The moral principle of individualism adapts to the capitalist society where commodity exchange is generally developed under the condition of private ownership. As the dominant ideology, it represents the interests of the bourgeoisie who owns the means of production, but as a moral principle, individualism has the significance of reconciling social contradictions. As a social ideal, individualism advocates freedom, equality, fraternity, human freedom and respect for others. It not only has revolutionary significance in opposing feudal asceticism, but also tries to unify egoism and altruism in the development of capitalism, and sings that the happiness of the greatest number of people is the greatest happiness. Individualistic utilitarianism regards egoism as the eternal nature of human beings, and holds that all human behavior principles are based on egoism, so it can't really solve the contradiction from egoism to altruism in theory, but it is mainly manifested as extreme egoism in real life. Lenin pointed out that only under the capitalist system can people think like this: everyone is for himself and God is for all. Under the condition of capitalist commodity economy, the concentrated expression of egoism is money worship. Marx described money worship like this: Living is to make money. They don't know that there are other pleasures besides getting rich quickly, and they don't know that there are other pains besides the loss of money. In order to rob money, it is manifested in human behavior, that is, "the war of all against all" (Hobbes); The result of mercenary, even virtue, love, faith, knowledge and conscience have finally become the objects of business.

The extreme greed for sound, color, goods and profits destroyed all moral norms. Accordingly, some bourgeois thinkers, such as Nietzsche and Schopenhauer, advocate immoralism and deny the meaning of morality. Due to the inherent contradictions in capitalist society, the law of value, as an alien force, manipulates the fate of commodity producers, and people increasingly lose their individuality and dignity and fall into dependence on things. Therefore, in western capitalist society, on the one hand, science and technology and material civilization are highly developed; On the other hand, the spiritual crisis is deepening day by day, and drug abuse, crime, mental illness and sexual debauchery are spreading everywhere, resulting in "the fall of human nature." The Age of Anxiety puts forward a theory that human beings actually experienced three different forms of anxiety: in ancient times, they were anxious about death and fate; In the Middle Ages, it was an anxiety of guilt; Modern society is an anxiety caused by the loss of meaning and value. The root of this anxiety lies in the inability to answer the meaning of existence, and people have lost the spiritual core that indicates the meaning of life. This just shows that due to the inherent contradictions in capitalist society, people are dominated by alien forces and become slaves of material and money. Only by eliminating the corresponding material basis can we truly realize human freedom and move from the realm of necessity to the realm of freedom.

The backwardness and superstitious consciousness of small farmers determine that farmers cannot become the leading class, and also determine the necessity and arduousness of transforming and educating farmers. As the conductor of spiritual civilization, CCTV staff are also faced with the solemn task of transforming the world outlook. Only when leading cadres at all levels in China get rid of the backward and superstitious awareness of small farmers can they become cadres who meet the needs of modern scientific and civilized society. The superstitious problems of officials exposed in these years show that the task of preventing the erosion of backward superstitious small farmers' consciousness is very urgent.

Judging from the long river of human development, "official" was only a manager at first, and only with rank did "official" exist. According to gold? Huangfusong's "Imperial Century", "Dunjia Mountain Map" and "Notes to the General Mirror" recorded that after Fuxi, China society continued 15 tribal alliance times, namely, Nu Wa, Dading, Huangbai, Zhongyang and Tengger (there are in the Notes to the General Mirror, but not in the other two) and Lu Li. It is at this stage that with the expansion of territory and management functions, "officials" gradually appeared.

