Since the 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the construction of government efficiency has been widely carried out in various places and achieved certain results. However, we also see that the problem of low administrative efficiency of governments at all levels has not been fundamentally changed. Therefore, how to effectively strengthen the leadership of government efficiency construction and deeply study and discuss the effective ways and methods of government efficiency construction has become an important topic for governments at all levels and theoretical circles. This paper intends to analyze the problems existing in the current government administrative operation and management efficiency, and focus on the ways and methods of government efficiency construction. ?

One of the ways to build government efficiency is to introduce the scientific management mode of enterprises and improve the efficiency of government work. ?

China's government agencies have long been inefficient. The main reason for this problem is that due to the long-term implementation of the planned economy system, the power is too centralized, and the government has taken care of many things that should not be managed, managed badly and cannot be managed. For example, due to unreasonable institutional setup, overlapping institutions, unclear responsibilities of various departments, mutual restraint and wrangling; Due to the imperfection of administrative regulations, the establishment is increased at will, resulting in a huge, bloated and overstaffed organization. In view of this phenomenon, efficiency construction should first introduce the concept and method of scientific management of enterprises into the government management system, and put efficiency first. The specific methods mainly include:

(1) Introduce the flat organizational structure model of enterprises, and give full play to the role of grass-roots administrative agencies and administrative officials. China government agencies are composed of high, middle and grass-roots organizations. Grass-roots administrative organs and personnel are the most direct contacts between government organizations and the public, and their actions and activities directly affect the image, prestige and public evaluation of the government. However, in traditional government organizations, grass-roots administrative organs and their personnel are only regarded as followers of leaders and executors of decisions. They are strictly controlled by the top government organizations, and they have no flexible executive power, let alone decision-making power according to local conditions. In addition, there are too many administrative levels, overlapping institutions, multi-head leadership and cross-command, which makes grass-roots administrative organizations and personnel work passively, showing lack of vitality and slow action, and it is difficult to obtain high administrative efficiency and good social evaluation. Therefore, the reform of government institutions should learn from the flat organizational management mode of enterprises, adopt as few flat levels of government organizations as possible, greatly adjust the hierarchical relationship of traditional government organizations, reduce the level of government organizations, narrow the communication distance between top and grassroots, and delegate power to grassroots administrative organs and personnel, so as to achieve the purpose of developing grassroots human resources, mobilizing the enthusiasm of grassroots personnel and reshaping the government image. ?

(2) Learn from the scientific and reasonable incentive mechanism of employing people in enterprises, and mobilize the enthusiasm of administrative personnel in many ways. Government agencies should implement the employment contract system and stipulate the performance to be achieved in the contract to control administrative bureaucracy. In the form of distribution, the fixed salary system should be abolished and the flexible payment mode linked with performance and salary bonus should be adopted to encourage administrative officials to complete administrative affairs faster, better and more economically. The goal of personnel management reform in government agencies is to form an objective, just, fair and competitive mechanism for talent selection and use, performance management and evaluation, reward and punishment and public responsibility, so as to enhance the enterprising and innovative spirit of government officials. ?

The second way of government efficiency construction: referring to the flexible organization mode of modern enterprises, design the innovative carrier of government public management. ?

The deepening of market-oriented transformation requires that "the government and its institutions should be able to formulate corresponding policies according to environmental changes, rather than responding to new challenges in a fixed way". (1)(P87) Only a flexible organizational structure can adapt to the rapidly changing external world. ?

China's traditional internal government organization has the characteristics of permanence and stability, and the biggest defect of this characteristic is its operational failure. With the advent of the information age, the strict bureaucratic hierarchy is increasingly unsuitable for the needs of social development, because many problems faced by modern society can not be solved by any department alone. Many major social problems generally exist in the joint part of the organization, and many problems are temporary, which requires the government organization to have a process of continuous renewal and replacement, and must be expanded or contracted in time according to social needs. However, once the traditional organizations in China are established, it is difficult to cancel them, so that many organizations no longer play their roles after the problems are solved, resulting in a waste of resources. In addition, under the traditional administrative system, once a government official enters a government agency, he can serve for life as long as he is willing and has no major work mistakes. The tenure system of government personnel is of great value for cultivating their loyalty to the government, accumulating work experience and maintaining the continuity of public policy implementation, but it will also nourish the inertia of government personnel and make them stand still. More seriously, the permanent system of organizations and the tenure of officials will make officials pay more attention to their own interests rather than policies and responsibilities, and make officials' understanding and implementation of policies fixed and formatted, making it difficult to think about the new problems they face outside the old model, let alone creatively understand and implement policies. Therefore, an important way to strengthen the construction of government efficiency is to completely change this situation and adopt a flexible organizational model to set up government institutions. ?

