Huangdi Neijing has eighteen volumes, Suwen and Lingshu have nine volumes and eighty-one articles respectively. The contents include taking fetus, yin and yang, dirty image, meridians and treatment. The date of its completion has always been controversial, and it is about works after the Western Han Dynasty. There are generally three popular sayings about writing time:
First, Huangdi Neijing is one of the "Three Grave Books". Some people think that it was written by the Yellow Emperor, but almost no information about the medical background at that time was left behind, so the credibility is very low.
Second, it is considered to be a work during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. Cheng Hao and Sima Guang of the Northern Song Dynasty both held this position.
Because in 162, there are many backgrounds in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period from the perspectives of writing, language, writing and social background involved. Because the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period lasted for hundreds of years, it may indeed contain many opinions and different habits.
Cheng and Sima didn't realize that Yin-Yang and Five Elements were forged by Confucian scholars, but they ended up because of conflicts of interest. This is the so-called Spring and Autumn brushwork.
Thirdly, it is believed that Huangdi Neijing was not written by one person at a time, but was written in the Western Han Dynasty.
Huangdi Neijing first appeared in Hanshu Yiwenzhi, and was edited by Ban Gu according to the Seven Laws. "Seven Laws" is presided over by Liu Xiang and Liu Xin, as the classification category of books, the technical category of division of labor correction, and Li division of labor correction of medical books. The time is that the Western Han Dynasty proclaimed itself emperor and peaceful for three years, that is, in 26 BC. It is believed that Huangdi Neijing will be written in 26 BC at the latest.
When Sima Qian first wrote the Historical Records, many contemporary medicines were recorded in the Historical Records, such as Yang Qing, Cang Gong and Bian Que in Gongcheng, but the more important Huangdi Neijing was not recorded, so before Sima Qian was imprisoned in 99 BC, it was considered impossible to write the Historical Records. It can be inferred from the above that Huangdi Neijing was written from 99 BC to 26 BC.
Since the pre-Qin dynasty, there have been hexagrams: heaven and earth, relying on numbers. Confucian scholars in the Western Han Dynasty used five elements, so there was the fallacy of five treasures and six academies. All these fallacies come from Confucius' family language.
1973, four volumes of bamboo slips and silks were unearthed from Mawangdui Tomb No.3, including Moxibustion Sutra of Eleven Veins in Foot Arms, Moxibustion Sutra of Eleven Veins in Yin and Yang, Prescription of Fifty-two Diseases, Pulse Method and Guide Map. The owner of the tomb was Hou Licang's son who sealed Changsha in the early Western Han Dynasty.
These documents are simple and rough, for example, there are only eleven classics, and Huangdi Neijing is the twelve classics. From the perspective of conciseness and perfection, it is considered that the Eleven Classics was earlier than the Twelve Classics, that is, the Complete Works of Huangdi's Internal Classic was written later than 168 BC.
Therefore, the book of Huangdi Neijing must have been written from the end of the Western Han Dynasty to the time when the style of writing was slightly similar to that of the Six Dynasties, so Su Wen and Ling Shu should be fake books.
Extended data:
brief introduction
Huangdi Neijing is divided into Lingshu and Suwen, which is the earliest medical classic in China and one of the four classic works of traditional medicine (the other three are Difficult Classic, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Shennong Herbal Classic).
Huangdi Neijing is a comprehensive medical work, which establishes the theories of Yin and Yang, five elements, pulse condition, Tibetan image, meridians, etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, health preservation and luck.
Discussing medicine in a holistic view presents a "holistic medical model" of nature, biology, psychology and society (according to the research of modern scholars, it is considered that the traces of Huang family in this edition are invaded by Taoist priests in Sui and Tang Dynasties). Its basic material comes from the long-term observation of life phenomena in ancient China, a lot of clinical practice and simple anatomical knowledge.
Huangdi Neijing laid the foundation of human physiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment. It is a medical work with great influence in China and is called the medical ancestor.
Second, the content
Huangdi Neijing is divided into Su Wen and Ling Shu.
Su Wen focuses on viscera, meridians, etiology, pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment principles and acupuncture.
Lingshu is an inseparable companion of Su Wen, and its contents are basically the same. In addition to discussing the function, etiology and pathogenesis of viscera, it also focuses on meridians and acupoints, acupuncture, acupuncture methods and treatment principles.
Third, achievements.
The rich medical experience accumulated by ancestors in Huangdi Neijing was sublimated into rational knowledge, which formed a systematic medical theory, further dominated medical practice, established the clinical norms of traditional Chinese medicine, and became the systematic knowledge of exploring the law of life and its medical application in China traditional science.
20 10 China submitted a proposal to the Asia-Pacific Directory Evaluation Committee of Memory of the World. It is believed that it was printed on wooden boards in A.D. 1339 and published by Hu Bookstore. It is the earliest and most well-preserved version in the world. The jury of the Asia-Pacific Memory of the World Register approved the inclusion of this document in the Asia-Pacific Memory of the World Register.
It has laid a good structural framework for the establishment of the theoretical system of TCM and laid a foundation for the development of TCM, so TCM is also called "the art of blooming yellow flowers". "Huangdi Neijing" mentioned: "Saints don't cure diseases, but don't cure diseases; Governance has been chaotic, and governance has not been chaotic. " This is the ideal of preventive medicine.
Huangdi Neijing influenced the later classics of traditional Chinese medicine. For example, Treatise on Febrile Diseases written by Zhang Zhongjing in the Eastern Han Dynasty and Qian Jin Fang Yao written by Sun Simiao in the Tang Dynasty.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-Huangdi Neijing