(1) Touch the main surface mark of the upper limb skeleton.

① The clavicle is located in the upper front of the thorax, and the whole length is easily felt under the skin.

② The scapula is located above the back, and it is easy to touch the medial margin, lower horn, scapula and acromion under the skin. Acromion point is a body surface marker to measure shoulder width, upper limb length and upper arm length. It is easy to find the measurement point of acromion by touching it with the index finger and middle finger from back to inside and then to front along the scapula. The lower corner is a body surface sign for measuring chest circumference.

(3) The humerus is located in the upper arm, and its large tubercle can touch under the outermost deltoid muscle of the shoulder. The medial and lateral epicondylar of forearm is located under the skin on both sides of the lower end of humerus, and the medial epicondylar is more prominent. Identify the position of humerus by flexion and extension of elbow joint. When the forearm flexes and extends, the radius and ulna will move, but the humerus will not.

④ The ulna is located inside the forearm, and the whole length from olecranon to styloid process of ulna is located under the back skin of forearm. Among them, the olecranon of ulna is obvious when elbow is bent; Styloid process is more obvious in forearm pronation and can be felt under ulna. This point is the styloid process point of ulna, which is a body surface sign for measuring the length of hand. It is very obvious to observe the ulna at the wrist striation on the back of your wrist.

⑤ The radius is located outside the forearm, and the highest point on the upper edge of the radius head is the radius point, which is a body surface sign for measuring the length of the upper arm and forearm. The radial point is located in a small concave point on the outside of the back of the elbow joint when the upper limb is drooping and the palm is inward. In this recess, you can easily find the brachioradialis joint and determine the radius point. The styloid process at the lower end is easy to be touched under the lateral skin, especially when bending the wrist. This point is the styloid process point of radius, which is a body surface marker for measuring the length of forearm and hand.

⑥ Hand bone is located on the palmar surface of radiocarpal joint, and polygonal bone and pisiform bone can be felt on both sides; Make a fist or stretch

You can see or touch the metacarpals and phalanges when you palm your hand, in which the metacarpal point of radius is the most prominent point of the second metacarpal bone, and the metacarpal point of ulna is the most prominent point of the fifth metacarpal bone, both of which are body surface markers for measuring hand width.

(2) Touch the skin imprint, muscle imprint and tendon imprint of the upper limb.

① Transverse stripes of cubitus fossa: When elbow is flexed, transverse stripes of cubitus fossa appear at cubitus fossa.

② Wrist metacarpal transverse stripes: When wrist flexes, there are 2-3 skin wrinkles with transverse stripes, which are called proximal transverse stripes, middle transverse stripes and distal transverse stripes respectively. The midpoint of the distal fringe is the marker point for measuring the length of the hand.

(3) deltoid muscle: make the shoulder form a circle and surround the upper end of humerus from front, outside and back. Its stopping point presents a small depression in the middle of the outer side of the arm.

④ trapezius muscle: the muscle that bulges inside deltoid muscle, outside the back of neck and behind clavicle is the upper fiber of trapezius muscle.

⑤ pectoralis major: the flat muscle developed in the chest, and its lower edge constitutes the anterior axillary wall.

6 latissimus dorsi: the outline of this muscle can be seen in the middle and outer side of the back, and then it extends upward to form the posterior axillary wall.

⑦ Biceps brachii: In front of the upper arm, there is a longitudinal shallow groove on the inside and outside of this muscle, and the medial groove is more obvious. The tendon of biceps brachii can be felt in the center of cubital fossa. When you bend your elbow and make a fist, you can clearly see the swollen muscle abdomen in front of your arm. The most prominent part of this muscular abdomen is the mark point for measuring the tension and relaxation circumference of your upper arm.

⑧ Triceps brachii: Behind the arm, the long head of triceps brachii can be seen below the posterior edge of deltoid muscle.

