1. Medicinal plants refer to plants that contain bioactive components and are used for disease prevention and treatment.

2. Medicinal plant cultivation is an applied science that studies the growth and development of medicinal plants, the formation law of yield and quality and their relationship with environmental conditions, and on this basis, adopts cultivation techniques and measures to achieve stable production, high quality and high efficiency, and its research object is various groups of medicinal plants. In short: to ensure that "plant-environment-measures" are various agronomic measures for the stable development of agricultural ecosystems.

3. Records about medicinal plants and their cultivation can be traced back to The Book of Songs more than 2,600 years ago.

4. The spread of Huangdi Neijing, the first medical work in China, and Shennong Herbal Classic, the oldest herbal classic in the world, marked the formation of the basic theory of traditional Chinese medicine and the establishment of its basic contents.

5. The New Theory of Tang Materia Medica compiled by Su Jing and others contains 850 kinds of drugs, which is the first pharmacopoeia in the history of China and the earliest in the world. It is more than 800 years earlier than the world-famous European Nuremberg Pharmacopoeia.

6. Compendium of Materia Medica by Li Shizhen in Ming Dynasty (15 18- 1593).

7.GAP is the abbreviation of good agricultural standardization process of Chinese herbal medicines. GAP is short for Good Agricultural Practices. Implemented on June 1 2002.

8. Standard operating procedures (SOP), and the formulation of SOP is an enterprise behavior.

Chapter II Physiological Basis of Medicinal Plant Cultivation

1. Growth is a quantitative process. Development is a series of qualitative changes of plants.

2. Roots can be divided into straight roots and fibrous roots according to morphology. According to the buried depth, it can be divided into shallow root system and deep root system.

3. Abnormal medicinal plants with roots have many unique functions. (1) storage root (2) aerial root (3) supporting root (4) parasitic root

(5) Climbing roots (6) Rooting by water

4. The stems of plants can be divided into aboveground parts and underground parts. The stem thickening of dicotyledonous plants is the result of cambium activity, while that of monocotyledonous plants is the result of meristem activity between layers.

5. The leaves of plants are composed of leaves, petioles and stipules. Those who have all three are called complete leaves; A leaf lacking any part or two parts is called an incomplete leaf. The leaves of plants are divided into simple leaves and compound leaves. Compound leaves are divided into single compound leaves (Fructus Aurantii), three compound leaves (Pinellia ternata), palmately compound leaves (Panax notoginseng) and pinnate compound leaves (Sophora flavescens, Gleditsia sinensis and Nandina domestica). The arrangement order of leaves on branches is called leaf order. Generally speaking, there are alternating, opposing, rotating and clustering types.

6. The structure of leaves leaves are composed of upper epidermis and appendages, such as wax or fluff. There is palisade tissue under the upper epidermis, and the cells are slender and closely arranged, containing chloroplasts. Below the palisade tissue is sponge tissue, which is the place where gas and water exchange during photosynthesis and transpiration. In sponge tissue, vascular bundles pass through the petiole to reach the stem, which is the channel for transporting nutrients and water. Below the sponge tissue is the lower epidermis with pores, which is the place where leaves exchange gas and water with the outside world. When topdressing outside the roots, nutrients can also enter from stomata and be absorbed by plants. There are guard cells beside the stomata to control the opening and closing of the stomata. It is applied to foliar fertilizers (urea and potassium dihydrogen phosphate).

7. Representation of leaf area index. Leaf area index refers to the ratio of the total green leaf area of medicinal plant population to the corresponding land area.

Key points of the lecture:

1. Flower bud differentiation is a turning point from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.

2. In monoecious plants, male flowers usually bloom first, then bisexual flowers and male flowers appear together, and finally simple female flowers.

3. The flowers of typical angiosperms generally have the following structures: pedicel, receptacle, calyx, corolla, stamen and pistil. A complete flower has four parts: calyx, corolla, stamen and pistil, and an incomplete flower lacks one or more of them.

4. The arrangement or opening order of flowers on a flower branch or floral axis is called inflorescence.

5. Inflorescences can be divided into infinite inflorescences and finite inflorescences.

6. Pollination means that the pollen grains of stamens fall on the stigma of pistil, and the pollination methods are divided into: ① self-pollination; ② Cross pollination. ③ Cross pollination.

