Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is the product of the trend of political unification at the end of the Warring States Period. Its compilation is guided by national unity, which embodies the trend of great unity and has distinct characteristics of the times. Lu's Chunqiu provides an important reference coordinate for the unified framework of culture and politics in the Western Han Dynasty, which is of great value.
Keywords: "Lv Chunqiu" unified fusion coordinates
Lu Chunqiu was written by the Prime Minister of Qin State on the eve of the reunification of Qin State. It is a summary of various schools of thought in the Warring States period, a product under a specific historical background, and embodies the trend of cultural and political unification, with distinctive characteristics of the times and culture.
1 Lu Chunqiu takes the unification of the whole country as the guiding ideology.
In the Spring and Autumn Period, the ceremony collapsed and the royal power of the Western Zhou Dynasty was greatly destroyed. Win the championship? Events, but vassal States often take? Respect for Zhou Fuli? For the call, Tuba is dominant, but also explain? Zhou Li? It also played an important role in commanding people's hearts. By the Warring States period, the king of Zhou had lost face and became a small vassal state, even in name? Zunzhou? Not anymore. By the end of the Warring States period, the great powers were at odds and gradually unified, and Qin became stronger and stronger. The situation of annexing the six countries and unifying the world has basically settled. In this way, when the war is coming to an end and the general trend of reunification has been determined, how to unify the world and how to govern the country after reunification has become an urgent problem for the rulers of the Qin Dynasty.
As the core figure in the ruling group at that time? Guan zhong? Lv Buwei was naturally thinking about this problem, so he gathered many people to tell their own stories. From ancient times to modern times? ("Historical Records? Biography of Lv Buwei [1], under the guidance of this general requirement, guests from all walks of life discuss their own school theories, with a view to providing theoretical guidance for the unification of Qin.
So, although Lv Chunqiu is? From ancient times to modern times? But in terms of content, its focus is still military, such as? If you want to take the world, the world is not desirable. Can I take it first? ("Lu Chunqiu? Be yourself first ") [2],? So a loyal and honest man, on the one hand, remonstrates with his monarch, on the other hand, does he mean to be a dead minister? (Yi Tian Jun), rebuild a unified and stable political order with his own theory. The ultimate goal of many chapters in the book is to provide theoretical support for national unity. For example, even if we talk about health preservation and music law, its ultimate goal is political events. ? The world is at peace and everything is at peace. Is happiness possible? 、? Da Le, the monarch, the minister and the son are all very happy. Say it? (Da Le), eyes, ears, nose and mouth, you must not be good at it. If you are an official, you must not be good at it, but you must abide by discipline. Is this your art of living? (Your Life). In Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, the ultimate purpose of these arguments is to persuade the king of Qin to unify the whole country in time and be crowned king. ? This week, the room was destroyed and the son of heaven was dead. Chaos is greater than no son of heaven. Without the son of heaven, the strong will prevail over the weak, and the people will be violent and have no peace. ("listen"),? Those who cut off the fire must know the water, and the sky sees that water vapor wins, and water vapor wins, so its color is still black, and its matter is water. When the water vapor arrives, it is not harmonious. If it is ready, it will migrate to the soil. (Yingtong).
Lv Chunqiu embodies the consciousness of cultural unity.
Spring and Autumn Period? The official school moved down? The rise of philosophers all expounded their own blueprints for the construction of political order before they appeared? A hundred schools of thought contend? What was the situation at that time? A hundred schools of thought contend? Is the center of qi, that is, qi? Xia Ji Gong Xue? . During the reign of King Qixiang, Gong Xue of Xia Ji? Began to decline, most scholars left? Xia Ji Gong Xue? At this time? Wei Youxin, Chu Youchun, Zhao You and Qi You. All corporal like guests to lean against each other. Lv Buwei is ashamed of Qiang Qin, but it can also attract scholars and meet them cordially, reaching 3,000 diners? ("Historical Records? Biography of Lv Buwei "). The purpose of attracting talents in various countries, in addition to the social atmosphere, is to attempt to revitalize the country and even realize the unification and restoration of the Zhou Dynasty ruling pattern centered on the country.
At this time, Lv Buwei, which is in it, is taking the road of combining hundred schools of thought to learn from each other's strong points for the regional differences of culture and the rush of talents to other countries. This has become the guiding ideology for the compilation of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals.
Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals consciously blended the thoughts of many philosophers. The article "Users" says:? There is no white fox in the factory, only white hair, which is taken from the government. ? In Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, we can see the thoughts of different factions. For example, comment on various schools of thought: the old man is a gentleman, Confucius is a noble, Mo Zhai is a noble, Guanyin is a noble, Ziliezi is a noble, Chen Pian is a noble, Yang Sheng is a noble, Sun Bin is a noble, Liao Wang is a noble, and his son is a noble. ("Bu Er"), the thoughts of Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, Law, Agriculture and Yin and Yang are all embodied. However, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals adopted a variety of viewpoints from the perspective of kneading. For example:
Confucianism, in Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, not only praised Confucius as the only saint, but also appointed Ren? Be placed in. Tao? In contrast, it is not as exquisite as Confucius and his descendants, although it is also exquisite? Are you happy as an adult? But it also runs through the natural meaning of Taoism. It is particularly worth mentioning that Lu Chunqiu attaches great importance to Confucianism? Filial piety? With the legalists? Farming? The combination of these thoughts especially shows Lu's courage in reforming Chunqiu.
