Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum

Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is the mausoleum of the great revolutionary forerunner Dr. Sun Yat-sen (1866 ~ 1925).

Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum faces south, and the memorial hall is a palace-style building with three archways, and the banner of "nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood" is engraved on the lintel. There is a marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in the memorial hall, and the full text of the Outline of the Establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) written by Dr. Sun Yat-sen is engraved on the wall.

The main buildings of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum are: memorial archway, tomb gate, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and tomb. Looking down from the air, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum looks like a "liberty bell" lying on a green carpet. The bronze statue of Dr. Zhongshan at the foot of the mountain is the spire of the bell, the half-moon square is the arc of the bell top, and the top of the tomb is like a pendulum hammer.

In ancient times, it was called Jinling Mountain, and Purple Mountain * * * has three parallel peaks. The main peak is Beifeng, others are Tianbaoshan and Maoshan, and the famous Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is there. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is the mausoleum of Dr. Sun Yat-sen, a great modern statesman in China. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum faces south, and the memorial hall is a palace-style building with three archways, and the banner of "nation, civil rights and people's livelihood" is engraved on the lintel. There is a marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in the memorial hall, and the full text of the Outline of the Establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) written by Dr. Sun Yat-sen is engraved on the wall. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum started in the spring of 1926 and was completed in the summer of 1929. Covers an area of more than 80,000 square meters. The main buildings are: memorial archway, tomb entrance, tablet pavilion, memorial hall and tomb. Looking down from the air, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum looks like a "liberty bell" lying on a green carpet. The bronze statue of Dr. Zhongshan at the foot of the mountain is the spire of the bell, the half-moon square is the arc of the bell top, and the top of the tomb is like a pendulum hammer. At that time, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's funeral preparation office extensively collected mausoleum design plans. As a result, the design of "liberty bell" by architect Lv Yanzhi won the first prize. Lv Yanzhi was also hired as the chief architect of the mausoleum. This group of buildings has achieved good results in the combination of shapes, the use of colors, the expression of materials and the handling of details, and the colors are harmonious, thus enhancing the solemn atmosphere. There is a tall granite archway at the entrance of the mausoleum with the word "fraternity" written by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in gold. From the arch to the altar, there are 392 stone steps and 8 platforms. The steps are made of Suzhou granite. This is a palace-like memorial hall. The lintel of the memorial hall is engraved with the words "the righteousness of heaven and earth" written by Sun Yat-sen. There is a marble statue of Mr. Zhongshan in the hall, which is 4.6 meters high and lifelike. It is the masterpiece of the world famous sculptor Paul Landovsky. There are reliefs around the statue reflecting Mr. Zhongshan's revolutionary deeds. On the marble of the east-west retaining wall of the memorial hall, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's handwritten work "Outline of the Establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC)" is engraved. There are two tomb doors behind the hall, two front doors are made of copper, and the door frames are made of black marble. There is a banner in Dr. Sun Yat-sen's calligraphy "The Great Spiritual End". The double fan is a single copper fan, and the door is engraved with the stone carving of "Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Tomb". The entrance is a circular tomb with a diameter of 18m and a height of11m. In the middle is a long grave with a white marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen on it and the body of Dr. Sun Yat-sen buried below. The tomb is 5 meters deep and sealed with reinforced concrete. After the liberation of Nanking, when Liu Bocheng was mayor, he specially shipped 20,000 Chinese fir trees and buttonwood trees from Hunan and planted them here. Over the past 30 years, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum has been continuously renovated and expanded, covering an area of over 3,000 hectares. Around the mausoleum, it is lush and beautiful.

There is a tall granite archway at the entrance of the mausoleum with the word "fraternity" written by Dr. Sun Yat-sen in gold. From the arch to the altar, there are 392 stone steps and 8 platforms. Here is a palace-like memorial hall, and the lintel of the memorial hall is engraved with the words "heaven and earth are upright" written by Sun Yat-sen. There is a marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen in the hall, which is lifelike and lifelike. It is the masterpiece of the world famous sculptor Paul Landovsky. There are reliefs around the statue reflecting Mr. Zhongshan's revolutionary deeds. On the marble of the east-west retaining wall of the memorial hall, Dr. Sun Yat-sen's handwritten work "Outline of the Establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC)" is engraved. There is a double door at the back of the hall and a stone carving of "Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Tomb". The entrance is a circular tomb, and in the middle is a long tomb, with a white marble statue of Dr. Sun Yat-sen above and his body buried below.