The Yellow Emperor is Fu's seventy-seventh grandson. After unifying the tribes, he strengthened the management function of the regime. According to legend, he established an ancient system: dividing the border into different regions, with eight families as one well, three wells as one neighbor, three friends as one mile, five miles as one city, ten cities as the capital, ten divisions as one division, ten divisions as states, and the whole country divided into Kyushu; There are litigation posts, left and right supervisors, and 20 official posts, which are aimed at managing countries, including three public, three minor, four auxiliary, four histories, six phases and nine virtues (official names) *** 120. Put forward "six prohibitions" for officials at all levels. "Heavy" means excessive, that is, "heavy sound, heavy color, heavy clothes, heavy fragrance, heavy taste and heavy room", which requires officials to be simple and oppose extravagance and waste. It is proposed to govern the country by virtue, "Xiu De inspires soldiers", to govern the country by virtue, to teach Xiu De, to be benevolent, to cultivate righteousness by virtue, and especially to set up a "minister of nine virtues" to educate the people with filial piety, kindness, writing, faith, speech, courtesy, loyalty, courage and righteousness, and to carry out ideological and moral construction. In the use of talents, it is necessary to petition, select and appoint talents. We should rule the country according to law, establish "courtesy law" and "rule the law unchanged", appoint Li Mo as a judge, thick soil as a prison officer, punish those who commit the most heinous crimes with losses, and punish those who commit the most heinous crimes with decapitation. The "official culture" was thus completed. After thousands of years of development, it gradually formed a unique "official culture", which reached its acme in feudal times and became the core of social culture. Almost all cultures are branded as "official culture". In the primary stage of socialism, although classes have disappeared, the political system on which social classes, differences and "official culture" depend still exists, so "official" and "official culture" will continue to exist until the political system disappears.

As a cultural phenomenon, "official culture" exists on the basis of "official system", which is established to exercise power and implement rule, so "official culture" follows and maintains the principle of the supremacy of power. "Official" is the representative of the ruling class, and it is necessary to safeguard the political power and exercise the power entrusted by the supreme ruler. Power is supreme and inviolable. Behind it is a violent machine. "Official culture" maintains the interests of the country and class and the hierarchical order serving them, with the aim of maintaining social stability and effective governance. Therefore, the most direct expression of "official culture" is "official system", that is, political system.

China's "official system" has experienced a long historical development process, with different contents and forms in different historical stages. The feudal society in China has the longest history and the most complicated bureaucracy. In feudal countries, the emperor has supreme power, but it is difficult to govern the country by the emperor alone, so it is necessary to set up official positions to govern, thus forming a feudal bureaucratic system centered on the emperor and based on the landlord class. Under this system, officials at all levels are only responsible to the emperor. According to rank and position, officials become privileged classes with different rights. However, they must not govern the country as aristocrats, but must exercise their power of governance as servants of the emperor. All powers such as the appointment and removal of officials are concentrated in the hands of the emperor. Under the emperor, there are two levels of bureaucracy, namely, the central government and local governments. The central government is the emperor's auxiliary administrative organization, which mainly sets up Zaifu, Prime Minister and government agencies responsible for all aspects of affairs. At the local level, there is a set of strict local governing bodies under the unified control of the central government. At the same time, in order to ensure that there are enough candidates for bureaucrats at all levels, officials at all levels are loyal to the emperor and do their duty, and they are also equipped with a relatively systematic and complete system of selecting and managing officials.

The "official system" is very systematic and complicated, and different dynasties are different. Take the Qing Dynasty as an example: First, set up a cabinet, which is roughly equivalent to the leadership of the State Council today. Cabinet records and co-sponsors are called nave, which is another name for the Prime Minister, but the real power lies in the military department. Officials working in military departments are called military ministers, collectively referred to as military aircraft, and the subordinates of military ministers are called military aircraft Zhang Jing, also known as small military aircraft. The second is to set up six departments (officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments and workers). As the central administrative organ, the heads of various departments (college students, ministers, assistant ministers, etc.). ) is called the office officer, and the doctors, foreign ministers, principals and seven-product Beijing officials who are in charge of various ministries are called the department officials. In addition to the six departments, the central administrative institutions set up side by side with the six departments are: Dali Temple, Taichang Temple, Guanglu Temple, Taibu Temple, Split Temple, imperial academy, Qin, Hanlin Academy, Tai Hospital, Lifan Academy, Zongren House, Zhanshi House and Interior House, which are equivalent to institutions directly under the central government. In addition, there are the Eight Banners, green camp and the Inspectorate, all of which are very complicated. Local administrative agencies are roughly divided into three levels: province, prefecture and county. The Governor and the Governor are senior local officials with administrative, military and supervisory powers. Deployment and inspection are all subordinate officials of the governor and the governor. Garrison generals and magistrates study politics with the governor and the governor. The establishment of official posts below the provincial level is more complicated.

