First, light-shape-color

Second, the inherent color, light source color, environmental color and conditional color

Third, color mixing.

Fourth, color elements.

Five, the feeling of color

Six-color visual physiological characteristics

Seven, the emotional effect of color

Eight, color design

1. Light-shape-color is a certain feeling produced by the brain in response to the light received by the retina of the eye.

As we all know, most of the objects we see are not luminous. If they are in the dark night or in the absence of light, it is impossible for people to see these objects, let alone know what color they are. People can see colors because they come from luminous light sources, such as the sun, electric lights, candlelight, fire and so on. Or the reflected light of the luminous source, that is, the light reflected by the luminous source on non-luminous objects, such as the moon, building walls, ground, etc. , and then scattered to the observed object. Visible light and color are inseparable. Light is the premise of color, and the color reflected in human vision is actually a feeling of light and color.

light

The natural phenomenon of rainbow after the storm may be the reason that inspired British scientist Newton to discover the cause of color and reveal the principle of light and color. 1666, Newton introduced sunlight into the darkroom through a small slit in the laboratory of Cambridge University. After passing through the prism, a beautiful ribbon appears on the screen, which is red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple. This phenomenon is called photodissociation, and the color band formed is spectrum. The appearance of spectral phenomena shows that sunlight is composed of colors in the spectrum. The light from the air passes through the prism and reaches the air, where it is refracted twice in different media. Because the length of light wave is different, the thickness of different parts of prism is different, and sunlight is decomposed into red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple light by refraction. If a convex lens is added to the light dispersion path, the scattered light will be gathered and the gathered light will become white light. Any beam of red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple decomposed by a prism cannot be decomposed by the prism, and the original colored light is still projected on the screen. Color light with red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple wavelengths is called panchromatic light. Colored light containing more than two wavelengths is called polychromatic light. Color light with only one wavelength is called monochromatic light. Simply put, light is a form of energy, and it is an electromagnetic radiation energy. The light we can see with the naked eye is called visible light. The amplitude of visible light changes between light and dark, and the length of light wave produces the difference of hue. Light with a wavelength of 400~700 nm is visible light, that is, the spectrum formed by decomposing sunlight with a prism. The wavelength of red light is the longest and that of violet light is the shortest. Accordingly, among the colors, red conveys the farthest information and purple conveys the closest information. Therefore, light with a wavelength above 400 nm that can blacken human skin is called ultraviolet light, while light with a wavelength above 700 nm that can generate heat is called infrared light. In addition, in the invisible light, there are other rays, such as X-rays, γ-rays and radiated electromagnetic waves, which can penetrate objects (except metals). These are invisible lights and can only be observed by instruments.

Second, the intrinsic color light source color environmental color conditional color (1) About "intrinsic color"

In daily life, we usually think that color is material, that is, "inherent color" exists and remains unchanged. The leaves in spring are green, the snow is white, Xiao Wang's gloves are yellow, and a new dress I bought is pink green. Of course, the determination of these colors is based on the exposure of standard sunlight. Interestingly, when the light source is replaced by artificial light, moonlight, starlight, or these items are placed in the cabinet, it is generally not expected that their colors have changed. When we observe the objects we are used to in the daytime sunlight under an incandescent lamp with yellow light, we almost always feel the color in the same way. In the case of bad light at night, we won't say that people wearing white shirts are wearing dark gray shirts. Even under the red light, the snow we see is still white. This habitual understanding of color is called color constancy.

Inherent color exists, and color is an unchangeable property of matter. This view meets many practical needs in daily life and has many practical places in science and technology, but it is worth noting that this view is not always satisfactory in art and design. For example, we take two pieces of paper with the same brightness and draw a round green square with a diameter of 5cm in the center of the paper. If one of the two pieces of paper is neutral gray and the other is red, then the two pieces of green will not have the same green feeling. This visual phenomenon is called simultaneous color contrast. Obviously, in order to correctly distinguish the color of an object, it is necessary to observe the object under certain conditions.

These views on the color of matter and the color of light are fundamentally wrong from a scientific point of view, just like the view that the sun rises and sets every day. But in daily life, it is necessary to think that they are correct. Because in our life, we need a relatively stable color impression from past experience to express the color characteristics of an object, just as the inherent color characteristics in painting also have great symbolic significance and practical value. When the color of the picture exists in the relationship of inherent color, it often gives people a realistic impression, and when a certain inherent color is extracted and used alone, it will have symbolic significance. For example, green is the color of spring, crops and leaves, so it is often used as a symbol of peace in many symbolic designs. In specific practical design, such as the design of the outer packaging box of coffee, it is very necessary to use the inherent color of coffee, which can arouse the audience's association with the aroma of coffee and produce the desire to drink it. It is absolutely impossible to use the inherent color of coffee on the outer packaging of chair juice, green tea or milk. Therefore, the understanding of inherent color should be corresponding and cannot be generalized.

(2) Color of light source

The light source color refers to the light color of the light source that illuminates the object. In colored light, the color of light will change with the change of spectral components. Sunlight is generally white, but it is cold red in the morning and warm golden yellow in the evening, which is the different light colors presented by the change of the spectral composition of sunlight. Others, such as the moonlight is turquoise, the fluorescent lamp is cold white, the incandescent lamp (tungsten lamp) is orange and so on. , are light source colors that reflect different colors. All kinds of spotlights on the stage are covered with glass sheets or cellophane of various colors, and the light emitted is the light source color of various colors.