7. The growth of fruits and plants shows an S-shaped curve, while the growth of peaches, apricots and other fruits shows a double S-shaped curve.

8. Fruit is developed from ovary or attached flower organs (receptacle, calyx, stamen, pistil, etc.). ) is connected to the ovary.

A seed develops from an ovule in an ovary.

9. Plant development theory (mainly four kinds) 1? Anthocyanin hypothesis 2? Flowering inhibitor hypothesis 3. Carbon-nitrogen ratio hypothesis.

4? Stage development theory stage.

10. The process of plants from zygote to seed germination, entering juvenile and mature stage, and forming new zygote is called plant life history. Annual plants, biennial plants, perennial plants.

1 1. The phenomenon that the terminal bud of plant main stem inhibits the growth of lateral buds or branches is called apical dominance. If the terminal bud is cut off, the lateral bud can germinate and grow.

12. The correlation between the aboveground part and the underground part is deeply rooted, "the dry root is long and the wet seedling is long".

13. The phenomenon of big and small years is also caused by the disharmony between vegetative growth and reproductive growth. Reason: (1) is related to the nutritional conditions of trees. When fruit trees bear too much fruit, a lot of nutrients are consumed on the fruit, which weakens the growth of branches in that year, makes the nutrients stored in branches insufficient, hinders the formation of flower buds, reduces the number of flower buds, leads to stunting, and leads to a decrease in the number of flowers and fruits in the next year, low fruit setting rate and low yield; On the contrary. (2) It is related to hormone changes in the body. Especially the change of gibberellin level will affect the differentiation of flower buds. Because there are many fruits and seeds formed in the new year, a lot of gibberellin is also produced in the seeds, which inhibits the flower bud differentiation of the tree.

14. Polarity refers to the physiological difference (i.e. heterogeneity) between the morphological ends of plant organs, tissues or cells.

The reason is related to the polar transport of auxin.

15. Regeneration ability refers to the ability of a part of a plant to restore other parts of the plant in vitro.

16. The relationship between plant growth and temperature has "three basic points"-minimum temperature, optimum temperature and maximum temperature.

17. Vernalization refers to the phenomenon that low temperature induces plant flowering.

18. According to the different requirements for illuminance, it is usually divided into: (1) sunny plants, (2) shade plants and (3) intermediate plants.

19. Red light can accelerate the growth and development of long-day plants, but prolong the growth and development of short-day plants; Blue and purple light can accelerate the growth and development of short-day plants, but delay the growth and development of long-day plants.

20. According to the response to photoperiod, plants can be divided into three categories: (1) long-day plants, (2) short-day plants and (3) daytime neutral plants.

2 1, transpiration water consumption is called plant physiological water demand and expressed by transpiration coefficient.

Transpiration coefficient refers to the grams of water consumed per 1 g dry matter formation.

22. The critical period of water demand refers to the period when medicinal plants are most sensitive to water in their lifetime (annual biennial plants) or annual growth period (perennial plants), which is called the critical period of water demand.

Soil can be divided into sandy soil, clay and loam according to texture. Soil fertility refers to the ability of soil to provide water, fertilizer, gas and heat for the normal growth and development of plants.

24.n is the main component of protein, chlorophyll and enzyme. Phosphorus can accelerate cell division and the development and formation of reproductive organs. Adding phosphate fertilizer can prevent flowers and fruits from falling and enhance the ability of plants to resist diseases and stress. Potassium can enhance the photosynthesis of plants and promote the formation, transportation and storage of carbohydrates.

25. Yield = biological yield × economic coefficient. The dynamic of dry matter accumulation of medicinal plants accords with logistic curve ("S" curve) model.

26. Cultivated licorice should be harvested in the autumn of the third year after planting. Because the roots of licorice annual plants grow for a long time, which is 25 ~ 80 cm long in autumn and the root diameter is1.5 ~12.0 mm; The growth rate is the fastest in the second year after planting, and the weight gain can reach about 160% of the previous year. In the third year, not only the weight, length and diameter increased obviously, but also glycyrrhizic acid (9.48%) and water-soluble extract (42.86%) met the pharmacopoeia standards, and the commodity prices were ideal.

