① Causes and symptoms: The esophageal cavity is suddenly swallowed by oversized lump feed, such as carrot, sweet potato root or cake feed that has not been broken and soaked. Sudden loss of appetite, straight head and neck, salivation, cough, continuous chewing accompanied by swallowing but unable to move, shaking his head, panic. It is divided into two cases: anterior esophageal obstruction and thoracic esophageal obstruction. Obstruction in the front of the esophagus can be felt in the neck, while obstruction in the chest can be diagnosed from the fluctuation of saliva in the esophagus.

② Treatment: It is mainly to discharge esophageal obstruction in time to make it unobstructed. Include a method of removing that obstruction from the oral cavity (pus the obstruction to the oral cavity, and then a person removes the object from the oral cavity by hand). Feeding method: Thoracic esophageal obstruction is pushed down into the stomach with esophageal probe. Inflating method: after inserting the stomach tube into esophagus, it is inflated or inserted at the same time to promote obstruction. Forced exercise method: Tie the cow's head to the forelimb, then force the cow to exercise for 20 ~ 30 minutes, and promote the obstruction to enter the rumen with the help of neck muscle movement.

③ Prevention: Feed processing should be standardized, and diseases can be eradicated if the root feed processing reaches a certain degree of fragmentation.

(2) weakness of gastric anterior contraction

The anterior gastric wall of cattle is weak in contraction and excitability is weakened or lacking.

① Causes and symptoms: feeding coarse and hard feed for a long time; Gluttony, sticky, inferior, moldy and deteriorated meal feed; Insufficient exercise and lack of vitamins and minerals; Secondary to rumen food accumulation, flatulence, traumatic reticular gastritis and obstetric paralysis. Early stage: loss of appetite, weakness or loss of gastric peristalsis, decreased rumination times and intermittent abdominal distension. In the later stage, black stool and dry lumps are discharged, and mucus, fishy smell and sometimes dry and thin appear alternately, showing symptoms of acidosis. Those who have not recovered from a long illness often turn into enteritis with brown loose stools.

② Treatment: laxatives and hypoglycemic agents, such as sodium sulfate, alcohol, fish fat or soybean oil 1000 ml, were used to excrete the contents before the stomach. In order to strengthen the peristalsis of the forestomach, potassium antimonate can be given, combined with rumen massage and traction exercise. When symptoms of acidosis appear, glucose saline, sodium bicarbonate and anaga can be injected intravenously.

(3) Rumen distension (commonly known as flatulence)

The main reason is that cows eat a lot of fermentable feed, which leads to a lot of gas production and blocked belching, resulting in rapid and excessive expansion of rumen.

① Etiology and symptoms: The primary cause is mainly due to the intake of a large number of fermentable feed, such as grazing for the first time in early spring or feeding a large number of tender and juicy forage grass, especially leguminous forage grass, or eating deteriorated feed. Stop for esophageal obstruction, gastric flap weakness and obstruction, true gastric ulcer and torsion, traumatic reticular gastritis, etc. Generally, the onset is urgent and the abdominal circumference increases rapidly, especially in the left upper abdominal fossa. Percussion is drumming. Rumen peristalsis increases at the beginning of auscultation, and then decreases or even disappears.

(2) Treatment: mainly expelling rumen gas and stopping fermentation, combined with systemic treatment such as infusion. When the illness is mild, you can pull the cow to the slope with the front high and the back low, hold the cow's head with your hands to induce belching, and massage the rumen with your fist. When the patient's condition is serious, rumen puncture can be used to deflate, and deflation should be slowly at the beginning to prevent the occurrence of cerebral anemia, and cardiotonic drugs can be injected before operation. 0.5 hours after deflation, anti-fermentation drugs can be taken orally. Such as: fish oil, alcohol, castor oil, fennel oil, can use concentrated brine, intravenous injection of Anaga, exciting gastrointestinal function.

(4) Rumen food accumulation

Rumen is over-filled with feed, exceeding normal volume, stomach wall expands, nerve paralysis, rumen motor function disappears, and it can't operate.

① Causes and symptoms: excessive intake of roughage, good palatability of feed mutation, stealing food, overeating after excessive hunger, overeating. Secondary to anterior gastric achalasia, valvular gastric obstruction, traumatic reticular gastritis, abomasum displacement, torsion and so on. Early loss of appetite, rumination, belching decreased or stopped, mental retardation, irritability, hunchback and kicking. The abdomen is swollen, the left stomach is full, the contents of rumen are hard by palpation, and there is an indentation by hand. If there are no complications, the body temperature is not high, the breathing is tense and fast, the heartbeat is accelerated, and when acidosis occurs, it is in a coma and the vision is impaired.