The flexible organization mode is to enhance the flexibility of government organizations, reduce the permanent institutions in government organizations, introduce the "temporary employee system" and set up temporary institutions (such as special committees and project teams). ), and when necessary, temporarily transfer or hire temporary personnel to complete administrative tasks, especially new administrative tasks. Once the task is completed, these temporary institutions and personnel will be cancelled immediately. (The rights, responsibilities, interest design and personnel quality guarantee of temporary organizations are not the research content of this paper, and will not be discussed here. ) This way can not only improve the state of government organizations, enhance the vitality of the organizations, so that government organizations can maintain a rapid response to changes in the administrative environment, but also avoid the negative impact of the "lifelong employment system" on government personnel, so that government personnel can maintain keen judgment and positive innovation and enterprising spirit. ?

The third way to build government efficiency is to relax government administrative control and implement performance target control. ?

The reform of government administrative regulations management mainly involves the adjustment of the relationship between the government and civil servants, and between the government and the public. For a long time, in the process of traditional administrative organization and management in China, on the one hand, civil servants are bound by strict organization and complicated affairs, and they can only follow the rules and lack the opportunity to make decisions according to changes. Not only can their potential, creativity and enthusiasm not be fully exerted, but also the government's administrative efficiency is low, which affects the overall interests of society. On the other hand, due to the complicated rules and regulations of the public sector, the complicated administrative procedures and the high service cost of the government, it not only causes bureaucracy and corruption, but also increases the burden on the public and the opposition and friction between the government and the public. Therefore, in the construction of government efficiency, we should relax government control and implement performance target control to change this situation. Release the energy contained in government departments to improve the management level of the government, that is, remove the internal red tape restrictions and make government activities more creative, efficient and effective. ? (2) (Page 72)

Government personnel have a lot of professional knowledge and information, and understand social affairs and public situation. The objective reality also requires government personnel to handle social public affairs in a timely, accurate and reasonable manner and provide satisfactory services to the public. This requires reforming the traditional government administrative regulations, relaxing the strict administrative rules in the process of government administration, abolishing excessive and complicated administrative rules and procedures, and breaking through the traditional bureaucratic system that regards decision-making as the privilege of government leadership, so that government personnel can gain more opportunities for contingency decision-making and flexibility in implementing rules and regulations, so as to maximize their creativity and enthusiasm for work. The relaxation of government administrative control needs to be matched with strict performance target control. First of all, on the basis of defining its basic mission, the government should determine the specific performance goals of administrative organizations and government personnel, and formulate budgets and regulations that can enable government personnel to freely realize their missions and goals. Secondly, we should measure and evaluate the completion according to the performance objectives. Make an objective and accurate evaluation of the achievements, effects and achievements of government administrative departments and individuals through scientific methods and procedures. The content of performance evaluation should include work efficiency and cost-effectiveness, service quality and public satisfaction. ?

Fourth, the government efficiency construction: introduce market competition mechanism to break the monopoly position of the government in providing exclusive public service products. ?

Market-oriented construction requires adjusting the relationship among government, society and market. "Deny the monopoly position of bureaucracy in providing public services, and instead seek ways of cooperation and strengthen government efficiency with personal participation." (3)(P 1 10) For a long time, the government and state-owned property rights monopolized the provision of public services and public products, which not only led to the inefficiency and high cost of public services, but also caused the "bottleneck" of economic development due to the financial difficulties and lack of funds of the government. Therefore, it is necessary to change this situation in the construction of government efficiency, introduce market competition mechanism into the government public service field, and allow and encourage non-state-owned property rights to enter these fields to cooperate with state-owned property rights or invest and operate independently. For example, the government can implement "commercial contract lease" and "competitive bidding" for public products; By establishing some competitive institutions to provide the same products and services; Encouraging private investment and operation in natural monopoly infrastructure industries such as telecommunications, electric power, railway transportation, tap water and gas supply will not only help to form a competitive mechanism and pressure structure for public service supply, but also help to improve the efficiency and quality of public services; But also plays a fundamental role in changing the long-standing "bottleneck" phenomenon in China's infrastructure construction and increasing the effective supply of public services.