⑨ ruby Palmaris longus: When the hand bends the wrist with a half-clenched fist, the tendon of this muscle can be clearly seen above the middle seam in front of the wrist and the transverse stripes of the wrist.

Indications: flexor carpi ulnaris: When the fingers are forcibly abducted and flexed, the tendons of this muscle can be seen on the ulnar side of the wrist.

○ 1 1 flexor carpi radialis: When making a fist, you can see the tendon of the palmaris longus muscle on the radial side.

○ 12 snuffbox: On the dorsal side of wrist, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis and extensor pollicis longus can be seen from the radial side to the ulnar side when the thumb is straight. There is a deep depression between the back two tendons, called snuff nest.

○ 13 extensor digitorum tendon: On the back of hand, straighten your fingers, and you can see the tendon from this muscle to the 2nd to 5th fingers.

2. Touch the main body surface signs of lower limbs.

(1) Touch the main surface mark of the lower limb skeleton.

① Hip bone is located in the waist and abdomen, and its iliac crest is easy to be touched under the skin. The most prominent point on the upper edge of the iliac crest is the iliac crest point, which is a body surface index to measure the length h (also known as the height of iliac crest) of lower limbs and the width of pelvis. The front end is the anterior superior iliac spine, which is a body surface marker for measuring the length a of lower limbs (also known as the height of the anterior superior iliac spine). The posterior end is the posterior superior iliac spine. The ischial tubercle is located in the posterior lower part of the hip. The height of iliac crest, the height of anterior superior iliac spine and the height of greater trochanter are three methods to measure the length of lower limbs.

② The femur is located on the outermost side of the hip joint, and its greater trochanter is easy to be felt under the skin, which is a body surface marker for measuring the length b (also called the height of the greater trochanter) of the lower limb. The medial and lateral condyles are located under the skin on both sides of the lower thigh.

③ The anterior part of the patella can be touched under the skin in front of the knee joint, and the anterior midpoint of this bone is the body surface marker for measuring the knee circumference.

④ Tibial tuberosity of tibia is easy to be touched under the skin in front of knee joint, especially when bending knees. The medial condyle and lateral condyle are located under the skin on both sides of the upper end, and the highest point of the medial edge of the medial condyle is the tibial point, which is a body surface marker for measuring the length of the calf. When sitting, put the ankle joint of your right leg on your left knee joint, and the knee joint of your right leg will naturally droop. At this time, the medial edge of the medial condyle of tibia can be clearly felt. The full length of the anterior edge of the tibia can be touched under the skin of the anterior medial leg. The medial malleolus can be felt at the bulge under the skin on the medial side of the lower tibia. The thinnest part of the lower leg above the medial malleolus is the body surface marker for measuring the ankle circumference, and the medial malleolus point is the body surface marker for measuring the length of the lower leg.

⑤ The subchondral skin of the lateral tibia can touch the fibular head, especially when bending the knee. The lateral subcutaneous bulge at the lower end of the fibula lateral malleolus is palpable, and the lateral malleolus is slightly lower than the medial malleolus.

⑥ The calcaneal tubercle can be touched under the skin of the dorsum of the foot, which is the most backward protruding point of the heel when standing upright, and is a body surface sign for measuring the length of the achilles tendon and foot.

⑦ Lateral metatarsal point, the most prominent point of the fifth metatarsal bone; The medial point of metatarsal, the point where the capitulum of the first metatarsal protrudes inward the most. These two points are body surface marks for measuring foot width.

(2) Touch the skin imprint, muscle imprint and tendon imprint of lower limbs.

① Hip-thigh sulcus: It is a horizontal sulcus, bounded between the hip and the back of thigh. Also known as the hip line, it is a sign point for measuring thigh circumference.

② Transverse striation of popliteal fossa: a horizontal fold of popliteal fossa.

Gluteus maximus: round the buttocks.

