Chapter 1 Understanding Biology

1. Biology is a science that studies life phenomena and activities.

The purpose of the investigation is to make clear the purpose and object of the investigation and make a reasonable plan. The method of selecting some respondents as survey samples is called sampling survey.

3, the basic characteristics of biology are:

A, biological life needs nutrition, (for example, plants absorb water, carbon dioxide and inorganic salts from the outside, and make the organic matter they need through photosynthesis; Animals can't make organic matter by themselves, but feed on plants or other animals and get nutrition from them. )

B, living things can breathe, (most living things need to inhale oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide)

C, biological waste can be excreted, (such as leaves falling from plants and people sweating).

D, creatures can respond to external stimuli (for example, lions chase zebras, and mimosa leaves close when touched).

E, bioenergy can grow and reproduce,

F all living things except viruses are made up of cells. Are robots, stalactites and corals living things? No. )

Chapter II Biosphere is the home of all living things Section I Biosphere

2. The biosphere is composed of the living environment of surface organisms about 10 km above sea level on the earth, including the bottom of the atmosphere, most of the hydrosphere and the surface of the lithosphere. The creatures living in the atmosphere are mainly flying insects and birds, as well as tiny creatures such as bacteria.

The hydrosphere includes all the oceans, rivers and lakes on earth, and there are creatures almost everywhere.

The lithosphere is the "foothold" of all living things, including all kinds of plants, insects, birds and animals, bacteria, fungi, etc., including human beings.

3. The basic conditions for living things are: nutrients, sunlight, air and water.

There is also a suitable temperature and a certain living space.

In the second quarter, the influence of environment on living things

2. In the activity of exploring the influence of light on the life of mice and girls, only light is different, so it is the variable in this experiment, and other factors such as temperature and soil humidity are the same. In this way, when studying the influence of a condition on the research object, experiments with the same conditions except this condition are called control experiments.

3. The relationship between environment and biology is the influence of environment on biology.

Biological adaptation and its impact on the environment

There are two factors that affect biological life, light, temperature, water and air.

Abiotic factors: refers to other organisms that affect the life of a certain organism. Most common

What you see is the relationship between predator and prey, and the relationship between competition and cooperation.

4. The life span of all living things will be affected by abiotic and biological factors.

The third quarter biological adaptation and influence to the environment

1. Every living thing has its morphological structure and lifestyle that is suitable for its living environment. Biological adaptability is universal.

Section 4 Ecosystem

1. In a certain area, the unified whole formed by biology and environment is called ecosystem.

2. Composition of ecosystem: plant producers

The biological part of animals-consumers

Bacteria and fungi in the ecosystem-decomposers

Abiotic parts-sunlight, water, air, temperature, etc.

3. There is a predatory relationship among producers, consumers and decomposers. The relationship between producers and consumers is mainly eating and being eaten, thus forming a food web. In an ecosystem, many food chains are intertwined to form food chains. Matter and energy in an ecosystem flow along food webs and food chains. When toxic substances enter the ecosystem, they will accumulate through the food chain and endanger many creatures in the ecosystem.

4. Please draw the food chain on the right:

5. In the ecosystem, the number and proportion of various organisms are relatively stable, indicating that the ecosystem has certain self-regulation ability, but this ability is limited.

Section 5 The biosphere is the largest ecosystem

1. The ecosystem in the biosphere includes forest ecosystem, grassland ecosystem, marine ecosystem, fresh water ecosystem, wetland ecosystem, farmland ecosystem, urban ecosystem and so on. Among them, "green reservoir" is called forest ecosystem, and the relatively single species of animals and plants is farmland ecosystem. The largest ecosystem on earth is the biosphere.

Unit 2 Organisms and Cells

Chapter 1 Observation of Cell Structure Section 1 Practice with Microscope

1. Please fill in the relevant structure in the picture on the right:

1 eyepiece 4 objective 3 converter

7 shutter 1 1 coarse quasi-focus spiral 12 fine quasi-focus spiral

(1) It is the parts shown in [1] and [4] that enlarge the object image.

