Zhusun, also known as Zhusheng, is a rare delicacy in China. In the early 1990s, after successfully cultivating Dictyophora dictyophora in Gutian County, Fujian Province, it was inoculated in spring, and the summer harvest in that year shortened the production cycle by 2/3 and increased the yield by 10 times. In recent years, there has been a new breakthrough in cultivation technology. Adopting "open cultivation method without shed and raw materials" can not only stabilize and increase yield, save labor and materials and reduce costs, but also broaden the cultivation field and solve the contradiction of "mushroom and grain competing for land".
First, raw material treatment
The raw materials for cultivating dictyophora indusiata are very extensive, and all kinds of weeds such as bamboo, wood, branches, sundries, crop straw seeds, chaff, mountain reeds and so on can be utilized. Raw materials for uncooked cultivation do not need cooking and sterilization. Just chop the bamboo and wood raw materials, dry them in the sun, soak them in a pool, add 0.3%-0.5% lime, soak them for 24-48 hours, and then scoop up and drain the water to 60%-70%, which can be used for production. Use bagasse, cottonseed hull, corncob, weeds, soybean stalks, chaff, peanut stalks, oilseed stalks and other straws for cultivation, and pour lime water in the above ratio into the feed, and it can be used 24 hours after 10.
Second, the selection of strains
Dictyophora strains include Dictyophora gigantea and Dictyophora gigantea. Dictyophora spinosa suitable for raw material cultivation has strong stress resistance, and extracellular enzymes secreted by mycelium can decompose and absorb nutrients in raw materials. Mushrooms can be produced 2 months after inoculation, and the dried Dictyophora dictyophora can be produced 250-350 grams per square meter, with a high yield of 500 grams, which is three times higher than that of Dictyophora rubra. D- Guyou 1 is the best strain.
Third, open cultivation techniques without shed
Dictyophora long skirt belongs to high temperature type, and its fruiting body production and development period is from June to September every summer. At this time, all kinds of agricultural materials such as soybeans, corn, sorghum, melons and other stems and leaves are in full swing; In summer, fruit trees in orchards and forest farms are shaded by trees, with good shading conditions; Moreover, the above crops and fruit trees exhale a lot of oxygen every day, which is very beneficial to the growth and development of dictyophora indusiata fruiting body. These natural environments create good ecological conditions for the cultivation of dictyophora indusiata without shed, and organically combine to form a biological chain. Several open cultivation management techniques are introduced below.
L, interplanting crops next to bamboo shoots.
(1) farming season. Generally divided into spring and autumn. The temperatures in the north and south of China are different, which can be specifically grasped as follows: first, the temperature during sowing period is not more than 28℃, which is suitable for mycelium growth and development; 2. The growth period of bacterial buds is 2-3 months after sowing, and the temperature is not lower than 10℃, so that the bacterial buds can develop into fruiting bodies healthily. The interplanting crops of dictyophora indusiata in southern provinces are usually sown in spring. When they are startled, they start to pile up and sow, and when it is fine, they start to interplant crops. The north is appropriately postponed.
(2) Site layout. The mushroom bed should be drained first. Bed width 1m, length depends on the site. Generally 10- 15m is better. A pedestrian passage is set between beds, with a width of 20-30 cm, and the bed surface is turtle-backed, which is 25-35 cm away from the furrow to prevent water accumulation.
(3) Sowing method. Dictyophora dictyophora is a kind of material layer by layer, and the strains can be either on demand or broadcast. 10 kg culture medium, 5 bottles of strains per meter, so as to pile up and sow at the same time.
(4) Cover with soil. After stacking and sowing, cover the seedbed with a layer of humus with a thickness of 3 cm, and the water content of humus should be 18%. After covering the soil, cut it into small pieces with bamboo leaves or reeds, cover it on the surface, and cover the bed with film to prevent rainwater from leaking out.
(5) intercropping crops. Intercropping soybean, spleen bean, sorghum, corn, pepper and cucumber with other tall stalk or vine crops beside the bamboo bed. When Dictyophora dictyophora is sown and covered with soil 15-20 days, you can dig holes in the border to sow crop seeds and interplant one plant every 50-60 cm.