(3). Environmental color

When an object is placed in an environment, the color presented by the environment is called environmental color. Green forests and golden wheat fields have different environmental colors. Close objects form an environment with each other, and the color atmosphere presented by the objects themselves is also called environmental color.

Conditional color

Under the influence of different light sources and environments, the color of an object with a certain color is called conditional color. Everything in life shows its inherent color, and any object exposed to a specific environment will be affected by both the color of light source and the color of environment, so the color of objects generally includes both the color of light source, the inherent color and the color of environment.

Through the above theory, it shows that when designing the color of products, we should link the inherent color, light source color and environmental color of products, observe, think and remember more, and clearly understand the color conditions and causes needed by products, so as to use them flexibly in design practice.

Third, color mixing.

Newton divided the sun into seven colors: red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple. These seven colors are mixed together to produce white light, so he decided that these seven colors are the primary colors of light. Later, physicist David? Through experiments, Brewster further discovered that the primary colors are only red, yellow and blue, and other colors can be mixed from these three primary colors. Since then, the theory of red, yellow and blue has been recognized by people.

Scientists' experiments have proved that there is a difference between the mixture of colored light and pigment: the three primary colors of colored light are red, green and blue.

The three primary colors of pigments are: the mixture of red, yellow and blue light turns brighter, and the mixture of pigments turns darker. Color light mixing is also called additive mixing, and pigment mixing is also called subtractive mixing.

The effect of additive color mixing is accomplished through human visual organs, so it is a kind of visual mixing. Color TV is designed according to the principle of color and light mixing. Primary colors? Intermediate color? secondary colour

Paintings use pigments, which are mixed by subtractive method.

red

The so-called three primary colors mean that none of these three colors can be mixed with the other two pigments, while other colors can be mixed with these three colors in a certain proportion. These three independent colors are called three primary colors (also known as three primary colors).

The three primary colors are: red (magenta)

Yellow (lemon yellow)

Blue (lake blue)

The three primary colors of magenta, lemon yellow and cyan are also called primary colors in chromatics.

Another color, which is a mixture of two different primary colors, is called secondary color, also called intermediate color.

Intermittent colors are: red (orange)

Blue (cyan)

green

Generally called orange, purple and green.

Multicolor is a mixture of an intermediate color and a primary color, or two intermediate colors, and the other color obtained is called the third color, also known as multicolor.

With the increase of the mixing times of multiple colors, the color becomes gray, and green gray, purple gray and red gray are all multiple colors.

Spatial mixing

Four. Three elements of color (1). Achromatic and colored

Achromatic color is a series of shades of gray, which consists of black, white and their mixtures in different proportions. Physically speaking, when light source, reflected light and transmitted light do not show some characteristics of monochromatic light in visual perception, it is called achromatic color color system, and achromatic color color system gives people the impression of profound, abstract and lifeless color effect. Achromatic colors have only one basic attribute-lightness. They have no hue and purity, that is, their hue and purity are equal to zero.

Coloring refers to the seven basic colors of red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue and purple in the visible spectrum, and the mixed colors between them, that is, we can feel the characteristics of a certain monochromatic light visually. What we see is a series of colors, which often give people a relative, changeable and figurative psychological feeling. The achromatic color system and the colored color system form a unified color whole, which is different from each other and shares weal and woe with * * *. Color system has three characteristics: hue, purity and lightness. These three basic characteristics are called the three elements of color in chromatics. Understanding, familiarity and mastery of these three elements are extremely important for understanding and expressing color.

Hue hue: that is, the appearance and characteristics of color. It is the most colorful feature. Refers to the ability to express a certain color more accurately.

Name. There are many colors in nature, and hue refers to the types and names of colors. Such as; Red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, blue,

Various colors such as purple are called tones.

Brightness: refers to the brightness or lightness of a color. There are shades of colors, shades of colors and shades of colors. For example, dark yellow, medium yellow, light yellow,

Yellow, such as lemon yellow, has different lightness, while red, such as purple, crimson, rose, scarlet, vermilion and orange, has different lightness.

The world is different. The different changes of these colors in light and shade are another important feature of colors-lightness change.

Change. There are two kinds of lightness of color: one is that the same hue has different lightness. In other words, a color appears bright under strong light.

In bright and dim light, it looks gloomy. Second, the brightness of each color is different. Of the seven solid colors contained in the sun, yellow has the highest brightness.

High, blue-purple lightness is the lowest, and red-green lightness is medium.

Brightness of any color added with white is improved, purity is reduced, and brightness of any color added with black is reduced. The purity is also reduced. There are many variations in the lightness of colors. First, the brightness changes between different tones. For example: white is brighter than yellow, yellow is brighter than orange, and orange.

Brighter than red, brighter than purple, brighter than black; Second, adding white to a certain color will gradually improve the brightness, and adding black brightness will

Dark, but at the same time their purity (color saturation) will be reduced, and the third one is the same color, which will be different due to the intensity of light irradiation.

Produce different light and shade changes.

Purity purity: refers to the purity of color, also called saturation. It represents the proportion of color components contained in a color, and the primary color is the purest.

High color. The more times of color mixing, the lower the purity, and vice versa. When the complementary color is mixed into the primary color, the purity will be improved immediately.

Reduce and turn gray. The color of the object itself is also divided into purity levels. Compared with apples, tomatoes have higher purity.

The purity of apples is low.