(2) Turn [1 1] to lower the lens barrel to a position 2 cm away from the stage; Turn [3] to align the low-power (fill in "low power" or "high power") objective lens with the light hole; Rotate [8] to align the larger aperture with the light hole.

2. The general steps of using a microscope are as follows: ① Take the mirror and place it.

② Observation of light ③

The object seen in the eyepiece is an inverted image. When the load moves to the left, the target image should move to the left; Move the image of the object to be observed at the upper right of the field of vision to the center, and the object should be moved to the upper right.

4. The product of eyepiece magnification and objective magnification is the magnification of microscope.

Section 2 Observation of Plant Cells

1, observed with a microscope, in addition to aiming at the light, adjusting the focal length, placing and moving the slide, it is also necessary to make the light pass through the observed object to see the image clearly. Therefore, the observation material must be thin and transparent. There are three commonly used slide specimens:

Slice-made of thin slices cut from organisms;

Smear-made of liquid biological materials (such as bacterial culture solution and blood);

Loading-made of a small amount of material torn or removed from organisms.

Some creatures are very small, and can also be directly made into pieces (such as paramecium, hydra, Penicillium, etc.). ).

The above three kinds of slide specimens can be made into permanent specimens (long-term preservation) or temporary specimens (non-long-term preservation).

2. In the process of making temporary packaging of onion scale leaf epidermal cells and human oral epithelial cells, the manufacturing methods can be summarized as: preparation → making temporary packaging → dyeing → observation. Note: In the temporary loading of onion scale leaf epidermal cells, use a dropper to drop a drop of clear water in the center of the slide, while in the temporary loading of human oral epithelial cells, use a dropper to add normal saline.

3. Cell is the basic unit of organism structure and function. Plant cells and animal cells have basically the same structure, that is, cell membrane, nucleus and cytoplasm, in which the cell membrane plays the role of controlling the entry and exit of substances, and the genetic information base is the nucleus.

All kinds of cells in human body or animal body have different shapes, but their structures and functions are the same.

Different from animal cells, plant cells also have chloroplasts, cell walls and vacuoles. Photosynthesis of plants should be carried out in green leaves. Although plant cells and animal cells have different structures, they all have their own functions, and they cooperate with each other to complete the life activities of cells.

4. Complete the structural diagrams of the following plant cells and animal cells, and briefly describe the functions of each part:

Chapter II Cell Life Section 1 Cell life needs matter and energy.

1, intracellular substances can be divided into two categories: one is relatively small molecules, generally containing no carbon, such as water, inorganic salts, carbon dioxide and so on. , called inorganic matter; One is relatively large molecules, generally containing carbon, such as fat, protein, nucleic acid, etc. This substance is called organic matter. Generally speaking, the cell membrane can allow useful substances to enter the cell, keep other substances out of the cell, and at the same time, it can also discharge the waste produced in the cell.

2. Energy has different forms. The energy in food belongs to chemical energy. The energy in sunlight belongs to light energy. The energy released when a substance burns belongs to heat energy. Energy can change from one form to another.

Cells can change energy. Chlorophyll in plant leaf cells can absorb light energy. Convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in the organic matter it produces. Meanwhile, both plant cells and animal cells contain mitochondria. It makes the organic matter in the cell combine with oxygen, and after a complicated process, it is converted into carbon dioxide and water, and the energy in the organic matter is released for the cell to use. Therefore, mitochondria are called "power workshops" of cells. Chloroplast and mitochondria are both energy converters in cells.

Section 2 The nucleus is the genetic information base

1, the cell contains all the information to guide the development of the body, which is handed down by parents, so it is called disembarkation information. The nucleus is the genetic information base.

2. The substance dyed black in the nucleus is chromosome. It consists of protein and Dan. Every organism has a certain number of chromosomes in its cells. The carrier of genetic information is DNA. Fragments with genetic information are called DNA.

3. Cells are the unity of energy, matter and information. The changes of substance and energy in cells are very complicated and need unified command and control. The control center of a cell is the nucleus. The genetic information in the nucleus is a series of instructions to guide and control the changes of matter and energy in cells.