After Mr. Sun's death, he suffered a lot. It turned out that Sun Yat-sen had ordered the funeral ceremony and coffin style to be modeled after Lenin's so that people could pay tribute to the remains. However, when Mr. Sun died, the FRP coffin presented by the Soviet Union could not be delivered in time, so it had to be temporarily placed in an integral glass coffin and parked in the stone tower of Biyun Temple in Xiangshan, Beijing. 1925 when the Soviet government sent the FRP coffin on March 30, Sun Yat-sen's body had been dead for more than half a month. Due to improper anti-corrosion measures, the body could no longer be seen by future generations and had to be buried. In June 1929, 1, the body was moved from Beijing to Nanjing. At that time, a copper coffin ordered from America was placed about 5 meters below the recumbent statue. In the late period of the Liberation War, Chiang Kai-shek wanted to move the remains to Taiwan Province Province, but he gave up because the bombing of the tomb would inevitably cause damage to the remains, and finally kept them safely in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.

The music station is in the south of Zhongshan Square. The stage covers an area of nearly 250 square meters, and there is a large arc lighting wall behind the stage, which is 1 1.3 m high and 16.7 m wide, and has the function of gathering sound. There is a crescent lotus pond in front of the stage. There is a fan-shaped auditorium on the slope in front of the pool, which can accommodate more than 3000 people.

Buddhist scripture building is also called sun yat-sen memorial hall. Located in the vast forest between Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and Linggu Temple. It was initiated by the Buddhist Association of China in 1934+065438+ 10, and completed in the following year in 65438+ 10. This building is specially built for the collection of Dr. Sun Yat-sen's articles, including the main building, the monk's room and the stele gallery. The main building is a palace-style building, which looks like a temple building. It has three floors, the lecture hall on the ground floor and a mezzanine auditorium. On the second floor, there is a study room for collecting scriptures, reading scriptures and studying. The third floor is the scripture collection building. There is a cloister building at the back of the building, with a length of 125m. The wall is inlaid with the inscription of the full text of the theory of "Three People's Principles" donated by General Feng Yuxiang. The Youth League has 6 lectures 138, totaling 155000 words. Each lecture was written by calligraphers Zhang Naigong, Chen Tianxi, Lian Lianhai, Zheng Hongnian, Chen Zhongjing, Cai Yun, Hu Di, Peng, Wang, Li Xuanya, Deng Dunweng, etc. It is a group of precious cultural relics with excellent calligraphy and seal cutting.

Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is located in Zhongshan

The majestic Zhongshan, the eastern suburb of Nanjing, the ancient capital of the Six Dynasties, is the first of the famous mountains in Nanjing. It was called Jinling Mountain in ancient times. During the Warring States Period, the State of Chu built Jinling City here, hence the name of this mountain. Zhongshan in Han Dynasty, Zijinshan in Eastern Jin Dynasty and Shan Jiang in Soochow. Because there are purple shale in the mountains, Ziyun is full of weather when you look at the top of the mountain from a distance.

Zhongshan is 7 kilometers long from east to west, 3 kilometers wide from north to south and 30 kilometers around. It is the highest peak of Ningzhen Mountain, the remnant vein of Maoshan Mountain in southern Jiangsu. The whole mountain is arc-shaped, and the middle part protrudes to the north; The eastern section extends to the southeast, ending at Maqun and Qilinmen. The west section goes west and enters the city near the Taiping Gate. Fugui Mountain, Gai Zhoushan Mountain and Jilong Mountain are uplifted. The mountain is winding and looks like a dragon, so it is called "Zhongshan Dragon Pan".

