Waist-binding in Europe I personally think that the waist-binding custom in ancient Europe is even more cruel than that in China. The most serious consequence of foot binding is disability, but the most serious consequence of waist binding is death. /kloc-in Europe in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, there were many incidents of death caused by waist binding: the ribs were over-compressed and the liver was broken. Tie the waist, but not just narrow the waist, but tighten the abdomen from the lower end of the breast. Many women have long and deep wounds on their ribs, which go deep into the skin and even die. The reason for girding the waist is simple. At two o'clock, 1, women always show their noble status by showing their inability to work. 2. Between men and women, women's slender waist can always stimulate men's sexual desire. At that time, in Europe, women's extremely slender waist often stimulated men's extreme sexual desire. When "sex" is not easy to talk about openly, men steal the column and name it "beauty" Just like wrapping the feet, the waist should be "grabbed from the doll". When you were about nine years old, girls began to wear corsets. In a 40-pound suit made of steel, leather and wood, the girls are squeezed so tightly from armpit to hip that they can't breathe fully. The corset is divided into whole bone and half bone. "Whole bone" means that each whale bone is arranged as closely as possible. And if there is a gap the width of a whale bone between two whale bones, then this bra is a "half bone". In order for their daughters to have a thinner waist and find higher-level families in the future marriage and love market, some mothers even dress their daughters in "double-bone" corsets. When wearing a bra, the girl is supported by the bedpost, and her hands are tied to the bedpost with straps. Mother puts her knees on the girl's back and tightens the straps as much as possible. Mom may tighten the tie of the corset from bottom to top, then tie the knot and cut off the excess rope head, leaving only a bare knot. Some mothers use wax and rings to seal the rope buckle. Finally, they will tighten their shoulder straps. The girl is already in pain. After the straps and shoulder straps on the corsets are tightened, their shoulders can't move at all. If you don't try your best to make the ribs expand outward under the restriction of the corset, you can't complete the breathing needed to continue your life. This will make her ribs contract less, and of course it will be accompanied by pain. This kind of pain is like a hot knife inserted into both ribs, and every breath is accompanied by biting pain. Many girls will faint, and some mothers will relax their corsets. However, corset manufacturers suggest not unbuttoning their corsets, but squeezing their ribs deeper with their hands-artificial respiration, and using smelling salts in girls' nostrils to help them wake up. If you want to take off your corset or relax yourself, it's impossible. In almost all styles, women's corsets have no hooks or any other form of front opening. The only way to take them off is to loosen the strap at the back. Under the condition of strictly pulling the shoulder backwards and downwards, it is absolutely impossible to touch the dead rope buckle above the back-whether the rope buckle is sealed or not, so that the user can't take off the corset by himself. In most cases, girls sleep in corsets, and the next day, the mother only needs to cut the rope buckle, fasten it again and arrange the lace in a new position. Therefore, the corset has never been relaxed or taken off, but it is getting tighter and tighter. In order to alleviate the girl's pain, the body will gradually adapt to the shape of the corset, and the mother only needs to tighten it constantly. Wearing this bra, girls have to be "ladies"-slow and elegant, stand at attention like soldiers, and eat like birds. Don't eat too much, don't run and jump, and don't sit in a chair lazily. At that time, there was a scene of girding her waist in Gone with the Wind-Hao Sijia grabbed the bedpost hard and asked the maid to help her gird her waist a little thinner. This is the scene in the movie. Compared with the real ancient European women, the film can be called "bucket waist". What was the waist circumference in Europe at that time? The standards set by European courts in different periods will be slightly different, but there is a traditional waist standard among the people-a girl should be able to hold her waist with her hands. The most severe period standard is thirteen inches (33.03 cm); During the reign of Elizabeth I, the standard was relaxed to 18 (45.72 cm) to 20 (50.8 cm) inches, but later it returned to 14 inches (35.56 cm). The court standard set by Catherine de Medici of France is fourteen inches. Children who are eight or nine years old can't stand this kind of pain, and girls who start to develop at the age of