The third part of cell division produces new cells.

1, the growth of organisms from small to large is inseparable from the growth and division of cells. Growth refers to the process in which newly produced cells gradually increase by constantly absorbing nutrients from the surrounding environment and transforming them into their own substances. Division is the division of one cell into two cells.

2. When dividing, the nucleus divides first, then the cytoplasm splits into two parts, and finally a new cell membrane is formed in the center of the original cell, and a new cell wall is formed in the plant cell. When the nucleus divides, the chromosome first doubles and then divides into the same two halves. At this time, the chromosome morphology and number of the two new cells are the same, and the chromosome morphology and number of the new cell and the original cell are also the same. Therefore, the new cell contains the same genetic information as the original cell, which ensures the genetic similarity of the same species.

Chapter 3 How do cells form the structural level of the first section of an organism?

1. The growth and development of animals and humans all start from fertilized eggs. During development, fertilized eggs produce new cells through cell division. At first, these cells were similar in knot and morphology, and they all had the ability to divide. Later, except for a few cells, most of them lost their ability to divide, each with its own function, and their morphological structure gradually changed. This process is called cell differentiation. Cell differentiation produces different cell groups, and each cell group is composed of cells with similar morphology and structure and the same structure and function. Such cell groups are called organs.

2. The structural level of animal body from micro to macro is: cell → tissue → organ.

→ system → animal individual. Among them, the four major tissues of the animal body are:

Epithelial tissue: composed of epithelial cells, it has protective and secretory functions.

Muscle tissue: mainly composed of muscle cells, it has the functions of contraction and relaxation.

Nerve tissue: mainly composed of nerve cells, it can generate and conduct excitement.

Connective tissue: there are many kinds, which have the functions of support, connection, protection and nutrition.

3. Different tissues are combined in a certain order to form organs.

Can * * * with a number of organs to complete one or more physiological functions in a certain order to form a system.

Section II Structural Levels of Plants

1. Green flowering plants consist of six organs: roots, stems, leaves, fruits, seeds and fruits. Among them, roots and leaves belong to vegetative organs; Flowers, fruits and seeds belong to reproductive organs.

2. In mature plants, there are always some undifferentiated cells, which can maintain their meristematic ability all their lives. Organizations composed of such cell groups are called meristems. Meristem cells are small, the cell wall is thin, the nucleus is large, the cytoplasm is thick and the division ability is strong. It can constantly produce new cells, and then these cells differentiate into other tissues, such as protective tissues (protecting internal organs), dredging tissues (such as stems, veins and root tip mature areas, which can transport water and inorganic salts) and nutritional tissues (storing nutrients).

In the third quarter, there is only one cell.

1. Organisms in the biosphere can be divided into unicellular organisms and multicellular organisms according to the number of cells. The former is yeast, paramecium, Chlamydomonas, Eupolyphaga and amoeba.

2. Please indicate the structural names of each part in the figure below, and briefly write out each function next to it.

The fourth quarter has no cell structure of tiny organisms-virus.

1. Virus is a kind of organism without cell structure. According to the different parasitic cells, it can be divided into three categories: animal viruses that are specially parasitic in human and animal cells;

Plant viruses that are specially parasitic in plant cells;

Bacterial viruses parasitic in bacterial cells are also called bacteriophages.

2. The virus has a simple structure and consists of protein shell and internal genetic material. They can't live independently, but must live in the living cells of other organisms for life activities. If you leave a living cell, it usually becomes a crystal.

Unit 3 Green Plants in the Biosphere

Chapter 1 What green plants are there in the biosphere?

1. There are about 300,000 known green plants in the biosphere, which can be divided into four categories: algae, moss,

Ferns and seed plants.

2、

The main characteristics of plant species represent the meaning of plants.

Spore plants and algae plants mostly live in water and have no roots.

Differentiation of organs such as stems and leaves; can

Photosynthesis kelp, laver, Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra are important sources of organic matter and oxygen on the earth, which can be eaten or used medicinally.

Bryophytes are suitable for living in dark and humid places, including

Stems and leaves, but no dredging tissue, pumpkin, reed and reed have certain effects on soil and water conservation and can be used as indicator plants for monitoring air pollution.