There are three peaks in Zhongshan, which are pencil-shaped. The main peak is in the north of the center. Beifeng is 448.9 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak of Ningzhen Mountain Range. The second peak in the southeast is Little Cat Mountain. The third peak is located in the west, called Tianbaoshan. Surrounded by mountains and streams, there are many lakes, especially Xuanwu Lake in the north, Xiazi Lake, Yanque Lake and Biwa Lake in the south.

Zhongshan has a magnificent weather and superior terrain. Since ancient times, it has been integrated with the ups and downs of Nanjing. The great changes and development of the ancient capital Nanjing in politics, economy, military affairs and culture have almost left a rich accumulation and a clear mark in Zhongshan area. Since the beginning of the Six Dynasties, Sun Quan, the emperor, Zhongshan has been the mausoleum of emperors and the burial place of heroes. Since the Six Dynasties, Zhongshan has been a prosperous place of Buddhism in Jiangdong. From the Six Dynasties to modern times, Zhongshan was an important military place and a battleground for military strategists. Throughout the ages, many literati have traveled in Zhongshan, leaving a well-known poetry chapter; Especially during the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement led by Hong Xiuquan and the Revolution of 1911 led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, the great revolutionary forerunner of China, how many tragic battles started in Zhongshan and how many heroes fought bloody battles in Zhongshan. Zhongshan, with numerous cultural landscapes, is rich in historical scenery, and more than 200 dazzling places of interest and memorial buildings are hidden among pines and cypresses. Zhongshan is the pride and holy land of the ancient capital Nanjing.

Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum and its affiliated memorial buildings are the most beautiful scenery in Zhongshan. Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum is located on the south slope of Zhongmu Mountain in Zijin Mountain, with Pingchou Wan Li in front and Cangya Zhang Qian in the back. It was designed by Lv Yanzhi, a famous architect in China, and it combines the essence of ancient China and western architecture. It is solemn, simple and unique. The cemetery as a whole is a "wake-up call" pattern, which means "making the world enlightened". The construction of the mausoleum started from 1926 to 1 June, 9291.The main project took more than three years, and 193 1 completed the whole mausoleum project for the second time. Around the main building of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, there are a series of memorial buildings built by people from all walks of life and overseas Chinese to commemorate Sun Yat-sen, such as Yongmu Road, Feng 'an Memorial Hall, Baoding, Music Station, Liuhui Pavilion, Yangzhi Pavilion, Guanghua Pavilion, Hangjian Pavilion, and Tibetan Classics Building ... In order to commemorate Sun Yat-sen, Sun Yat-sen Botanical Garden and cemetery greenhouse, which are well-known at home and abroad, have also been established in Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Park. On both sides of Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum, there are some important figures of modern democratic revolution such as Sun Yat-sen's close comrades-in-arms and Kuomintang politicians. 1928, the national government decided to rebuild the cemetery of fallen soldiers of the National Revolutionary Army in Linggu Temple on the east side of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum, and to build additional memorial archways, memorial halls and towers. The names and ranks of soldiers killed in the Northern Expedition and the Anti-Japanese War are engraved in the memorial hall reconstructed from the Wuliangtang of Linggu Temple. According to statistics, there were 10 inscriptions carved by * * at that time, with more than 33,000 names. At the northern foot of Zhongshan, there is also a solemn air martyr cemetery. The tombstone is engraved with the names of 3306 Chinese, American and Soviet martyrs who died in the Anti-Japanese War.

