers into green mountains, one is Baiyu River and the other is Lu Yu River. According to this statement, there were two kinds of lantian jade in ancient times. One is serpentine jade produced in Lantian near Xi 'an, Shaanxi; One is white jade or jasper from the green ridge, but it is actually Hetian jade, which belongs to amphibole jade. Another big jade species is amphibole jade in Meiling, Liyang, Jiangsu Province, which is now basically extinct. The jade material of the famous Liangzhu culture jade basically comes from two places, a small part of which is Hemo jade from the north through Longshan culture, and most of which is Meiling amphibole jade from Taihu Lake basin. But in modern times, lantian jade, Yangtze River Jade and Xixia Jade are collectively called local miscellaneous jade.
The famous Sanfengpei in history
Stone tools of Neolithic age
Excavation of Luojiabailing Site in Shijiahe Town, Tianmen City, Hubei Province.
The vessel is milky white, curly, shaped like a phoenix with a head and a tail, and hollow. There is a long hooked crown on the top of the head, round eyes, a pointed beak, wings on the shoulders, short wings and a long tail. The tail is divided into two forks, one of which is connected with the phoenix head, and the claw is located under the abdomen. Jade phoenix wings are carved with feathers, and there is a round hole above the phoenix tail.
Phoenix is a auspicious bird created by the ancients, and it is also a totem. Phoenix has always been regarded as a divine bird in ancient times. The person who owns it is a powerful person or a powerful person, or a wizard who is responsible for communicating with the gods. Wear it to communicate with the gods.
This phoenix is beautiful in shape, ingenious in conception and lively in posture, and pays great attention to the description of details. With the carving technique of hollowing out Yang Yang line, the lines are smooth and the carving is wonderful, which represents the highest level of Yufeng carving in Shijiahe culture.
Jade Man with Bandwidth Handle at Waist
business
Unearthed from Fu Hao's Tomb in Anyang City, Henan Province. Yellow-brown, round carving. Jade man knelt with his hands on his knees and a long braid on his head. Wear a ring crown on your head. There are a pair of cross holes on the top of the head, and there is a deep hole in front of the hole. The face is long, the chin is pointed upward, the eyebrows are long, the eyes are big and ministerial, the nose is wide, the mouth is closed, and there are square ears on both sides of the head. Wearing a double-breasted gown with a cross collar and a long "veil" hanging in front of the abdomen, wearing shoes. Wear a wide handle near the left side of the waist, and the upper part of the handle end is cirrus-like.
This jade man is beautifully dressed, beautifully decorated, dignified and extraordinary in temperament, especially the wide handle-shaped device worn at the waist, and the crown shape is particularly strange. According to the decorative patterns carved on the drum, it looks like silk products and has a beautiful shape. Therefore, a jade man is one of the most precious jade articles in the Yin and Shang Dynasties, which provides material data for studying the crown ornaments, hair ornaments and costumes of merchants at that time.
Yutupei
Western Zhou Dynasty
The two jade rabbits are basically the same in shape, green and flat. Jade rabbit is prone, sideways, with round eyes, long ears lying on her back and her mouth closed. The tail is tilted, the buttocks are fat, the front and rear legs are bent, and claw lines are engraved. Draw the outline of each part of the body with clear cutting lines, with the mouth through the hole and the patterns on both sides the same.
Sketch carving, simple and lively lines, vivid image, simple and lovely. Jade rabbits of this shape were more common in the Zhou Dynasty. Jade rabbit pattern was first seen in Shang Dynasty. The style of jade carving in the Western Zhou Dynasty is different from that in the Shang Dynasty. Its shape is vivid, its main features are prominent, its lines are vigorous and smooth, and its ornamentation can be divided into complex and simple.
Jade silkworm Pei
Western Zhou Dynasty
TombNo. 1704 of Lingguo Cemetery in Shangcun, Sanmenxia City, Henan Province was unearthed. The jade is pure white, and the vessel is arc-shaped, with a thick top and a thin bottom. The head is round and the eyes protrude outward. Carve a claw line under the head, and drill a small round hole before and after the claw. From the head down, the body gradually becomes thinner, and it is a pointed tail. There are seven lines of yinxian engraved on the body, and the lines of yinxian are dense at the tail, representing the body. Drill a round hole on both sides of the middle part of the head for wearing. Vivid modeling, white jade, pure and smooth, should be suet white jade. Skilled in carving.