Taoist thought is also advertised in the book Lu Chunqiu? Tao? , but use? Essence? Explain? Tao? , again? Doing nothing? Say it's a follow-up order? Jundao? Service, narrow the inaction of Taoism to just explain Jundao and become Taoism? Small country and few people? The ideal of managing the world is the grand blueprint of the feudal empire. In addition, although stories such as Yao Rang Xu You and Dapeng Xiaoyao are from Zhuangzi, they have all become reasoning tools in Lv Chunqiu, which completely violates the original intention of Zhuangzi.
In addition, Lv Chunqiu also reformed Mohism, Legalism, Farming, Yin and Yang. It can be said that there is no pure one in Lu Chunqiu. Nine tenths? Of course, the original thought may change with the development of the times, but the conscious integration of theory in Lv Chunqiu is one of the key factors.
Although the content of Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is based on mixing various schools of thought and trying to form an academic system, it is also selective to hundred schools of thought listed in it. The words quoted by Zhuang and Lie don't take the arrogant, non-Confucian, and the bright ghost, but the name of punishment is nothing. (A summary of the catalogue of Si Ku Quan Shu? Sage class "). It also appears in some contradictory thoughts in Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals. For example, the viewpoint of the Huazi School's rebirth and light achievement contradicts the Confucian viewpoint of attaching importance to achievement. Bing Yi said? With Hui Shi and others? Yan Bing said? The opposite is also true. However, the existence of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals embodies a fusion of academic thoughts. Although Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals has mixed thoughts, it has a general purpose, that is, to meet the political needs of feudal unification, which embodies a trend of integration and convergence, and tries to integrate a hundred schools of thought into one, thus serving the real politics. Like what? Bing Yi said? Is Qin regarded as a volunteer soldier, fighting to save the people of six countries, or hanging upside down to save the people? Yan Bing said? On the other hand, they hoped to stop the war and stop using troops, with the aim of ending the chaotic war situation and providing a basis for the reunification of Qin from a negative perspective. Gaoyou's preface to Lu Chunqiu said? Is this book still based on morality, inaction as discipline, loyalty as the wind and public as the standard? In this way, Lu Chunqiu's cultural integration attempt under the background that politics was about to be unified at that time made some efforts to put forward the theory of unified in the future. This attempt is a connecting link. Confucius hoped to use Zhou Li to achieve reunification, and Zuo Qiuming chose a wise monarch to end the chaos under the ritual and music culture advocated by Taoism? Yi Dao? However, this is still the bud of an idea and has not formed a system. In Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, hundred schools of thought's thoughts were integrated and gradually unified, and theoretical discussions began.
3. The cultural and historical significance of the thought of unification in Lv Chunqiu.
This trend of a hundred schools of thought contending and moving towards reunification was put forward for the reunification of Qin. After Qin unified the whole country, it should have been realized. However, since Qin Shihuang and Qin Ershi believed in absolute monarchy and legalism, this effort to unify cultures could only be temporary? Stranded? Yes When the Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty arrived, Dong Zhongshu proposed? To oust a hundred schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone? Culture is unified with Confucianism. However, Confucianism at this time is not the original Confucianism, but a new concept of governing the country, which contains some thoughts of Legalists and Taoists, thus realizing the real situation of cultural unification. However, the role of Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals in the process of China's cultural unification cannot be ignored.
Hanshu? Geography says Chen Guo? Women are noble, good at offering sacrifices and taking advantage of witches in history, so they are vulgar witches and ghosts? , thistle country? Its vulgarity, ignorance, imprudence, levity and lack of prestige, as well as its strengths and its courage to be anxious, is it the legacy of Yan Dan? And then what? Wuyue Wang Shangyong, so its people are easy to punish? . This regional color is reflected in literature and has different literary styles. In fact, not only social customs and literary works have the characteristics of regional culture, but also academic schools have regional characteristics. For example, Confucianism and Mohism are centered on Lu, and Confucianism spread in Jin, Wei and Qi. Mohism developed to Qin and Chu. Legalist thought mainly originated from the Sanjin Dynasty. [3] We say that the unity of political culture also includes the blending of political culture among various ethnic groups and regions. During the Warring States period, with the development of disputes between the seven countries, the collision and integration between cultures of various countries became increasingly close. In the late Warring States period, Qin strengthened its communication with the six countries through war, alliance and the exchange of envoys. Qi's theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements was introduced into Qin, and Jin's legalist thought became more important in Qin, and later became the strategy of governing the country after Qin Shihuang unified the six countries. The Qin dynasty has always pursued the autocratic imperial power, which is the political realization of legalist thought.
"Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" was written by guests from all over the East, which itself is a kind of talent exchange between regions, and the exchange of talents will inevitably bring about the integration of ideas. The theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements is the core of Qi. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals emphasized Zou Yan's theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, demanding that he be proclaimed emperor in time and unify the whole country. Later, Qin Shihuang also used this theory to provide a reasonable basis for his rule. Qi xuezhong? Doing nothing? Thought is also emphasized in Lv Chunqiu, and Lv Buwei's theory of original sequence? The day of slapping, the place of the next inspection, and the person in the middle trial. If so, then everything must be avoided. The sky is clear and the life is smooth; The land is solid and solid; People believe, believe and listen, which are salty, but do nothing? .
To sum up, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals, as a masterpiece summarizing a hundred schools of thought at the end of the Warring States Period, has formed a style of collecting a hundred schools of thought, which embodies the characteristics of the era of the unity of culture and politics. It is the product of a specific historical era and has important cognitive value.
refer to
[1][ Han] Sima Qian. Historical records [M] Beijing: Zhonghua Book Company, 1959.
[2] Xu Wei. Collection of Lu Chunqiu [M]. Beijing: China Bookstore, 1985.
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[3] Li Zehou. On the history of China's ancient thoughts [M]. Tianjin: Social Science Press, 2003.