Before and after the Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum complex, there is the Ming Mausoleum complex. The Ming Tombs are the tombs of Zhu Yuanzhang and Ma Huanghou, the founding emperors of the Ming Dynasty. The cemetery covers a vast area, from Xiamafang to Dulong Fu Bao City, with a circumference of 22.5 kilometers and a depth of 2.5 kilometers. It is the largest mausoleum in the Ming Dynasty. The whole complex is divided into two parts: starting from Xiamafang and passing through Forbidden Monument, Shenlie Mountain Monument, Dajinmen, Shen Gong Shengde Monument Pavilion, Yu He Bridge, Shi Xiangsheng, Shiwangzhu, Shi Weng Zhong and Lingxingmen, which are the guiding parts of Xiaoling Mausoleum. After crossing Lingxingmen, turn northeast, and you can enter the main building of the cemetery, followed by Jinshui Bridge, Wu Wen Fangmen, Xiaolingmen, Xiaolingtang, Neihongmen, Fangcheng Minglou and Baocheng. The underground palace is located under the treasure city. The God of the Ming Tombs is 2400 meters long, with deep twists and turns. In the middle corner is Meihua Mountain, where Sun Quanling is located. Shinto bypasses the foothills and is S-shaped, which is completely different from the open and direct Shinto in front of the imperial tomb. Although all the wooden buildings on the ground in the Ming tomb were destroyed by soldiers, the overall layout was magnificent, and the remaining buildings were magnificent, with clear patterns and superb skills. Especially, the tombs unearthed in Ming Taizu and Ma Huanghou are even more mysterious under the rendering of folklore and historical anecdotes such as "Zhu Yuanzhang was buried and thirteen gates in Nanjing were coffins" for hundreds of years. Zhu Yuanzhang, the founder of the Ming Dynasty, personally chose the site, supervised the construction of a large-scale Ming Mausoleum under the sun of Zhongshan, and "buried the shadow of Zhongshan" for the founding heroes who followed him in the battlefield and started a career, forming the layout of "all peaks outside the mountain are courtiers". According to historical records, more than a dozen founding heroes in the early Ming Dynasty were buried in Zhongshan Yin * *, and the monument tree was connected with Tuo. Up to now, the tombs of Zhongshan King Xu Da, Kaiping King Chang Yuchun, Qiyang King Li Wenzhong, Wu Liang, Jiang Gong, Zhen Wu, Haigong and Wan Gong have been basically preserved. Stone beasts strewn at random, Weng Zhong mixed.

Among the scenery in Zhongshan, the Buddhist temple has the longest history. During the Six Dynasties, there were more than 70 temples in Zhongshan, and there were many temples in Gong Fan, and the bells were ringing. With the vicissitudes of time, there have been ups and downs in the past dynasties, and so far only Linggu Temple on the left side of the mountain is bigger. In particular, the Infinite Hall of Linggu Temple is tall and all made of bricks, so it is also called the Buddha-free Hall, which is the earliest and largest existing building of its kind in China. Most other temples in Zhongshan are abandoned, such as the Da Ai Jing Temple built at the top of Zhongshan in the first year of Liang Wudi (520). This is the most magnificent temple. Liang Wudi's ZSZSZSZ once visited the door to write poems, showing Prince Xiao Tong and him. The temple was later destroyed by the war, and its ruins can still be seen today. Existing religious buildings in Zhongshan, such as Infinite Hall, Baogong Pagoda, Zhigong Hall and Ding Lin Temple. , are important historical sites, only many future generations will rebuild. However, between the peak of Zhongshan Mountain or the valley in the middle of the mountain, we can see the ruins of ruined walls, the abandoned ruins of ancient temples, and the bustling scene of Zhongshan Buddhist temple during the Six Dynasties.

Zhongshan cultural relics are also quite distinctive. As far as inscriptions are concerned, the tablet of Baozhi Monk painted by Wu Daozi, a great painter in the Tang Dynasty, praised by Li Bai, a great poet, and praised by Yan Zhenqing, a great calligrapher, is well-known in the world. Originally built in Dulong House, Zhongshan, it was moved to this site with Linggu Temple. The Yangshan stone tablet near Fentou Village was excavated by Judy of Ming Taizu. It was originally used to carve the sacred stone of Xiaoling. Its monument, body and pedestal are huge, with a height of 73 meters and a total weight of 6.5438+0.5 million tons, which is called "peerless monument". The first modern observatory in China was built on the Three Peaks of Zhongshan, and precious cultural relics such as armillary sphere, simple instrument, celestial globe and standard watch were preserved, all of which are the oldest astronomical instruments in the world. In addition, Prince Zhaoming's reading platform in Shangliang, the northern peak of Zhongshan, the cliff stone carving of Lu You, a famous patriotic poet in Ding Lin Temple in Southern Song Dynasty, and the Taoist "Thirty-one Cave" where Xia Zi lived in seclusion in Ming Dynasty are all scenic spots in Zhongshan, with strong cultural atmosphere.