② Treatment: fasting 1 ~ 2 days, but no restriction on drinking water. After appetite and rumination, gradually feed less soft feed. Promote rumen peristalsis, on the one hand, traction exercise, on the other hand, rumen massage 3 ~ 4 times a day, each time for 0.5 hours. Combined drug treatment is mainly diarrhea; The second is to promote rumen movement. Sodium sulfate or magnesium sulfate is made into 8% ~ 10% aqueous solution, and the dosage is 500 ~ 800g or castor oil each time. Intravenous injection of sodium bicarbonate solution in the treatment of gastric acidosis.

(5) traumatic reticular gastritis

Ingesting sharp foreign bodies with feed, such as iron wire heads and nails (needles), will stab the omentum and cause reticular gastritis.

① Causes and symptoms: overeating, insufficient chewing, foreign body swallowing with feed, sinking into reticular stomach and damaging reticular stomach wall. When cows give birth in the third trimester of pregnancy, the rumen expands and the abdominal pressure increases, which makes foreign bodies pierce the omentum wall and reach the pericardium through the diaphragm, causing pericarditis. Before the foreign body stabbed the stomach wall, it did not show any symptoms clinically. After stabbing the stomach wall, symptoms suddenly appear, appetite and rumination times decrease, milk production suddenly decreases, and rumen peristalsis weakens or disappears. The spirit is highly depressed, the sick cow stands still, the elbow muscles tremble, and he groans and grinds his teeth carefully when he has to lie down. Palpation has obvious pain in the stomach, and the sick cow dodges. When walking on a slope, go uphill quickly and go downhill carefully. After 2 ~ 3 days, the body temperature rises to 40℃, and the feces are dry, small and black, with mucus on the surface and sometimes occult blood. Shortness of breath, shallow pulse, whole body trembling and rapid weight loss.

② Treatment: prevention is the main method, and there is no effective drug treatment. You can put a magnet bar in the calf's stomach when it is 6 months old, or you can suck out foreign bodies at an appropriate time. In the case of serious "white pollution", plastic products (such as nylon rope, film, woven bag, etc. ) should be included in the foreign body prevention. At present, the harm caused by it is quite serious, and the symptom is reticular gastric obstruction.

(6) valvular gastric obstruction

Due to the dysfunction of the forestomach, the contractility of the flap stomach is weakened, the contents are retained, and the water is absorbed and dried up. Mostly in winter and spring.

① Causes and symptoms: I ate a lot of hard frozen feed rich in crude fiber, mud, chaff and frost, and I didn't drink enough water. It is secondary to diseases such as stunted forestomach development, rumen food accumulation, abomasum obstruction and torsion. At the beginning, it is similar to general dyspepsia. After being sick 1 week, the body temperature rises, drinking, eating, craving and ruminating stop, and the nasal endoscope is dry, sweatless and even cracked, accompanied by moaning. Fecal excretion decreased, manifested as intractable constipation, abacus beads or chestnut-like dry stool with mucus.

② Treatment: It is advisable to increase the peristalsis of the flap stomach, soften the hard and dry contents and urge them to be discharged. Liquid paraffin, castor oil, concentrated brine, glucose solution and Anaga are used for intravenous injection. You can also inject magnesium sulfate solution, liquid paraffin and fish fat into the stomach of the flap under the guidance of a doctor. Methods summary: the needle insertion position is taken as the horizontal line at the shoulder end between the right rib 7 ~ 9 and the leading edge of the rib. After shearing and disinfection, use a needle with the length of 10 ~ 15 cm to vertically pierce the skin. When the needle enters the valve stomach, it has resistance and hardness, and the needle tail moves or swings in a circle. For the sake of accuracy, distilled water should be injected once, which has great resistance. Pull out the needle immediately after injection. If the extract is mixed with grass clippings, it can be proved that the needle has penetrated into the stomach of the flap, and then the medicine should be injected.

(7) Dislocation of abomasum

The abomasum is located slightly above the eighth to eleventh rib arch on the right side. Leaving this position is displacement. In most cases, it enters the left abdomen through the bottom of the abdomen.

① Causes and symptoms: During pregnancy, the enlarged uterus lifts the rumen from the bottom of the abdomen and pushes the abomasum forward to the left below the rumen. After delivery, gravity suddenly released and the sick stomach sank, but the abomasum could not be recovered immediately, which led to the onset of the disease, which was related to abomasum relaxation. Sick cows have decreased appetite, indigestion and less feces. The obvious feature is ketonuria, but the blood sugar is normal. The right lumbar fossa sinks, the left abdomen bulges below the 1 1 rib arch, and the hind leg kicks the abdomen. Direct examination showed that the rumen rucksack shifted to the center, but there was no pressure on the right side.