27. The choice of post-harvest drying method is also important. The rhizome of Acorus gramineus should be dried intermittently or in the shade in a cool and ventilated place, but it is generally not suitable for drying. Daily drying or drying in the shade can keep the volatile oil above 65438 0.6%, while drying (below 60℃) can only keep about 65438 0.4% at most.

3.7 Key Points Chapter III Planting System of Medicinal Plants and Soil Tillage

1. Planting system refers to the composition, allocation, maturity and planting methods of crops in a region or production unit.

2. Multiple cropping refers to the continuous planting of two or more crops in the same field within one year.

Conditions for multiple cropping: heat, moisture, soil fertility and fertilizer, labor, animal power and mechanization, technical conditions and economic benefits.

3. Single cropping, intercropping, mixed cropping and interplanting. Three-dimensional planting, three-dimensional breeding.

Rotation is a cultivation method of planting different plants in the same field in turn. Continuous cropping, contrary to crop rotation, is a way of planting the same crop in the same field year after year. Using the same multiple cropping method in the same field is called multiple cropping continuous cropping.

5.( 1) Crops and medicinal plants prohibited from continuous cropping. Typical examples are Rehmannia glutinosa of Scrophulariaceae, Dioscorea opposita of Dioscoreaceae, potato, tobacco and tomato of Solanaceae, watermelon, flax and beet of Cucurbitaceae. (2) Short-term continuous cropping crops and medicinal plants. Sweet potato, Chinese milk vetch, chrysanthemum, Isatis indigotica and other crops, (3) the sensitivity to continuous cropping reaction belongs to the medium type. Continuous cropping resistant crops and medicinal plants. These crops include rice, sugarcane, corn, wheat, lotus seeds, Fritillaria and cotton.

6. Comprehensive reflection of physical and mechanical properties of soil (including cohesiveness, cohesiveness and plasticity, etc.). ) is called soil plowability.

7. Soil cultivation in saline-alkali land: leveling the land, improving exotic soil, ploughing, harrowing in early spring, planting skillfully without salt (in late spring and early autumn, in summer), loosening the soil in intertillage and harrowing at seedling stage.

Chapter IV Propagation of Medicinal Plants and Breeding of Improved Varieties

8. The process that plants produce new individuals similar to themselves for reproduction is called reproduction. Plant propagation includes sexual seed propagation and vegetative propagation.

9. ramet propagation is a propagation method to cultivate independent new individuals by cutting plant vegetative organs such as rhizomes or creeping branches. The method is simple and has high survival rate.

10. layering propagation is to press some branches on the mother plant into the soil or wrap them with other wet materials to promote the roots of the pressed parts of the branches, and then separate them from the mother plant to become independent new plants. Layering propagation is easier to take root than cutting and grafting. Ordinary layering, piling layering and aerial layering are three methods.

1 1. Cutting propagation is a propagation method that uses the balance function of plant vegetative organs to cut any part (such as roots, stems, leaves, etc.). ) from the mother, inserted into soil, sand or other substrates under appropriate conditions, using its meristem or regeneration ability to produce new roots and stems, thus becoming independent new plants.

Key points of the lecture

1. Factors affecting the survival of cuttings:

Internal factors (1) Plant species and age and position of cuttings. (2) The development of branches.

External factors (1) cutting substrate (2) temperature (3) humidity (4) oxygen (5) illumination.

2. Methods to promote the rooting and survival of cuttings: 1? Mechanical treatment (1) peeling (2) longitudinal cutting (3) girdling (4) strangulation (2? Yellowing treatment 3? Warm water treatment 4? Heat treatment 5? Chemistry 6? Growth regulator

3. There are internal and external factors affecting the survival of grafting. (1) affinity. (2) Life characteristics of rootstocks and scions. (3) Plant inclusions.

4.？ Selection of rootstocks and scions (1) Selection and cultivation of rootstocks. In the process of rootstock selection, the principle of rootstock zoning should be followed. The principle of rootstock zoning is to use local materials. (2) Selection and storage of scions. The cutting mother tree must be a plant with excellent and pure quality, stable characters and high economic value.

