1, Confucianism
Confucianism is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius and accumulated by Xunzi. It has continued to this day and still has a certain vitality.
An academic school that advocates "loyalty and forgiveness" and "the golden mean", advocates "rule by virtue" and "benevolent government", and attaches importance to moral and ethical education and human cultivation.
Confucianism emphasizes the role of education, and thinks that attaching importance to education and neglecting punishment is the only way for the country to be stable and the people to be rich and happy. Advocate "education without class", both the ruler and the ruled should be educated, so that the whole country can become a virtuous person.
Politically, he also advocated ruling the country by courtesy and convincing people by virtue, and called for the restoration of the "Zhou Li", which he thought was the ideal way to realize ideal politics. By the Warring States period, there were eight schools of Confucianism, among which Mencius and Xunzi were the most important.
2. Legalists
Legalist school is an important school in China's history, which advocates the rule of law as its core thought and takes Qiang Bing as its own responsibility, and History of Hanshu Arts and Literature is listed as one of the "Nine Streams". Legalists are not pure theorists, but activists who actively join the WTO, and their thoughts also focus on the practical utility of law.
Economically, this school advocates abandoning mineral fields, emphasizing agriculture and restraining commerce, and rewarding farming; Politically, it advocates abolishing the enfeoffment system, setting up counties, autocratic monarchy, taking advantage of the situation and ruling by severe punishment and strict law; In ideological education, it advocates taking law as teaching and officials as teachers.
His theory provides a theoretical basis and action strategy for the establishment of a unified monarchy. Legalists advocated "ruling the country according to law" and put forward a set of theories and methods.
This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later establishment of the centralized Qin Dynasty. Later, the Han Dynasty inherited the centralized system and legal system of the Qin Dynasty and became the political and legal subject of the ancient feudal society in China.
3. Taoism
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi combined the great wisdom of ancient sages and sages. Summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought and formed a complete and systematic Taoist theory, which marked the formal formation of Taoist thought. Taoism is the school that has the most profound influence on China's philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, health care and religion.
Taoism is named after the core idea of "Tao", which was first seen in the book Essentials of Six Classics by Sima Tan, a historian in the Western Han Dynasty. It is also called a moralist.
It can be roughly divided into three schools: Zhuangzi School, Huanglao School and Yang Zhu School. Among them, the school of Laozi and Zhuangzi takes the avenue as the root, nature as the intersection, heaven and earth as the teacher, nature as the respect, and inaction as the basis, and advocates self-denial, inaction, unity of everything, natural Taoism, being far away from politics and being at ease.
Political ideal is a peach blossom garden and a world of supreme virtue, which embodies the characteristics of "separating from use as the body", so it has become the spiritual home of literati in past dynasties away from cruel reality.
4. Famous artists
Celebrities are one of the important schools in the Warring States period, and they are called celebrities by later generations because they are engaged in the main academic activities of arguing names (names, concepts) and facts (facts). At that time, people called them "debaters", "judges" or "famous criminals". Representative figures are Hui Shi and GongSunLong.
It is a kind of logic that famous artists pay attention to the relationship between "name" and "reality". The difference between famous artists and various schools lies in the method of "correcting their names"
They mainly analyze things based on logical principles, and the content of the debate is mostly philosophical issues unrelated to political practice. Therefore, the theories of famous scholars are branded as "sophistry" in China's 5,000-year academic biography.
5. mohists
Mohism is a school of philosophy in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China and one of the hundred schools of thought. Mohism, together with Confucianism represented by Confucius and Taoism represented by Laozi, became the three major philosophical systems in ancient China. Mohism was regarded as a branch of Taoism in ancient times and was deeply influenced by Taoism.
Han Feizi, a representative of Legalism, called him and Confucianism "outstanding scholars in the world", and Mencius, a representative of Confucianism, once said, "If the words of the world are not returned to Yang (Yang Zhu, a representative of Taoism), they will be returned to Mo (Mozi)", which proved the brilliance of Mohism in China.
Yang Mo is originally two sides of the same coin, so Yang Mo complements each other. However, it is unfair for people to evaluate Yang Mo with Mencius' general way of thinking. ?
Mohism was born in the Warring States Period. The founder is Mo Zhai (Mozi). Mohism is a disciplined academic group, and its leader is called "Giant". When its members go to various countries to serve as officials, they must implement Mohism and their salaries must also be dedicated to the group.
Mohist school is divided into early and late stages: the early stage mainly involves social politics, ethics and epistemology, and pays attention to secular wars; In the later period, Mohism made an important contribution to logic and began to move closer to the field of scientific research.
The main ideas of Mohism are: equal love between people (universal love), opposing wars of aggression (non-attack), advocating economy, opposing extravagance and waste (frugality), attaching importance to inheriting the cultural wealth of predecessors (knowing ghosts) and mastering the laws of nature (ambition).
Due to the unique political attribute of Mohist thought and the collusion policy of Emperor Wu of the Western Han Dynasty, Mohist thought was continuously suppressed, gradually losing its realistic foundation of existence and gradually dying out in China.
It was not until the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China that scholars excavated Mohism again from that pile of old papers and found its progress. In recent years, through the efforts of some new Mohists, some useful viewpoints in Mohist theory have begun to enter people's field of vision.
Baidu encyclopedia-a hundred schools of thought contend