thirteen or fourteen are also very painful to be tied in the waist. Many children try their best to untie or cut short the rope to make themselves breathe more smoothly, and the best time to relax their clothes is at night. Therefore, there are various methods of bed binding. Mrs. Admore's memoir Slave of Fashion tells how she slept with her hands tied behind her back. From the age of nine, when she began to wear corsets, her knees and ankles were tied when she slept. In this way, her cousin and sister were tied to sleep. If someone complains, her stepmother will punish the complaining person the next day, and her arms will be tied behind her all day. For more than a year, Mrs. Admore's arms were tied every day. In order to punish more complaints, she also wore a punishment mask-the mute mask for the blind. Masks are usually made of soft leather and cover the whole head and face. This mask has no openings for eyes and mouth. Some masks have fillers in their ears, which will make the wearer unable to hear the sound. It is very effective to use a few hours of nervous time without sight, hearing and sound to suppress rebellious girls. Some schools insist that all girls use this mask when they sleep, so they can't communicate in bed at night. Because European aristocratic women sell corsets well for the beauty of slim waist and rich buttocks, with the progress of science and technology, a large number of hard and flexible whale bones and baleen are embedded in corsets and skirts. Since then, a whaling company has been established in the Netherlands, and maids on land have become natural enemies of whales in the sea. In this respect, whales are really the most innocent animals. Big breasts, fat hips and thin waist, but I really can't appreciate it. 2. In ancient China, foot binding was to wrap a woman's feet with cloth and silk, making it a small and sharp "three-inch golden lotus". "Three-inch golden lotus" once became an important aesthetic condition for ancient women in China. Girls begin to wrap their feet when they are four or five years old, and they don't untie the cloth until their bones are shaped in adulthood. Some of them were imprisoned for life. According to textual research, foot binding rose in the Northern Song Dynasty. Foot-binding in the Song Dynasty was to wrap the feet "straight" without bending. Foot-binding in Yuan Dynasty continued to develop in a slim direction. In the Ming Dynasty, the wind of foot-binding entered a prosperous period, and the saying of "three-inch golden lotus" appeared, which required that the feet should not only be as small as three inches, but also bend over and bend their backs. The wind of foot-binding in Qing dynasty spread to women in all walks of life, rich and poor. There are many social and cultural factors that cause foot binding, especially bone binding, including: aesthetics: at that time, both men and women thought feet were beautiful, especially for men, feet were sexually attractive. At that time, three inches were called "golden lotus", four inches were called "silver lotus", and those larger than four inches were called "iron lotus", which shows the degree of advocating small feet. Foot-binding, sexy zone: It is said that it is because of the difficulty in walking after foot-binding that the muscles around the vagina are exercised to prevent vaginal relaxation and even keep a virgin vagina-like tightening state. Women never go barefoot. For men, they can see their privacy and have a similar interest in foot love. Li Yu, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, published in Random Thoughts that the highest purpose of foot binding is to satisfy sexual desire, and there are as many as 48 ways to play it. In ancient China, the foot was the third "sex organ" of women besides the genitals and breasts. Even embroidered shoes worn on little feet are endowed with sexual connotation. The following paragraph is excerpted from Feng Jicai's Three-inch Golden Lotus. I saw this book when I was in college, and it was very shocking. "It will be wrapped soon. Xiang Lian already don't know what to shout, what to ask, what to do. She watched her grandmother grab her feet, first right and then left, and made way with her big toe, leaning on the remaining four toes. The bones crunched and Xiang Lian screamed. Grandma shook off the foot-binding note and bridled her four toes. When Xiang Lian saw his feet changed, he began to cry again. Grandma's hands are so fast. I'm afraid Xiang Lian is too noisy, so I'll finish it soon. The foot cloth is wrapped around four toes. As soon as it bypasses the center of the foot, it goes on the instep, hangs on the heel, and immediately wraps another one around the four toes. Then he went back to the top of his foot, pulled back hard, and rolled his four toes hard under his feet. Xiang Lian only felt pain, tightness and folding, but grandma didn't ask her to suck out every flavor, so she made a clean