Pteridophytes live in the humid environment of forests and Shan Ye;

There are real roots, stems, leaves and

Dredge the tissue: Pteridium aquilinum, Manjianghong, Pteridium aquilinum and Selaginella are partly edible and partly medicinal, and Pteridium aquilinum has ornamental value.

Seed plants gymnosperms can produce seeds, but seeds can't.

Peel coating; Roots, stems and leaves are developed. Tall trees, such as pine, cypress, fir, ginkgo, silver fir and Metasequoia glyptostroboides, play an important role in soil and water conservation, wind and sand fixation, air purification, environmental greening and noise reduction.

Angiosperms have roots, stems, leaves and fruits.

Flowers and seeds, with seeds outside.

It's wrapped. Wheat, corn, chrysanthemum, poplar and other species are most closely related to human beings. Most of the basic necessities of human life come from angiosperms.

3. A seed is an organ. The seed coat protects the young embryo, and the cotyledon or endosperm is rich in nutrition. Spore is a kind of germ cell, which can germinate only if it is dispersed in a warm and humid environment, otherwise it will soon lose its vitality. So the vitality of seeds is stronger than that of spores. Compared with bryophytes and ferns, seed plants are more adaptable to terrestrial environment and become the dominant group of terrestrial plants, which is an important reason.

4. Write the names of seed structures of monocotyledonous plants and dicotyledonous plants, and briefly explain the functions of each part.

5、

Differences, similarities

Bean seeds have two leaflets, including embryo and seed coat.

Embryo consists of radicle, embryo and hypocotyl.

Cotyledons are composed of four parts.

Corn seeds have 1 cotyledon, endosperm, storage nutrition and pericarp outside the seed coat.

6. Fruit consists of peel and seeds. In the process of seed development, fruits can protect seeds. At the same time, some fruits often have some characteristics suitable for spreading, such as wings, hair, mucus and bright surface color. This is a feature that angiosperms are more adaptable to the terrestrial environment than gymnosperms.

Chapter II Life of Angiosperms

Section 1 Seed Germination

External conditions: suitable temperature, certain humidity and sufficient air.

1, seed germination conditions

Self-condition: the seeds must be intact and energetic, stored for a short time, and passed the dormancy period.

2. If you can't test the objects one by one, you can take a few individuals from the total number of tested objects as samples, and the test results of the samples can reflect the overall situation. This method is called sampling survey.

3. The process of seed germination: ① Absorb water first. ② Nutrients in cotyledons or endosperm are transported to radicle, embryo and hypocotyl. ③ The radicle develops first, breaks through the seed coat and forms roots. ④ The hypocotyl elongates and the embryo develops into stems and leaves.

Section 2 Plant Growth

1, the fastest growing part of root is elongation zone. The cells in the extension area come from the division area. The cells in meristem constantly replenish the number of cells in the extension zone by producing new cells. Cells in the extension zone continue to extend and grow into cells in the mature zone. Therefore, on the one hand, the growth of roots depends on the division area to increase the number of cells; On the one hand, it depends on the increase of cell volume in the elongation zone.

2. Write the names and characteristics of each part of the root tip.

3. The stem is developed from the germ. There is meristem in the bud. When the bud develops, the cells of meristem divide.

4. Plants need a variety of inorganic salts, among which inorganic salts containing nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are the most needed. There are also some inorganic salts that are not in great demand, but they also play an important role in plant life. For example, if there are no inorganic salts containing iron, fruit trees will get yellow leaf disease; Without boron-containing inorganic salts, rape will "blossom without fruit" (only blossom without fruit).

Section 3 Flowering and Fruiting

1. Complete the basic structure of the following peach blossoms:

2. When the pollen matures, it will naturally crack and emit pollen. The process of pollen falling from anther to pistil stigma is called pollination. There are many ways of pollination, such as peach blossom, plum blossom, apple blossom and rape blossom, which are brightly colored, fragrant and have nectaries, so they are all pollinated by insects. The pollen of corn, poplar and willow is abundant and light, so it is often pollinated by wind. In addition, in order to make up for the lack of natural pollination, artificial pollination can also be carried out.