Zhongshan is winding and undulating, just like Youlong, including Zijin Mountain, Xuanwu Lake, the connecting zone between mountains and lakes, and several low hills, city walls and castles such as Fu Gui, covering Zhoushan and Keelung Mountain Lake. It is characterized by the combination of mountain light and water color, and the integration of mountain, water, city and forest complements each other. Looking from Zhongshan, Xuanwu Lake has five continents of smoke and willow, ten miles of spring breeze, sparkling wall shadows of Yanque Lake and beautiful pearl of Xia Zi Lake. It makes people feel relaxed and happy. Fuguishan, covering Zhoushan and Jilong Mountain, has towering peaks and lush trees. The natural wild interest in the mountains and the ingenious and exquisite architecture make Zhongshan Scenic Area a masterpiece of the close combination of natural beauty and humanistic beauty.

Nanjing is a famous ancient capital and a famous historical and cultural city. In its more than 2,000-year history, the Six Dynasties, the Early Ming Dynasty and the Modern Times were the three golden periods of its historical development, and the historical sites and memorial buildings left in Zhongshan were also the most concentrated and prominent. The scenery of Zhongshan is the witness of Nanjing's long history, the treasure house of developing tourism resources, and the classroom of patriotism education for the broad masses of the people. We should cherish and protect the cultural relics and historic sites in Zhongshan, vigorously publicize the scenic spots and historic sites in Zhongshan, and actively develop the tourist landscape of Zhongshan, so that Zhongshan will play an increasingly important role in the cause of building a new Nanjing that integrates the ancient capital style and modern city.

Historical evolution of the organization of Zhongshan cemetery

I. Funeral Preparation Office (April 41925-June 30 1929)

1March 925 12, Dr. Sun Yat-sen passed away in Beijing, and the whole country was saddened. 1April 4, 925, the Central Executive Committee of the Kuomintang in Beijing made preparations for the burial, and selected Wang Jingwei, Lin Sen, Yu Youren, Dai Chuanxian, Yang Shukan,,,, Lin Huanting and Chen Qubing to be responsible for the burial of Mr., and chose the tomb site in Zijinshan.

Second, the Fengan Committee.

1929 65438+1October 14 Feng 'an Committee was established. On June 1929 1 day, the National Government held a Feng 'an ceremony to bury Dr. Sun Yat-sen's body from Beijing to Nanjing Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.

Third, the Prime Minister's Cemetery Management Committee

On July 1929, the National Government organized the Prime Minister's Cemetery Management Committee. The funeral preparatory committee was cancelled that day, and all matters handled were handed over to the management committee of the Prime Minister's Mausoleum.

Four, the pseudo-father cemetery management committee.

1938, the pseudo-supervised Garden Management Office of Nanjing Industrial Bureau set up the pseudo-Zhongshan Cemetery Office to temporarily maintain the status quo of the cemetery. 1On April 6, 942, Wang Jingwei appointed Chu Minyi and other organizations to set up the management committee of the pseudo-Founding Fathers Cemetery to take charge of the nominal daily work.

V. Management Committee of Sun Yat-sen Cemetery

On August 1945 and 17, the management committee of Chongqing Prime Minister's Cemetery sent the first batch of personnel back to Nanjing to receive the Mausoleum of the puppet Sun Yat-sen and resume its normal work. 1On July 2, 946, the National Government explicitly promulgated the organizational regulations of the Sun Yat-sen Cemetery Management Committee, and the organizational regulations of the former Prime Minister Cemetery Management Committee were abolished, and the Prime Minister Cemetery Management Committee was changed to the Sun Yat-sen Cemetery Management Committee. In the turbulent situation, the management committee of Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum only made some minor repairs.