The fifth part of government efficiency construction: implementing horizontal intervention mechanism to reduce government administrative operation cost?

For a long time, China's government administrative agencies have not only been inefficient, but also their operating costs have been increasing. First of all, there are more and more financial providers, the government ranks are huge, and the limited fiscal revenue is unsustainable. In many places, finance has become "meal finance", and in some places, it is even impossible to pay the salaries of government workers in full. Secondly, the government's awareness of administrative costs is weak, and it only talks about input rather than results. It's just a political account, not an economic account. Blind economic investment and various activities to meet the standards, and some local and departmental leaders are keen on "image project" and "achievement project", blindly greedy for big and quick, at the expense of destroying environmental resources and social sustainable development, in exchange for so-called achievements and temporary glory, resulting in government resources and society. Thirdly, some local and departmental leaders are used to formalism, putting on airs, implementing documents with documents and implementing meetings with meetings. The higher the Wenshan Sea is cut, the deeper it is. A lot of manpower, material resources, financial resources, time and energy are spent on meetings, documents and some so-called investigations, inspections, visits and studies that are ineffective, which not only increases the burden of grassroots cadres, but also greatly increases the financial expenditure and burden of the government. Although the above situation has changed through the reform of government institutions and market-oriented construction, the substantive problems have not been fundamentally solved. Therefore, we must change these situations and solve the existing problems through the construction of government efficiency.

The construction of government efficiency requires the organic combination of administrative cost and benefit, reducing the administrative operation cost of the government and improving the efficiency and benefit of public management. Therefore, we must resolutely implement government downsizing, promote the public horizontal intervention mechanism, and rely on the pressure brought by the public's free choice and supervision to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of administrative management and public services. First of all, we should complete the "slimming movement" of government institutions with the transformation of government functions, overcome the strange circle of "simplification-expansion-simplification-re-expansion", reduce institutions, adhere to the principle of more civil servants in and less out in a certain period of time, accelerate the professionalization and specialization of civil servants through the reform and integration of human resources in government departments, so as to reduce the total number of government personnel, thus alleviating the pressure of financial support; Secondly, through the implementation of horizontal public intervention mechanism, the "customer doctrine" of "the public is the customer" will be implemented, so that the customers served by administrative departments and public institutions will be directly absorbed into management decisions, the openness and transparency of government administration and public services will be increased, the public's power to investigate government administrative supervision and decision-making mistakes will be expanded, and the government will be urged to enhance its cost awareness and improve service efficiency and management efficiency; Third, adhere to the result orientation and change the habit of attaching importance to the procedural process and ignoring the results and benefits in the past government administrative actions. In traditional management, government management pays more attention to the procedure rather than the result, or ignores the result, because the result is often unpredictable, and the result that can be seen afterwards is often controversial, while the procedure is immediate and widely known, which can better show the official's political achievements. Therefore, the function of modern public management requires that the operation process of power should turn to management effect, that is, from procedural process to result benefit, service result oriented and management effect based. Specifically, by introducing market inspection methods into public organizations, imitating the market evaluation mechanism of enterprise benefits, implementing performance evaluation, taking external evaluation as the way, serving customers (the public) as the goal orientation, and taking customer satisfaction, that is, social and public opinions, as the main yardstick and standard for evaluating performance, we can change the traditional management model that ignores benefits, thus forming an efficient and low-cost government management function that focuses on work results rather than work processes; Finally, in the process of government administration, methods such as target management, total quality management and cost accounting should be adopted to control costs. Actively promote the reform of public finance system, improve the centralized and unified public finance system, intensify the adjustment of fiscal expenditure structure, strengthen the management of extra-budgetary funds, improve the government procurement system, and promote the systematization, scientification and modernization of government management.

References:?

(1) (2) (3) [America] Guy? Peters. Governance model of future government [M]. Beijing: Renmin University of China Press, 200 1.