5.T-bud grafting, the rootstock is generally 1 ~ 2-year-old seedlings, and the stem is 0.5 cm thick. The rootstock is too big, not only because the cortex thickness is inconvenient to operate, but also it is difficult to survive after grafting. The method is to select a smooth and knot-free part about 5 cm from the ground, cross-cut a knife, and then cut a knife vertically from top to bottom, about 2 cm long, showing a "T"-shaped incision. The depth of the incision should be cut through the cortex without hurting or slightly hurting the xylem. Then, take the fresh branches as scions and remove the leaves from the branches. Leave the petiole and cut the bud with a bud grafting knife. The bud should be cut into shield shape, slightly with xylem, 2 ~ 3 cm long and 1 cm wide. Insert the bud into the incision of the rootstock from top to bottom, so that the bud and the cortex of the rootstock are close together and tied tightly with hemp skin or plastic strips.

6. Plants that germinate and grow from seeds are called seedlings.

7. Seed viability refers to the potential ability of seed germination or the vitality of seed embryo. 1? Short-lived seed 2? Zhong Ming Seed 3? macrobiotic seed

8. What are the factors that affect the longevity of seeds? 1? The main factors affecting the seed life of medicinal plants are seed coat (or pericarp) structure, seed storage, seed moisture content and seed maturity. 2? External factors mainly include temperature, humidity and ventilation conditions. Chemicals such as pesticides and fungicides will shorten the life of seeds.

9. Seed storage methods can be divided into dry storage and wet storage. Layering method: it can be carried out in outdoor excavation or indoor accumulation, and must maintain a certain humidity and a low temperature of 0 ~ 10℃. If there are many seeds, you can choose a suitable place to dig a pit outdoors, which is above the groundwater level. The size of the pit depends on the number of seeds. First, lay a layer of wet sand with a thickness of 10 cm at the bottom of the pit, then pile up mixed sand seeds with a thickness of 40-50 cm (sand: seed =3∶ 1), then lay a layer of wet sand with a thickness of 20 cm on the seeds, and cover them with soil with a thickness of 10 cm to prevent the sand from drying. A small bundle of sorghum stalks or other aerators should be vertically inserted in the center of the pit to ventilate the seeds in the pit to prevent the seeds from mildew caused by temperature rise. If the amount of seeds is small, it can be piled indoors, that is, the seeds are mixed with three times the amount of wet sand and piled indoors (the stacking thickness is about 50 cm), and a layer of wet sand with a thickness of 15 cm can be covered on it. Seeds can also be mixed with sand and stored in wooden boxes.

10. Seed purity, also known as seed cleanliness, is the percentage of the weight of pure seeds to the weight of inspection seeds.

Seed purity = (pure seed weight ÷ test seed weight) × 100%.

(2) Seed plumpness The measure of seed plumpness is usually expressed by its 1000-grain weight (in grams).

1 1. Germination rate = (number of germinated seeds ÷ number of tested seeds) × 100%,

Germination potential = (number of seeds germinated in specified time ÷ number of seeds used for experiment) × 100%.

12. Seed viability refers to the potential ability of seed germination or the vitality of seed embryo.

Rapid determination of seed viability of medicinal plants 1? Red Tetrazole (TTC) Staining Method 2,3,5 Chlorotriphenyltetrazole (or Bromide) is abbreviated as Tetrazole or TTC. The principle of dyeing is that the embryo cells of living seeds contain dehydrogenase, which has dehydrogenation and reduction effect, and triphenyltetrazole chloride absorbed by seeds participates in the reduction of living cells, so it is not dyed. Therefore, viable and non-viable seeds can be distinguished according to the dyeing condition of embryos. 2? Indigo dyeing is also called magenta dyeing. It is based on aniline dyes (indigo, acid aniline red, etc. ) cannot penetrate into the protoplasm of living cells, so the protoplasm of dead cells does not have this ability without dyeing, so the cells are dyed blue. Judging the viability of seeds according to the ratio of dyed parts to dyed areas.

13. The main reasons of seed dormancy are: (1) seed coat limitation. Seeds of leguminous plants (such as Astragalus membranaceus and Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch). (2) Immature embryo: Post-ripening refers to the process that seeds need to undergo a series of physiological and biochemical changes to reach real maturity before germination. (3) The existence of germination inhibitor. (4) Secondary dormancy.

14. Seed selection methods include air separation, screening and brine separation.

There are two ways to disinfect seeds with drugs: dressing seeds with powder and soaking seeds with liquid medicine.