④ quadriceps femoris: located in front of thigh. When the thigh flexes and adducts, the included angle of rectus femoris between sartorius and tensor fascia lata can be seen. The medial thigh muscle and lateral thigh muscle are located in the lower part of the anterior thigh, and are located in the medial and lateral sides of the rectus femoris muscle respectively.

⑤ Semitendinous tendon and semimembranous tendon: Attached to the inner side of the upper end of tibia, forming the upper inner boundary of popliteal fossa, where tendons can be felt.

⑥ Biceps femoris tendon: It is a thick rope attached to the fibular head, forming the upper and outer sides of popliteal fossa, where the tendon can be felt.

⑦ Triceps surae: On the back of the calf, you can clearly see this swollen belly and achilles tendon. Both ends of gastrocnemius constitute the lower bound of popliteal fossa. The lower edge of the medial gastrocnemius muscle is a body surface marker for measuring the length of achilles tendon. The thickest part of gastrocnemius is the landmark point for measuring the circumference of calf.

⑧ Achilles tendon: It is thick rope-like at the back of ankle joint and ends at the back of calcaneus.

Pet-name ruby tibialis anterior tendon: This tendon can be clearly seen in front of the calf and outside the tibia when you hook your toes hard.

3. Touch the main body surface signs of the trunk and skull.

(1) Touch the main surface mark of the axial bone.

① The zygomatic arch of skull can be touched under the skin outside and behind the lower edge of both orbits; The upper and lower orbital margins are the bony boundaries above and below the orbit, respectively. The eyebrow arch is a lateral protuberance above the upper orbital margin; The mandibular head can be felt in front of the auricle, and it can be found that the mandibular head is moving when the mouth is open and closed. The mastoid process of temporal bone can be felt under the skin behind the external ear door; The mandibular angle can be touched below the external ear door; The external occipital protuberance can be touched under the middle subcutaneous layer of the pillow, and it is obvious when the head is lowered. It is a body surface marker for measuring neck length.

② The spinous process of the spine can touch under the skin in the middle of the back. Especially the spinous process of the seventh cervical vertebra, which is more obvious when the head is lowered, is a body surface marker for measuring the neck length (posterior neck length). Connect the medial edges of the scapular ridges on both sides and flatten the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebra. The highest points of the two iliac ridges are parallel to the spinous process of the fourth lumbar vertebra, and the body surface is easy to be palpated.

③ All the ribs can be touched except 1 rib. The second rib is located below the clavicle. The lower angle of scapula is flat to the seventh rib or between the seventh ribs.

④ The sternum is located under the skin in the middle part of the chest, and both sides of sternal angle are parallel to the second rib, which is an important symbol of counting ribs.

(2) Touch the skin, muscles and tendons of the trunk and skull.

① People: the longitudinal shallow groove of the midline of the upper lip.

2 nasolabial groove: the oblique shallow groove at the junction of cheek and upper lip.

③ Masseter muscle and temporal muscle: With clenched teeth, you can feel the tough strip masseter muscle in the front upper part of the mandibular angle and below the zygomatic arch. Strong temporal muscles can be felt in the temporal fossa above the zygomatic arch.

④ sternocleidomastoid muscle: When you turn your head to the opposite side, you can see a long muscle protrusion on the anterolateral side of the neck.

⑤ Adam's apple: The most forward protruding point of Adam's apple on the median sagittal plane is the marker point for measuring neck width and neck circumference.

⑥ rectus abdominis: the long muscle processes on both sides of the anterior midline of abdomen. Muscle-developed people can have three transverse grooves on both sides of rectus abdominis, which are tendon strokes of rectus abdominis, and there are developed abdominal muscles above and below the tendon strokes, usually with 8 pieces.

⑦ erector spinae: On both sides of the spine, there are longitudinal muscle bulges.

(2) Observe the schematic diagram of the main measuring points of the human body (Figure 2-4- 1), and find out the corresponding measuring points on the whole body bone specimens and whole body muscle specimens or yourself (or others).