detour. Then pull the foot cloth forward, wrap the exposed big toe tightly, walk to the next floor with your hands, and wrap the four toes rolled under your feet tightly, just like biting with iron tongs, and you can't move for a minute. " When Xiang Lian saw his feet, he became so ugly that he cried even more sadly, but he just sobbed and his voice had long since disappeared. Grandma told her to get up and try her dance steps. But as soon as my feet hit the ground, I couldn't sit down in pain. That night, my feet caught fire and I begged my grandmother to let go of my feet. My grandmother's face became stiff. When you can't stand it at night, put the tripod on the windowsill and let the night wind blow. My feet hurt more the next day. But if you don't go down, your toes will keep stepping, and your feet will not be formed. Grandma has become an evil ghost in the city god temple, with a murderous face. She picked up a kang broom, beat her, whipped her, and blew her to the ground, begging for mercy, but it didn't work. I have to limp around the yard, but I can't let her lie down and rest. I just feel that my toes are broken and my bones are grinding back and forth, which is very painful. Later, I didn't feel pain or myself, but I still wanted to go. Xiang Lian killed her father and mother, and only her grandmother ever hurt her. Grandma suddenly became this lost face, and she really became a lonely bird. One night, she escaped from the window, ran to the river in one breath, couldn't get through, couldn't walk, held her little feet, tore the foot wrap with her teeth and opened it. In the moonlight, it looks really scary. She stuck her feet in the mud and didn't dare to look again. At dawn, grandma found her, didn't scold or beat her, carried her back and wrapped her feet. Who knows, this time, I got a more vicious wrapping method, and the ankle bone attached to the little toe was also punctured, and the four little toes rolled at the bottom of the toe were squeezed inward, making the wrapping narrower, sharper and more painful. She only said that grandma hated her for running away and punished her cruelly, but I didn't know that this was the most important part of foot binding. Only a broken toe is half, and a broken foot is bandaged. But grandma is still not satisfied. She knocks with a flour stick every day, so that her voice screams and goes through the wall. An old lady named Wen in the east couldn't bear it, so she came to scold her grandmother:' What did you do early? A seven-year-old girl is young and her bones are soft and she doesn't bind her feet. How can she bind her feet? Let the children suffer so much! Why don't you understand? Let's do this! If my granddaughter's feet were born small and soft and good-looking, I wouldn't have done it today if I couldn't wait …' Wait, this is what you are waiting for. Wait until the pulp is hard and hard, and knock it out with a flour stick? It is better to cut with a knife! Don't suffer, there is nothing you can do. Do what you have to do! Grandma knows everything, but she says nothing. Pick up some broken bowls, break them, and put them at Xiang Lian's feet when tying their feet. I broke my foot as soon as I broke the bowl. Grandma's broom got a pimple, and Xiang Lian didn't move. Being beaten hurts more than pricking her feet. But the broken foot plug festered in the foot binding strip. Every time you change your foot cloth, you have to tear it off with pus and carrion. In fact, this is the old way of foot binding in northern rural areas. Only when the flesh rots and the bones are damaged can the pattern be changed at will. A child who has just wrapped his feet for a long time, the women of that year regarded suffering as an honor. Their feet are very small, standing there is very unstable, but they feel very elegant; Walking, because I lost my front foot, I have to take small steps. Naturally, my speed is a lot, which will drive my nepotism to float, and men will be moved when they see it. But in order to get such a pair of "beautiful feet", a pair of "flat plates" must be twisted off and molded into "three-inch golden lotus", which is a "miserable" word. But at that time, it was all like that. All women think that breaking toes is the same as giving birth, and no one puts forward any resistance. On weekdays, some girls were too hard to stand up because of foot-binding, and they needed to be carried away in and out, but such a "miss hug" was only available to rich people at that time. Foot binding seems to have another purpose. Because the feet are small and it is inconvenient to walk, letting women wrap their feet can prevent "affair". Just as men in ancient Egypt did not wear shoes for their wives; In medieval Europe, men made chastity belts for women. In fact, in poor and backward China, except for a few well-off women, most women with feet have to make a living, and they have to pay much more hardships than a woman with feet.