15? Generally speaking, sowing methods include drilling, on-demand, and broadcasting. On-demand and drilling are suitable for field live broadcast. Sowing amount Sowing amount refers to the weight of seeds sown per unit area of land. Sowing amount (g/mu) = [number of seedlings per mu × 1000 seed weight (g)]/[seed clarity (%) × seed germination rate (%)× 1 000]

16. Transplant (1) herbal medicinal plants. Dig holes or ditches according to certain row spacing, and then plant seedlings. Generally, it is planted vertically or obliquely. The depth should not expose the original buried part, or slightly exceed it. Hair roots should stretch naturally, not curl.

(2) Transplanting and afforestation of woody plants. Woody medicinal plants can be transplanted sporadically, preferably for afforestation, which is convenient for centralized management. The question of centralization or decentralization should be dealt with according to the specific local conditions. Woody planting adopts hole sowing. Generally, only 1 plant is planted in each hole. The hole should be dug deep and big, and the soil at the bottom of the hole should be loose and fine. Cover it with fine soil, which is about 1/2 of the hole depth, and then tamp it. Then cover the soil, fill it in, compact it, and finally raise the soil slightly above the ground.

17. refers to the seeds selected by breeders, which are the seeds with the highest purity and quality provided by breeding units to production units.

(2) Using the "three-nursery method" to produce the original seed. In the absence of the original seed, the production unit produces the original seed itself. The general procedure of this method is to select excellent plants in the field (selection nursery) and compare and identify excellent plants in the nursery, select excellent plants in the nursery and produce original seeds in the original seed nursery.

Chapter VI Field Management of Medicinal Plants

1. Intercropping, seedling establishment and seedling supplement of herbal medicinal plants. Manual weeding is the main method of weeding and ridging in intertillage.

2. Fertilizer and water controlled fertilization technology: 1? Proper irrigation combined with water and fertilizer will obviously improve fertilizer efficiency. 2? Farming properly. Soil contains more water and fertilizer, which also promotes the development of root system and can improve fertilizer efficiency. 3? Improve lighting conditions. Fertilization can increase yield because it improves the photosynthesis of plants. 4? Improve fertilization methods

3. Irrigation and drainage: surface irrigation, sprinkler irrigation and drip irrigation. Drainage ditch drainage and pipeline drainage are unblocked.

4. Topping and bud picking are to use the correlation of plant growth to artificially adjust the redistribution of nutrients in plants and promote the coordinated growth and development of medicinal parts, thus improving the yield and quality of medicinal plants.

3.28

1. Artificial pollination: Artificial pollination and artificial pollination methods of wind-borne plants (such as Coix lacryma-jobi) vary from plant to plant. Coix lachryma-jobi vibrates the upper part of the plant with a rope, so that pollen can fly and pollinate easily. Amomum villosum is in powder form.

2. Covering and shadowing

3. Cold wave frost and high temperature resistance 1? Adjust the broadcast date 2? Irrigation 3, increasing the application of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer 4? involve

4. Planting density of woody medicinal plants is the core of cultivation and management of woody medicinal plants. In particular, dwarf close planting and planned close planting are considered to be innovations and breakthroughs in the traditional cultivation system of big crown and sparse planting centered on increasing planting density.

5. According to the characteristics of nutrient demand of medicinal woody plants in different growth periods, base fertilizer, seed fertilizer or topdressing should be applied reasonably. Long-acting fertilizer can be used as base fertilizer before sowing or transplanting.

6. The cultivation of medicinal fungi needs to supply nutrients such as carbon source, nitrogen source, inorganic salt and water.

7. Score: 1? Isolation of strains. Medium 3. Production of original strains and cultivated strains. Decline and rejuvenation of strain 5. Artificial culture of medicinal fungi. Mixed bacteria pollution and pest control.

4.5 Chapter VII Diseases and Pests of Medicinal Plants and Their Prevention and Control

1. During the cultivation and production of medicinal plants or the storage of Chinese medicinal materials, the normal metabolism is destroyed and disturbed due to the infection of pathogenic organisms or adverse environmental conditions, and a series of abnormal pathological phenomena occur from physiological function to morphological structure, which is called diseases.

2. The pathogenic factors of medicinal plants are called pathogens, including abiotic factors and biological factors. Diseases caused by adverse environmental factors such as drought, flood and severe cold or abiotic factors such as nutritional imbalance are not contagious and are called non-communicable diseases or physiological diseases. Diseases caused by biological factors such as fungi, bacteria and viruses invading plants are infectious and called infectious diseases or parasitic diseases.