Six, Zhongshan cemetery management office

1949 On April 28th, Nanjing Arms Control Committee was established, and on May 28th, 10, Nanjing Municipal People's Government was established. 1Before August, 949, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum was under martial law. 1949 changed its name to "Zhongshan cemetery management office" in August, and it was subordinate to the Landscape Management Office of Nanjing Municipal Government. Seven, Zhongshan cemetery management committee.

195 1 Zhongshan cemetery management Committee was established in July. In September of the same year, the rectification Committee set up a branch with Gao Yilin as its chairman. 1April, 958, the Garden Management Office was merged into Nanjing Urban Construction Bureau. The Management Committee is also affiliated to the Urban Construction Bureau.

8. Revolutionary Committee of Sun Yat-sen Cemetery

1966 The Cultural Revolution began in May, and the Urban Construction Bureau was abolished in June of the same year. 1968 April, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum Revolutionary Committee was established. 1970 65438+1On October 22nd, the Revolutionary Committee of Jiangsu Province decided to add Zhongshan District as the scope of Zhongshan Cemetery and implement unified leadership by the party and government.

Nine, Zhongshan cemetery management office

1April, 975, the Municipal Revolutionary Committee decided to cancel Zhongshan District, and the cemetery management office was placed under the leadership of Nanjing Urban Construction Bureau. 1In August, 1982, the municipal party committee and the municipal government designated Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum from the Urban Construction Bureau as a first-class unit of the Municipal Bureau, and the nature of the cause of the whole people remained unchanged.

X. Zhongshan cemetery administration

1In June, 1996, Nanjing Municipal Party Committee and Nanjing Municipal People's Government Ning Weifa (1996)No. 19 "Zhongshan Cemetery Management Office" was renamed as "Zhongshan Cemetery Management Office", which is a public institution directly under the municipal government. At this time, on the basis of protecting and restoring the existing human landscape and natural landscape, Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum makes full use of superior natural conditions and constantly opens up new scenic spots and scenic spots, integrating landscape, cultural relics, historical sites and artificial garden art, presenting a multi-functional tourist scenic spot.

The observatory is mainly an institution for astronomical observation and research, and most of the observatories in the world are located in mountainous areas.

Most of the observatories in China are also located in mountainous areas. For example, the Purple Mountain Observatory is located on the Purple Mountain in the northeast outside Nanjing, with an altitude of 267 meters. There are five observatories in Beijing Observatory, of which Xinglong Observatory is about 940m above sea level and Miyun Observatory is about150m above sea level. The workstation of Shanghai Observatory in Sheshan is also 98 meters above sea level. Yunnan Observatory is located in the eastern suburb of Kunming, with an altitude of 2020 meters.

The main job of the Observatory is to observe the stars with astronomical telescopes. Is the observatory located on the mountain because the mountain is closer to the stars?

That's not true.

The stars are far away from us. Generally, stars are hundreds of trillion kilometers away from us, and the nearest celestial body, the moon, is 380 thousand kilometers away from the earth. The mountains on the earth are generally only a few kilometers long, so it is obviously insignificant to shorten such a short distance.

The earth is surrounded by the atmosphere, and starlight has to pass through the atmosphere to reach the astronomical telescope. Smoke, dust and water vapor fluctuations in starch gas all have effects on astronomical observation. Especially near big cities, city lights illuminate these particles in the air at night, which makes the sky bright and makes it impossible for astronomers to observe darker stars. Far away from the city, there is less dust and smoke, and the situation is better, but these effects are inevitable.

The higher the place, the thinner the air, the less smoke and water vapor, and the smaller the impact, so most observatories are located in the mountains.

At present, the three best observation sites recognized in the world are located at the top of the mountain, which is the top of Mauna Kea Mountain in Hawaii, with an altitude of 4,206 meters. Chilean Andes, 2500 meters above sea level; And the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean, with the highest peak of 2,426 meters.

The roof of an ordinary house is either flat or inclined, but the roof of the Observatory is different. Seen from a distance, the silver-white round roof is like a big steamed bun, shining in the sun.