3. After the pollen falls on the stigma, it begins to germinate under the stimulation of mucus on the stigma, and the pollen tube grows through the style, enters the ovary and reaches the ovule. Sperm in pollen tube moves to ovule and combines with egg cells inside to form fertilized eggs. The process of sperm and egg fusion is called fertilization.

4. Formation of fruits and seeds: After fertilization, all the petals, stamens, styles and stigmas of pistil fall off, and only the ovary of pistil finally develops and bears fruit.

Zifangbi peel

Seed coat and fruit of seed chamber

Embryo seed of fertilized egg

Fertilized polar embryo milk

Chapter III Water Cycle of Green Plants and Biosphere

Section 1 The life of green plants needs water

1, the role of water in plants: a, water is an important part of plants; B, keep the inherent posture of plants. C, water can dissolve and transport various substances, such as inorganic salts must be dissolved in water to be absorbed and transported. D, participate in various life activities of plants, such as photosynthesis.

2. The distribution of water in the biosphere is uneven. Where there is more water, there are more plants and tall trees.

The second way to save water into plants

1, the water-absorbing part of root system is mainly the mature area of root tip. There are a lot of root hairs in the mature area, which greatly increases the water absorption surface area of the root system and improves the water absorption efficiency of the root system.

2. Water and inorganic salts absorbed by roots are transported to various parts of the plant through conduits in woody parts.

Organic matter produced in leaves is transported to other organs of plants through sieve tubes in phloem.

The cambium between xylem and phloem can continuously divide into new cells and form phloem cells outward and inward.

Woody cells make the stems of woody plants thicker and thicker. Some plants have no cambium on their stems, so they can't grow very thick.

Section III Participation of Green Plants

Biosphere water cycle

1, complete the structure diagram of the blade:

Leaves are composed of epidermis, mesophyll and veins.

It consists of three parts. Among them, there are pores on the epidermis, which are cavities surrounded by a pair of half-moon guard cells. It is the "gateway" for plant transpiration and gas exchange.

2. The process that water is emitted from plants to the outside in the form of steam is called transpiration. The place where it happens is the stomata. Significance: lowering the body temperature of plants; Promote the absorption of water by roots; Promote the growth of plants

Transport of water and inorganic salts. Transpiration can also participate in the water cycle of the biosphere. (Thinking: Why are many branches and leaves often cut off when planting trees in spring? )

Chapter IV Green plants are producers of organic matter in the biosphere.

1. The purpose of the experiment "Green leaves make organic matter under light" is twofold: one is to test whether the organic matter made by green leaves under light has _ starch _ _, and the principle of utilization is that _ starch _ _ turns blue when it meets _ _ _ iodine solution; The second is to explore whether _ _ _ _ _ is a necessary condition for green leaves to produce organic matter, and the experimental method of _ _ controlling _ _ is mainly used in the experiment. In this experiment, potted geraniums were placed in a dark place for one day and one night in order to let the starch in the leaves escape. (2) Cover some leaves with black paper for the purpose of _ seeing the light and forming contrast _ _; (3) Move to a bright place for several hours. (4) Take a leaf and put it in alcohol for waterproof heating instead of direct heating to prevent _ _ _ _ _ _; The leaves should be heated until the color turns yellow and white, so that the chlorophyll in the leaves can be removed. ⑤ Before dropping iodine solution, clean the leaves taken out from spraying with clear water, so as not to interfere with the later experiments.

2. In the experiment "Green leaves make organic matter under light", the phenomenon that leaves are heated in absolute alcohol is as follows.

Alcohol turns green, and the phenomenon seen after dropping iodine solution on leaves is: cover part with black paper _ not blue _.

_ _, the part not covered by black paper _ _ turns blue _ _. The conclusion of this experiment is that _ _ green leaves do _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

3. Photosynthesis is a process that green plants use the energy provided by light to synthesize organic matter in chloroplasts, and convert light energy into chemical energy and store it in organic matter.