"Official culture" is based on "official system". From the organizational structure, "official culture" also includes bureaucrats, official positions, official documents, official uniforms, official ranks, official seals, official selection, official rituals and official beliefs. Bureaucrats are officials. On the surface, they represent the system and power, but in essence they are the interest management class of a society. Yamen is the place where officials work, but it embodies the "official system" and hierarchy, and its structure and specifications must meet the requirements of "official system", hierarchy and official realm. Official documents are the product of official activities, written by the government and used for official business. Official dress is the dress of ancient officials on formal occasions. Different dynasties, civilian military attache is also different, each with its own logo. For example, the civil servants in the Qing Dynasty were: a crane, a golden pheasant, a peacock, a goose, a partridge, a cormorant, a quail and a sparrow. The military attaché s are: unicorn, lion, leopard, tiger, bear, tiger, rhinoceros and seahorse. Besides, censors and exhorters are arrogant. Official rank is the rank of officials, and the Qing Dynasty was the most representative and perfect official system in China's ancient feudal society. Officials are divided into "nine products and eighteen products", and each product is different. Those who are not within the eighteenth grade are called unworthy and attached to the ninth grade. Official seals are official documents, including the imperial treasures, jade seals and treasures of the emperor, the official seals of North Korean officials at all levels, the official seals of local administrative officials, the official seals of institutional officials at all levels, the official seals of military institutions, the official seals of low-level institutions that are not in the inflow areas, and the official seals of warlord regimes, ethnic minority regimes and peasant uprising regimes. Official ranks are mainly distinguished by the size and material of official seals. The higher the official position, the greater the official seal and the greater the power. The size of the royal treasure is the highest rank of a hundred officials, more than twice that of the three princes, second only to the imperial power, which shows that the imperial power is supreme. There are two kinds of imperial treasures of the emperor: gold and jade. After the Qin Dynasty, the emperor's seal was called Yinyu. Jade can't be used for other seals, which is the beginning of limiting the material grade in the seal system, and its system almost lasted until the end of feudal society in China. Choosing officials is also an important part of "official culture". In the feudal dynasty of China, officials were selected mainly by passing the imperial examinations. The imperial examination system was implemented from the first year of the Great cause of Sui Dynasty (605) until the last Jinshi examination was held in the thirty-first year of Guangxu in Qing Dynasty (1905), which lasted for more than 1300 years.

Blood and Soul of "Official Culture": Official Belief

For "official culture", the most cultured is not the visible cultural form, but the creed of being an official. For example, the highest ruling class preaches that "the world is not a king's land; Territory, is it a king? " Belief that all subjects must be "loyal to the monarch and patriotic" and "loyal to the country"; Another example is to instill in all sectors of society the idea that "the people are the most important, the country is the most important, and the monarch is the second". "A monarch boat is also a water for the people, and water can carry a boat, and it can also overturn it", guiding officials at all levels to pay attention to people's livelihood, make decisions for the people, and safeguard social justice. A joke goes well: "If an official doesn't make decisions for the people, it's better to go home and plant sweet potatoes." Therefore, in feudal society, doing things for the people has become a pursuit realm dominated by "official culture". Another example is the emphasis on "official morality", which requires officials at all levels to pay attention to professional ethics, "integrity, diligence and talent." Confucian culture advocates the integration of family, country and people, and requires people to pursue family, rule the country and level the world. The official must worry about the world, "worry about the world first, and enjoy the world later"; To be fair, as Confucius said, "politicians are just" and think that justice is the basis of politics; Integrity, dedication, dedication to death; Be sure to be open-minded and tolerant; We must obey the overall situation and take responsibility. "Be greedy for the country's life and death, don't avoid it because of disaster." Wait a minute. The ethics and creed of being an official are the blood and soul of "official culture"