② Treatment: The disease should be treated by a veterinarian, and the drug has little effect.

(8) Gastroenteritis

It can be divided into primary gastroenteritis and secondary gastroenteritis.

① Etiology and symptoms: The primary disease is caused by poor feed quality (corruption, mildew, deterioration, sediment in root tuber, frost) and gastrointestinal mucosal damage. There are also improper feeding management, such as sudden changes in feed, uneven hunger, and chaotic feeding order. , leading to digestive dysfunction, decreased digestive juice and abnormal gastrointestinal fermentation. Secondary patients are more common in epigastric achalasia, traumatic reticular gastritis, metritis, mastitis and so on. Most of them are sudden, severe and persistent diarrhea. Loss of appetite, decreased rumination, and increased thirst, manifested as abdominal pain, abnormal skin temperature, and chills in the roots and limbs of ears. At the early stage of the disease, the body temperature rises, the bowel sounds are strong, and it becomes weak at the later stage. When defecating incontinence, the eye socket sinks rapidly, dehydration, limb weakness and difficulty in standing, showing symptoms of acidosis.

② Treatment: Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory drugs should be considered first in drug treatment (if it is suspected to be infectious, it should be isolated). Such as chloramphenicol, chlortetracycline, berberine, sulfanilamide and artificial salt. At the same time, the cardioprotective drug Anaga or sodium camphor sulfonate was used. Glucose and physiological saline are supplemented when the body is dehydrated. Use drugs to prevent acidosis when necessary.

(9) Pericarditis

Secondary symptoms of traumatic reticular gastritis. Foreign bodies penetrate the pericardium through the diaphragm.

① Etiology and symptoms: The initial stage is basically the same as that of reticular gastritis, and the onset is mostly caused by delayed labor and labor pains that urge foreign bodies to pierce the pericardium forward. The body temperature rises by 39.5 ~ 4 1℃, the costal muscles tremble, the elbows abduct, and the heart sounds are shallow and fast, usually 100 ~ 120 times, and the highest 140 times. Arrhythmia, obvious murmur, especially friction sound is easy to distinguish. The jugular vein expands rapidly into a rope. Due to the development of the disease, blood circulation disorder, sarcophagus and submandibular edema appeared. When auscultating, I feel my heart sounds far away and hear the beating of water.

② Treatment: There is no good treatment at present. The only effective way is to prevent and strengthen feeding management, remove foreign bodies from feed and block possible sources of foreign bodies. Put in a magnetic bar early or inhale foreign objects regularly (but it is not effective for nonmetallic foreign objects).

(10) metabolic diseases

Postpartum sudden breast fever (postpartum paralysis), in a static state.

① Causes and symptoms: The main direct cause is the sharp drop of blood calcium content before and after delivery. Many cases are due to the dysfunction of calcium absorption. Prenatal dry milk uses a diet with high calcium and low phosphorus, and postpartum colostrum causes a large loss of blood calcium and insufficient vitamin D. Symptoms can be roughly divided into three stages. At first: loss of appetite, abandonment, weakened rumen peristalsis and dry feces; Unstable standing, stiff hind legs and disordered gait when walking; Then paralyzed, he tried to stand up, but he couldn't, sometimes in the posture of a dog sitting; After that, he lay still in a lethargic state, the temperature of his skin, ears and hooves dropped, and the stimulus reflex was so weak that it disappeared. Mid-term: prone, with limbs under the abdomen, neck bent in an "S" shape or head tilted to one side. When the body temperature drops to 37 ~ 38℃, the breathing is weak and shallow, and the heart rate increases by more than 100 times per minute. Skin perception disappears, anus relaxes and reflex disappears. Late stage: general muscle weakness, rumination stopped, accompanied by rumen swelling, and sick cattle were in a lethargic state.

② Treatment: The timely cure rate is high. Common methods: Calcium gluconate, calcium chloride and other calcium preparations are used for intravenous injection. Inject calcium to reduce its stimulating effect on the heart. Calcium chloride injected into subcutaneous tissue outside blood vessels is easy to cause subcutaneous tissue necrosis. Physical therapy has breast air supply (pumping air to the four nipples of the breast) to increase the internal pressure of the breast and reduce the blood flow, so the loss of blood and calcium in the breast is reduced. It mainly lies in the feeding management of prenatal 1 month, which requires feeding a low calcium and high phosphorus diet (calcium: phosphorus = 1: 3), and changing to a balanced calcium and phosphorus diet after delivery. It is beneficial to calcium metabolism to control the milk yield of high-yield dairy cows after delivery 1 week, and to give vitamin A and vitamin E preparations before delivery 1 week until delivery.