4. The slow growth of trees in winter is mainly due to the decrease of light and the decrease of organic matter produced by photosynthesis, while plant cells are mainly organic matter except water and a small amount of inorganic salts.

5. Breathing refers to the process that cells use oxygen to decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide and water, and release the energy stored in organic matter for life activities. This process is mainly in cells.

In mitochondria. Breathing is a common feature of living things.

6. A and B produce the same kind of melon, and the lighting conditions, daytime temperature and cultivation measures in the two places are basically the same, but the night temperature in A place is much lower than that in B place. Results the sugar content of melons in a place was higher than that in b place. The reasons are as follows: ① The light conditions and cultivation measures in the two places are the same, and the organic quality produced by photosynthesis in the two places should be basically the same; ② In a certain range, the higher the ambient temperature, the stronger the respiration of plants. At night, the temperature in the first place is lower, and the respiration of melons is weaker than that in the second place, so the organic matter consumed is less than that in the second place, so the sugar content in the first place is higher.

Chapter V Carbon and Oxygen Balance between Green Plants and Biosphere

1. Experiments show that carbon dioxide emitted by combustion or animal respiration is the raw material for photosynthesis of green plants, and the oxygen produced by photosynthesis not only meets the needs of plants' own respiration, but also supplies animals.

2. The picture below shows an experiment related to photosynthesis. The tank in equipment A is filled with clarified limewater which can absorb carbon dioxide, and the tank in equipment B is filled with clear water. Beakers in equipment A and B are filled with clean water. Please answer the relevant questions according to the following:

(1) Both devices should be coated with airtight substances such as vaseline where they contact the desktop, and its significance is to prevent _ _ _ _ _. The purpose of keeping device A and device B in the dark for one day and one night is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

_。

(2) When the equipment is taken out of the darkness, it is found that the change of the clarified limewater solution in the water tank in the equipment A is _ _ turbid, because the limewater clarified by carbon dioxide generated by breathing becomes turbid _.

__。 The purpose of putting equipment A and equipment B in the dark for one day and one night is _ _ _ _ _.

(3) After the leaves are taken off and decolored, the device that leaves turn blue by dropping iodine solution is _ B _ _, which means that the leaves in this device produce _ starch _ _. The purpose of setting device B in this experiment is _ _ _ _.

(4) Experiments show that carbon dioxide is the raw material of photosynthesis.

3. The oxygen produced by green plants in photosynthesis exceeds their own breathing needs, and the remaining oxygen is discharged into the atmosphere in the form of gas; Green plants also consume carbon dioxide in the atmosphere through photosynthesis, thus maintaining the relative balance between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the biosphere, which is called carbon-oxygen balance for short.

4. Due to the massive use of fuel by human beings, the amount of carbon dioxide discharged into the atmosphere has greatly increased, which has exceeded the self-regulating ability of the biosphere. To maintain the balance of carbon and oxygen in the biosphere, we must first limit the emission of carbon dioxide on a global scale; Second, the role of green plants is more important.

5. The essence of photosynthesis is that green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into storage through chloroplasts.

The energy of organic matter (such as starch) and the process of releasing oxygen. In agricultural production, if crops are planted too closely, leaves will block each other, which will affect the efficiency of plant photosynthesis; If you plant it too thinly, it will be wasted because you don't make full use of the light on the unit area, which will affect the yield, so you should plant it reasonably close.

6. List and compare the differences and connections between photosynthesis and respiration:

Distinguish and connect the breath of photosynthesis.

Mitochondria of chloroplast living cells of six organs in different parts of leaves

Conditions are light, light and no light.

Raw materials include carbon dioxide, water, organic matter and oxygen.

Products organic matter, oxygen and carbon dioxide, water.

Energy conversion stores energy (light energy → chemical energy) and releases energy (chemical energy → energy of life activities).

The energy released by the decomposition of organic matter by respiration comes from photosynthesis.

At the same time, overgrazing makes many grasslands desertification. In order to change this situation, China has successively promulgated the Forest Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) and the Grassland Law of People's Republic of China (PRC), and designated 12 every March as "Arbor Day".