3. There are many kinds of pests in medicinal plants, mainly insects, followed by mites, snails and mice.

4. Insects belong to Insecta (Arthropoda) in the animal kingdom, and their basic characteristics are head, chest and abdomen.

5. The individual development of insects can be divided into two stages: the first stage is embryonic development, from fertilization to hatching. The second stage is post-embryonic development, which is the whole development period from egg hatching to adult sexual maturity.

1? Egg 2? Hatching, growth and molting 3 metamorphosis 4 emergence and spawning

6. Insects have completed all the experiences of a generation, which is called life history.

4. 12 Chapter VIII Collection, Processing and Quality Management of Medicinal Plants

1. According to different medicinal parts, it can be harvested within a certain time range, which can be divided into roots and rhizomes, bark, stems and trees, leaves, flowers, whole grass, fruits and seeds.

2. Any preliminary treatment and drying of medicinal materials at the place of origin is called "processing at the place of origin" or "primary processing". The reprocessing of medicinal materials by pharmacies, pharmacies, decoction pieces factories, pharmaceutical factories or patients is called "processing".

3. It is also important to identify the experience of drying medicinal materials. Commonly used experience identification methods are:

(1) The dried medicinal materials have the same color, and there is no obvious dividing line between the center and the outer layer. If the cross-sectional color is inconsistent, it means that the interior of the medicinal materials is not completely dry. The color of the slices is still the same as when they are fresh, which is also a sign that they are not dry.

(2) When the dried medicinal materials collide with each other, the sound is crisp and loud. If it is muffled, it means it is not dry enough. Some medicinal materials with high sugar content should be judged by other standards if the knocking sound is not crisp after drying.

(3) The dried medicinal materials are hard and brittle, and it is difficult to bite your hand. Soft and not yet dry.

(4) Fruits and seeds can be easily inserted by hand, feeling no resistance, biting one's teeth, or feeling soft by hand, all of which are not dry.

(5) Leaves, flowers, stems or whole grass are easily broken by hand, and leaves and flowers are easily ground into powder by hand, which are all signs of dryness. If it is soft, it should not be broken or crushed, which means it is not completely dry.

4. Packaging requirements of Chinese herbal medicines: The packaging of Chinese herbal medicines should meet the same requirements as the packaging of other articles: extending the shelf life; Control or not bring secondary pollution; Maintain the original ingredients and efficacy; The packaging cost should be low; Increase the aesthetic feeling of appearance; Convenient and safe to store and carry. At the same time, the packaging of Chinese herbal medicines should also strive to achieve standardization, standardization and mechanization. It is required that the types, specifications, capacity, packaging materials, structural modeling of containers, pressure bearing, commodity holding, gaskets, packaging methods and inspection methods should be unified. As the production direction of Chinese herbal medicines, pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines have stricter requirements on internal quality and cultivation management than Chinese herbal medicines. At the same time, the packaging of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines must meet the following requirements in addition to the above basic requirements: (1) safety. The packaging material itself should be non-toxic (2) degradable. Packaging materials should be degradable (3) Reusable. Sustainable development (4) stability. Not affected by the surrounding environmental conditions; And does not react with the packaged medicinal materials, thereby changing the efficacy of the medicinal materials. (5) legitimacy. Approved by relevant departments and in line with relevant standards.

5. Matters needing attention during storage: 1. The moisture content of medicinal materials should be sampled frequently to avoid adverse consequences such as mildew.

2. Stack neatly, leaving channels, spaces and wall spacing, which is convenient for sampling and air circulation. 3. Different kinds of medicinal materials should be stacked separately, especially those with strong hygroscopicity, so as not to cause other medicinal materials to get wet. All kinds of medicinal materials should be labeled, which should indicate the scientific name, origin, quantity, processing method and grade of the plant. 4. Fragile medicinal materials cannot overlap.

4. 18 Chapter 9 Application of Modern Agricultural Technology in the Production of Medicinal Plants

1. Pollution-free cultivation of medicinal plants aims to adjust the relationship between medicinal plants and the environment of producing areas through cultivation methods and produce pollution-free and high-quality Chinese herbal medicines. Pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines refer to unprocessed or primary processed Chinese herbal medicines whose production environment, production technology and quality meet the requirements of relevant national standards and specifications, and have been certified by qualified certification bodies to obtain certification certificates.