"Official corruption" is a part of "official culture", and "corrupt culture" is the result of abnormal development of "official culture". In the development of "officialdom culture", there are many positive factors, but there are also many negative factors, which can be summarized as follows: First, the theory of "sedan chair" deduced from the advance and retreat of officialdom. Even in officialdom, many officials think that being an official is a "sedan chair". The boss has been promoted, so it's his turn to take the sedan chair and someone else will carry it until he is promoted. Then, those who sell themselves become sedan chairs. Therefore, officialdom has always been shooting each other up and down, and officials protect each other. The goal of * * * is to promote to a higher position. The second is urinal theory. That is, an official should have great tolerance. To have great endurance, he must learn to make a urinal. If the boss is angry, he will pee in your pot. If his colleague is angry, he sometimes urinates in your pot. No matter whose urine it is, if you endure it, you can resolve contradictions, roll with the punches, roll with the punches, and finally produce good ideas. The reason why many officials are willing to make urinals is to protect themselves and try not to stand in the forefront and become the target of public criticism. This is the concrete application of Confucian doctrine of the mean in "official culture". The third is to be an official. This "Tao" refers to the road, which is essentially a routine for officials to speculate and stand on their feet. For example, the "four" formula of officialdom popular in the old officialdom: "a smiling face, two crooked poems, three catties of yellow wine, clothes for the four seasons". It is said that officials must first learn to please; Secondly, there must be crooked talents, who may not have high academic qualifications, but can make ends meet; The third is to be able to drink. Officialdom is inseparable from eating and drinking. Being able to drink is a necessary condition for making friends with dignitaries. The fourth is to clean yourself up and have a good image. As Confucius said, "a gentle man is the last gentleman."

Official culture depends on the political system. The so-called political system generally refers to the organizational structure and management system of a national government. In different historical periods, different countries and regions, political systems are different. In ancient times, there were mainly four kinds of slave owners: peace system, imperial system, feudal system and imperial system. There are six main types in modern times: dictatorship, constitutional monarchy, harmony, presidential system, prime minister system and socialist harmony.

The political system is the basis of the existence of "official culture". It is the political system that cultivates the "official culture", which in turn serves the political system. The two are integrated and inseparable. If the political system does not exist, the "official culture" will be gone. In the era of * * *, without political system, there would be no "official culture". So "official culture" is a historical category.

In modern times, although the "official culture" is mixed with old content and old forms, its essence is quite different. Whether it is a capitalist system or a socialist system, the political system emphasizes political democracy, pays attention to improving people's livelihood, highlights social services, pursues work efficiency, promotes social equity, and promotes economic and social development.

New China was established on the ruins of the old society, and the political system was inevitably influenced by traditional concepts, which had many limitations. After the reform and opening up, the political system can no longer meet the needs of the development of the new era and must be reformed. Therefore, since the 1980s, China has been making efforts in this respect, mainly to adjust and improve the relationship between political organizations and their operating mechanisms on the premise that the overall pattern of socialist politics and the form of power structure remain unchanged. There are three general goals: first, consolidate the socialist system; The second is to develop the productive forces of socialist society; The third is to carry forward socialist democracy and mobilize the enthusiasm of the broad masses of the people. The specific goal is to enhance the vitality of party and government institutions and leading organs throughout the country; It is to overcome bureaucracy and improve work efficiency; It is to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of the people, all walks of life and the grassroots, so as to create a higher and more practical democracy in politics than in capitalist countries. The main tasks are: developing democracy, strengthening the legal system, separating government from enterprises, streamlining institutions, improving the democratic supervision system, and maintaining stability and unity.