(6) On-site management. After sowing, it is cultivated at room temperature for 25-33 days, when the mycelium climbs to the surface of the material, the covering film can be uncovered, and it is beneficial to form small mushroom buds by cutting on the bed to shade the light. After culture, hyphae proliferate continuously, absorb a lot of nutrients, form a stalk, climb on the material surface, from vegetative growth to reproductive growth, quickly become mushroom buds, and break the stalk to form fruiting bodies. The optimum water content of culture medium is 60%, the water content of covering soil is not less than 20%, and the relative humidity of air is 85%. During the growing period in Gu Lei, spray water once in the morning and once in the evening to keep the relative humidity not lower than 90%. Mushroom buds gradually expand, the top bulges, and then break in a short time, and the skirt unfolds as soon as possible. The cultivation of dictyophora is very particular about spraying water, and the specific requirement is "four looks", that is, one look at the cover. When the bamboo leaves or straw are dry, it is necessary to spray water; Second, look at the soil cover. When the soil is covered with white, it should be sprayed more and more frequently; Third, look at the germ buds. Small germ, light spray and fog spray; Most of the germs are sprayed and sprayed; Fourth, look at the weather. When it is dry in sunny days, the evaporation is large, and it is not sprayed in rainy days. Only in this way can we ensure good buds, good mushrooms and good flowers.
2. Forest and fruit intercropped with dictyophora indusiata.
Using the space of apple, citrus, grape, oil, peach, pear and other orchards, as well as the space of trees in mountainous woodland, we can interplant Dictyophora dictyophora and improve the land utilization rate. Specific technology:
(1) Garden leveling; Choose flat or gentle slope fruit forest, sandy loam with humus and orchard near water source. Before 7- 10 sowing, clean up the sundries and weeds on the site, and it is best to turn over the soil and bask in the sun. Fruit trees can be sprayed with Bordeaux mixture to control pests and diseases. Generally, the spacing between fruit trees is 3m× 3m, and the middle space is used as a bamboo bed. Ditching can be carried out along the fruit trees, the sidewalk spacing is 30 cm, the frame width is 60-80 cm, the soil preparation clods should not be too broken to facilitate ventilation, and a working path of 40-50 cm is left beside the fruit trees.
(2) stacking and sowing; Wetting the culture material in advance before sowing, and the water content is about 60%. Open the soil layer on the border for 3 cm on sunny days and push it to both sides of the border to cover it; Then, pile the culture on the bed, on the dictyophora. Sow materials, then spread a layer of materials, and finally cover them with soil. If the branches and leaves are not dense, cover the soil with straw and thatch to avoid direct sunlight. Cover with film after sowing to prevent rain. Sprinkle lime or other pesticides around the ditches and sites to kill insects.
(3) Fungal growth management: 15- 20 days after sowing, water spraying is generally not needed. It is best to expose the film and ventilate for about 30 minutes every day, and increase the ventilation times in the later period to keep the water content of the culture material 60%-70%. There is a lot of rain in spring, so it is necessary to dig a drainage ditch, which is 30 cm deeper than the border. The growth temperature of mycelium adapts to 23-26℃.
(4) fruiting management; It takes 10- 15 days for hyphae to grow full of culture materials 25-40 days after sowing, and then the mushroom buds can grow at room temperature of 20℃ 10-20 days, and the humidity is maintained at 80%-90%. After 20-28 days of culture, the fungus buds are mature and can be harvested when the buds are broken, the stems are pulled out and the skirts are spread.
3. Bionic cultivation techniques of Dictyophora indusiata without materials.
Select Phyllostachys pubescens that have been felled for more than 2 years, and dig an acupoint in the uphill direction next to the bamboo head, the size is 5-6 cm, the depth is 20-25 cm, and the thickness of yuba leaves is 5 cm. After sowing a layer of dictyophora indusiata, fill a layer of yuba leaves with a thickness of 10 cm, then sow a layer of strains, and fill 2-3 layers accordingly. Finally, cover it with yuba leaves and excavated soil, with a thickness of 2-3 cm, and stamp it gently. If the soil is dry, it should be watered and moistened, and covered with weeds, branches and leaves for shading, windproof, moisturizing and heat preservation. When sowing strains, pay attention to less sowing in the lower layer and multicast in the upper layer, so that the mycelium can better go to the dead bamboo whip after recovery. You can also dig a small ditch in the bamboo forest from high to low, every 25-30 cm, 7- 10 cm deep, put a little yuba or bamboo whip at the bottom of the ditch, sprinkle with strains, and then cover with soil. There are 180-200 old bamboo heads per 667㎡, and it costs money to dig flowers, which is difficult to rot. Dictyophora dictyophora can be cultivated and decomposed in situ, which has the best of both worlds.