The environment of producing areas of Chinese herbal medicines should meet the corresponding national standards, and the soil should meet the second-class standard of soil quality. It is required that the air in the origin of Chinese herbal medicines should meet the second-class standard of atmospheric environmental quality. It is required that the irrigation in the producing areas of Chinese herbal medicines should meet the quality standards of farmland irrigation water.

3. Fertilization principles for the production of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines The fertilization principles for the production of pollution-free Chinese herbal medicines should be: organic fertilizers are the main ones, supplemented by other fertilizers; Mainly multi-element compound fertilizer, supplemented by single-element fertilizer; It is mainly based on applying base fertilizer, supplemented by topdressing.

4. Comprehensive prevention and control strategy. That is, effective ecological means such as agriculture, biology, chemistry and physics are adopted to control the harm of pests and diseases below the economic threshold. In particular, the application prospect of new pollution-free technologies based on biological control is very broad, and the research in related fields has been carried out in China's "Sixth Five-Year Plan". Five ","seven? Five ","eight? During the "Five-Year Plan" period, a nationwide cooperative research was carried out and fruitful results were achieved. Many achievements can be purposefully introduced and applied to the prevention and control of medicinal plant diseases and insect pests.

5. Sustainable agriculture is the development trend of contemporary world agriculture. Its core is to protect the environment and maintain the sustainable utilization of resources while improving agricultural productivity.

6. Facility agriculture refers to agriculture with certain facilities, which can improve or create suitable meteorological environmental factors in a local scope, provide good environmental conditions for the growth and development of animals and plants, and carry out effective production.

7. After long-term development, soilless culture technology has formed many forms, and the commonly used forms in the production of medicinal materials are as follows: nutrient solution culture (hydroponics) technology, sand culture technology, organic matter culture technology and so on. Hydroponics requires a large one-time investment, high power consumption and high fertilizer cost, and requires certain professional knowledge on the configuration and management of nutrient solution; Organic matter culture has the advantages of relatively low investment, low operating cost and simple management, and can also produce high-quality medicinal materials.

8. Application of biotechnology in rapid propagation and resource protection of medicinal plants.

(1) Virus removal, rapid propagation, preservation and purification of medicinal plants by tissue culture.

1? Rapid propagation of rare or urgently needed medicinal plant varieties 2? Hybrid Generation and Rapid Propagation of Genetically Engineered Plants

3? Rapid propagation of endangered plants? Medicinal plants without virus diseases

(B) the establishment of medicinal plant germplasm gene bank

9. FAO and other international agricultural institutions have recommended Israel's advanced experience in agricultural development to many countries:

(1). Improve the quality of agricultural development with high technology: strive to improve the level of agricultural mechanization and chemistry. Vigorously develop irrigation, water saving and sewage treatment technologies. Israel has created the world's leading water-saving drip irrigation technology and promoted it nationwide, and has also made great achievements in sewage recycling. Seawater desalination is also a rapidly developing high-tech industry in the field of water resources development in Israel. Attach importance to the development of agricultural biotechnology and cultivate excellent varieties of crops and livestock. In particular, the modern production mode of cultivating improved varieties combined with greenhouse has achieved remarkable results. Give full play to the role of computer technology and information technology in agricultural development. In greenhouse planting, scientists have designed a series of software to automatically control water use, fertilization, temperature and crop growth environment in the greenhouse. It should be emphasized that the above-mentioned successful exploration depends on Israel's consistent adherence to the road of close integration of scientific research and production practice. Through the close connection of scientific research+talents+production, the development model of high-tech agriculture has been successfully constructed. (2) The rich humanistic foundation for agricultural development and the tradition of loving soil and attaching importance to agriculture. Love the social atmosphere of agriculture. Collective organizations based on agriculture. (3) Policy-supported legal agriculture cannot promote the development of Israeli agriculture without policy support and legal construction, and the government plays a key role in it. The Israeli government attaches great importance to the role of law in agricultural development, and advocates water management, land management and various problems in agriculture according to law. Legal agriculture has become a reality in Israel today.