China is the first country in the world to raise silkworms and weave fabrics, and it is also the only country in the world that produces silk for a long time. During the Western Zhou Dynasty, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, sericulture was very common, covering a vast area of east, west, north and south. Many tombs have unearthed a large number of jade carving silkworms, which are straight, curved and yellow. Silk fragments have also been unearthed from some tombs. These physical data fully show that the silk industry has been very developed during this period.
Jade man riding a beast
Warring States period
Unearthed in Xiaotun Village, the western suburb of Luoyang, Henan Province. Jade is grayish white with brown spots on it. Round carving. A child knelt on the ground and rode his tail like a crouching beast.
Vivid and beautiful modeling, fine facial features, exquisite patterns, fine lines, such as unscathed, smooth and comfortable, beautifully made, depicting the demeanor of aristocratic children at that time. Children's hair style is called "total angle" This is one of the hairstyles for boys and girls.
Yulongpei
Warring States period
The No.1 Tomb in Taiguan County, Xinyang County, Henan Province was unearthed. Emerald is turquoise with brown mud in some areas. The vessel is S-shaped, with upturned lips and slightly open mouth. The body is engraved with the pattern of lying silkworm, and the patterns on both sides are the same. There are two parallel through holes above the back, which can be attached. This shape of Jade Dragon is one of the most popular typical vessels in the Warring States Period.
Yulong in the Warring States period, no matter in production techniques, modeling patterns and so on. , out of the norms before the Warring States period, with diverse styles and unique style of the times. There are many dragon-shaped ornaments unearthed. During the Warring States period, the dragon body was long, and its shape was mostly "S", which was tortuous, natural and smooth, with strong sense of movement and different shapes. Decorative patterns are mostly geometric patterns such as lines and moiré. The dragon horn on the head is very similar to the shape of an ear.
Jade carving dragon pattern Pei
Warring States period
The No.1 Tomb in Taiguan County, Xinyang County, Henan Province was unearthed. Jade is bright green and flat. The dragon's body is curled, with its head and tail hooked upward and its body arched upward. One horn, flat and round eyes, slightly open mouth, the middle part of the dragon body is wide, and it branches near the tail. One tail bends towards the back of the dragon, and the other tail bends downward in the lower abdomen of the dragon. The joints of the dragon's head and chin, the dragon's feet and the dragon's tail with the dragon's body are carved into hollow shapes. Carve a single yinxian silkworm pattern all over the body, and drill a hole in the middle of the dragon's body to wear.
Dragon ornaments began to appear in large numbers in the late Spring and Autumn Period and reached its peak in the Warring States Period, becoming one of the most representative jade articles in the Warring States Period.
Jade tiger eats people.
Warring States period
Jade is cyan, hollowed out and carved. The decorative patterns on both sides are the same, and there are traces of cinnabar on the surface of the vessel. There is a tiger carved in the middle of the vessel, and its body is curled into a ring. The tiger's head fell on a naked woman, as if devouring a person's abdomen. Tigers have ears on their heads and big eyes like diamonds. He grabbed his left arm with his right paw and his left leg with his left paw. On both sides of the tiger's body, two gods with flying wings were hollowed out. The face of the man of God and the face of the cannibal are peaceful, with feathers and wings on their shoulders.
This image of tigers eating people may be related to ancient myths and stories. After the god tiger eats people, mortals ascend to heaven and become immortals. This device is not only an exquisite jade carving with high artistic value in the Warring States period, but also a precious material for studying the sacrificial custom culture and the idea of immortals ascending to heaven in the Warring States period, which has high historical and artistic value.
Tong Diao Huang Yupei
Han/Han/Chinese/human
White jade, stand up. Yellow, hollow and carved, with the same pattern on both sides. There are two stinging patterns carved on the whole body, with long horns and ears, fine eyebrows and round eyes, and a concave nose. The stinging body is hollowed out, and the body is decorated with "two" patterns and feather patterns. Jade is pure, white and transparent, with smooth and flat surface, exquisite decorative patterns and smooth lines. Carving techniques such as hiding, hollowing out and intaglio are used, which is a typical yellow Yu Pei in Han Dynasty and a fine jade carving in Han Dynasty.
Carved double-grain Yu Pei
Han/Han/Chinese/human
Sapphire, yellow-brown mud. The body is flat, slightly curved and rectangular, with hollowed-out carving. There is an oval hole in the middle, and a grain is carved at both ends, end to end. The face is cat-shaped, with single horn, extravagant ears, wide eyebrows and wide nose. Eyes close to eyebrows and nose, square and round, nose has twists and turns. The body is coiled and carved.