Generally speaking, China's political system reform is effective, but there are still many problems. A fatal flaw is the lack of "official culture" to guide actual needs. The current "official culture" is basically a feudal society. After the reform and opening up, due to various reasons, new bureaucrats appeared, the awareness of government-run was enhanced, and the idea of official standard was serious, divorced from the masses and above; Wenshan meets the sea, a dime a dozen, and mistakes the country and the people; Strict hierarchy, many officials talk about ostentation and extravagance, full of bureaucracy, "the door is difficult to get in, the face is ugly, the words are ugly, and things are difficult to do", and the phenomenon of "officials oppress people" still exists; Although the imperial examination system is no longer implemented in the selection of cadres, although various public elections have selected outstanding talents, they have misled officials. Many people put their business aside and focus on improving their ability to take exams, adapt to changes and connect with people. They no longer do practical things, create achievements, go through formalities, pursue face-saving projects, and no one wants to do the work of offending people. What's more, there is a crisis of faith in officialdom. On many officials, they pursue fame and fortune all day long, hoping to get promoted and make a fortune. In order to get promoted and make a fortune, they try their best to bribe and open the official road.

Why are China people so keen on being officials? The fundamental reason lies in the "official standard". Being an official can achieve certain goals, specifically: first, people with lofty ideals have a high level of thinking and want to make contributions by being an official; The second is to seek benefits. Big officials give power, money and power can be traded, and power can make money. "Promotion and making a fortune" means that promotion can make a fortune, and promotion and making a fortune are interrelated and mutually reinforcing. For the sake of power and wealth, many officials do not hesitate to "take the world by storm"; Third, out of duty or for a certain belief, such as serving the people. The former is the realm that traditional teaching people pursue; The second is the realm of officialdom under private ownership, which is the inevitable result of interest-driven and the reality of officialdom for thousands of years; The latter is the basic requirement for party member cadres under the socialist system and the realm that this special group has been pursuing. "Building the party for the public, ruling for the people" and serving the people wholeheartedly are all interpretations of this realm. However, this is not appropriate in the materialistic society and times, and it can not achieve good results. It can only be pursued as a creed and realm higher than reality.

Of these three, the second one is obviously in the mainstream, which makes bureaucracy difficult to control and erodes and corrodes the whole political system. This problem can be solved from four aspects: first, shaping a new "official culture" that can adapt to the development of the times. It is necessary to dilute the hierarchical color of "official culture", reduce the influence on other cultures, especially ecological culture, and establish the "official morality" system and "the way to be an official" under the socialist system. It is necessary to strengthen the guidance of the values of officialdom, highlight the education of ideals and beliefs, the education of socialist concept of honor and disgrace and the ideological education of serving the people, and effectively turn officials from "parents" who are above themselves into "public servants" who serve the people wholeheartedly; The second is to cool down the "official worship". The worship of officials comes from the worship of power. Why do people worship power? Because power has decisive power, it can create wealth and change destiny ... once power loses these functions, it will lose its luster and mystery. If money and power can not be traded and officials are unprofitable, then officials will really become a part of the subject of social equality like other social occupations, and people will not look up to officials and become fanatical; The third is to "slim down" government agencies. Our government is too big and has too many people. If we change our functions so that they are no longer dictatorships and management organizations, but just social service organizations like other social organizations, then we don't need to keep so many institutions and personnel, and we don't need to do so many trivial things that originally belonged to other industries. Government agencies only need to set up provincial and county levels below the central level, all other intermediate agencies are cut off, and personnel are diverted to the social service system. As for how the provincial and county governments work, modern means can solve these problems. The fourth is to establish a scientific and feasible selection and appointment mechanism and supervision mechanism. All officials will be appointed without tenure and professionalism, and government employees will be managed as enterprises. At the same time, strengthen judicial and social supervision, replace the rule of man with the rule of law, decouple judicial and anti-corruption from party politics, subordinate to the state, continuously strengthen social supervision, and incorporate government management into social management. However, it should be pointed out that "decentralization" does not mean "herding sheep", and reducing government functions does not mean anarchy. The goal is to improve the efficiency of the government.