1, Tao Te Ching
Tao Te Ching is a philosophical work of Lao Zi (Li Er) in the Spring and Autumn Period, also known as Tao Te Ching, Lao Zi's Five Thousand Words and Lao Zi's Five Thousand Articles. It is a work before the separation of pre-Qin philosophers in ancient China and an important source of Taoist philosophical thoughts.
Tao Te Ching is divided into two parts. The first part of the original text is the Tao Te Ching, and the second part is the Tao Te Ching, without chapters. Later, it was changed to the Tao Te Ching in the first 37 chapters, and the Tao Te Ching in the last 38 chapters, divided into 8 1 chapters.
The text of Tao Te Ching takes "morality" in the philosophical sense as the main line, and discusses the ways of self-cultivation, governing the country, using troops and keeping in good health, but most of them aim at politics. It is the so-called "inner sage and outer king", known as the king of all classics, with profound meaning and wide tolerance.
Tao Te Ching is one of the greatest works in the history of China, which has a profound influence on traditional philosophy, science, politics and religion. According to the statistics of UNESCO, the Tao Te Ching is the most widely translated and published cultural masterpiece except the Bible.
2. Zhuangzi
Zhuangzi, also known as the South China Classic, is a Taoist classic, written by Zhuangzi in the middle of the Warring States Period and later scholars. After the Han Dynasty, Zhuangzi was honored as a real person in the south of the Yangtze River, so Zhuangzi was also called a classic in the south of the Yangtze River. His books, Laozi and Zhouyi are called "San Xuan".
Zhuangzi mainly embodies Zhuangzi's critical philosophy, art, aesthetics and so on. Its content is rich and profound, involving philosophy, life, politics, society, art, world outlook and many other aspects.
Zhuangzi's articles, with fantastic imagination, ingenious conception, rich and colorful ideological world and literary artistic conception, Wang Yang's wanton writing style, romantic artistic style and magnificent mystery, are typical works of pre-Qin philosophers.
Zhuangzi's words seem to praise Wan Li with infinite imagination, but they are well-founded and more important than historical materials. Mr. Lu Xun said, "His style of writing is Wang Yang's, and his manners are all square. The works of the late Zhou philosophers should not be the first. " Known as "nine-flow pliers, bag a hundred bags."
Zhuangzi, Gui Zang, Four Classics of Huangdi and Laozi are several original classics of the Chinese nation. They are not only important carriers of philosophy and culture, but also the crystallization of ancient sages' wisdom about literature, aesthetics, art and aesthetics. Zhuangzi and other Taoist thoughts have historically been regarded as official learning and Taoism besides Confucianism.
Zhuangzi is not only a philosophical masterpiece, but also a fable masterpiece in literature and aesthetics. But also exerted an inseparable and far-reaching influence on the development of China's literature and aesthetics. The publication and research of the fable of Zhuangzi has inherited and developed the excellent tradition of China culture and carried forward the spirit of the Chinese nation. In a practical sense, it laid a spiritual foundation for the construction of socialist civilization.
Step 3: Liezi
Liezi is also called Xu Chongzhen Mirror. It was written by Liezi, Liezi's disciples and later scholars in the early Warring States period. After the appearance of the Han Dynasty, he was honored as Xu Chong's True Classics, and Liezi was named as a real person in Xu Chong. His theory was praised by the ancients as the way to win.
It is a famous work in China's ancient pre-Qin ideological and cultural history. It belongs to the works of various schools and is a book of wisdom. It can open people's minds, enlighten people and give them wisdom. His books are an indispensable part of Taoism, silently observing the fortune of nature, carrying forward Huang Lao's seclusion, being concise and pleasing, and sending messages vertically and horizontally.
In the first year of Tianbao in Tang Dynasty, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty appointed "Doctor of Metaphysics" and declared Liezi as the true sutra of Xu Chong, which was sealed as the true sutra of Xu Chong Zhide in the Northern Song Dynasty. It is listed as one of the important Taoist classics.
4, "Yellow History"
Huang Shishu is a book that uses and studies the origin, natural evolution and social and historical changes of the universe. It is famous for studying Heluo and physiognomy.
The book of Huang Ji Jing * * * Twelve volumes and sixty-four articles. There are 34 articles in the first six volumes of Hui Yuan Rhymes, 16 articles in the last four volumes, 12 articles in the second chapter and two articles in the last chapter.
The first 62 articles were written by Shao himself, and the last two were recorded by his disciples.
Mr. Qian Mu pointed out: Zhuang Zhou and Shao Yong are materialistic philosophy. Among them, Guanzi Wupian is actually the theoretical outline of Shao Yong's philosophy, Yi Li and history.
5. Wen Zi
Wen Zi was banned in the early Qin Dynasty after it was published. After Qin annexed six countries and established centralized rule of feudal monarchy, in order to consolidate his political power, Qin Shihuang adopted the suggestion of Prime Minister Li Si and implemented the policy of cultural restraint. In 2 13 BC, it was ordered to confiscate and burn poems, books, hundreds of languages and history books outside Qin dynasty. Wen Zi was also banned.
After the establishment of the rule of the Han Dynasty, in 124 BC, Liu Che, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, wrote a letter "opening up the way to provide books" because he saw that "there were not enough books", and the books banned by Qin gradually appeared again. Wen Zi was also circulated at this time.
It is recorded as "Taoism" in Han Art History and Literature. In the Tang Dynasty, Taoism was respected, and Wen Zi was also valued, and was constantly annotated by people, and was renamed Xuantong Zhenjing by Emperor Taizong, showing its status. However, after the Sui and Tang Dynasties, as Taoism lost its dominant position in the struggle with Buddhism, Wen Zi was gradually lost, and the research on it was quite deserted.
Wen Zi Suntech has obvious features of Yi Zhuan. The interpretation of "Yi" is in the same strain as that of Xun and Xiang.
Wen Zi expounds Wen Zi's philosophical thoughts, develops Taoism, absorbs some thoughts of other schools in the same period, and further perfects Laozi's theory, which occupies an important position in the history of ancient philosophy in China.
Wen Zi mainly explained Laozi's words, expounded Laozi's thoughts, and inherited and developed Taoism's "Tao" theory. Song Lian in the Ming Dynasty said: "Zi tried his words, while Lao Dan, the ancestor, probably had the meaning of Tao Te Ching." Wu Jinjie of the Yuan Dynasty also called: "Wen Zi is also a moral biography." They all explained Wen Zi's main ideas.
Baidu encyclopedia-Taoism