In the thirty-seventh year of Qin Shihuang (2 10 BC), Qin Ershi Hu Hai gained the throne through improper means. He was worried that his ministers would be suspicious and dissatisfied, which would lead to chaos, so he plotted to kill his ministers and ministers of the first emperor. Twelve sons were executed in Xianyang, and ten princesses were executed in Duxian (now southwest of Chang 'an, Shaanxi).

Eight Qin tombs excavated by archaeologists in the west of Shangjiao Village on the east side of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum have attracted attention.

Among them, no human bones were found in tomb 18, and the owners of the other seven tombs were 5 men and 2 women, all aged between 20 and 30, and most of them were scattered.

The main limb bones of tomb 15 were separated from each other and placed on the lid of the tomb head, while the skull was found in the fill outside the cave entrance, and a bronze arrow was inserted on the right temporal bone.

According to the analysis of archaeologists, the identity of the owners of these tombs should be members of the Qin imperial clan. There are signs that the owners of these graves may be the sons and princesses killed by Qin Ershi.

According to "Biography of Historical Records and Lisi", Gongzi Gao was ready to escape and worried that his family would be hurt, so he wrote to ask to be buried at the foot of Lishan Mountain. Hu Hai agreed to this request and gave 100,000 yuan for burial.

Zhao Gao told Qin Ershi that Qin Shihuang ruled the world for a long time, so his ministers were afraid to express different political views. Now that your majesty is young and just acceded to the throne, how can you maintain your authority when discussing major decisions with ministers? If what you say is wrong, you will expose your shortcomings in front of ministers. The son of heaven paged me, which means you can't let others hear his voice easily.

Qin Ershi believed him, so he often lived in the palace and only met Zhao Gaolai alone to decide court affairs. Later, ministers rarely appeared in court.

This political form, which shows the characteristics of serious internal closure, completely stifles the original positive political vitality of the new regime.

Sima Qian said that during the reign of Qin Ershi, "usage was profound", that is to say, the severity of his autocratic rule may have surpassed that of Qin Shihuang. At that time, it was not only the "fear of ancestors" but also the "fear of imperial clan", and the whole society was shrouded in deep black terror.

The obvious drawbacks of the autocratic system in the Qin Dynasty have seriously hindered the normal operation of the political machine.

Qin Ershi was only 2 1 year old at the beginning of his administration. He thought he was young, and soon after he became king, the people could not enter the DPRK. He admired Qin Shihuang's deeds of patrolling the county and was determined to travel east. According to Sima Qian's records in Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, in the first year of Qin Ershi (209 BC), Li Si and Feng Quji accompanied their new owners to the East. This trip, although the time is quite short, is very long. Qin Ershi and his party went northeast from Chengyang to Jieshi, and then went south along the coast. As for Huiji, they went north to Liaodong and then returned to Xianyang.

In April, Qin Ershi returned to Xianyang, and in July, the Chen Sheng Uprising broke out. Soon, the rule of the Qin Dynasty collapsed rapidly. It can be said that Qin Ershi's political goal of showing off force and subduing the country during his tour of counties and counties has not been realized, and his devotion to mountain and sea gods and temples along the way seems to have not been rewarded as expected.

The administrative rhythm embodied in Qin Ershi's eastward tour can better reflect the new emperor's inheritance of Qin Shihuang's diligent style, such as "diligence", "staying up late", "hearing and seeing" and "weighing books by the day", and he never took a rest until he finished the day and night quota of reviewing 120 Jin documents. However, the political crisis faced by the Qin Dynasty was not something that one or two political activists could work hard for.

During the Qin dynasty, the corvee was the heaviest burden on the people.

The extreme manifestation of this phenomenon is to recruit "left-handed people" to serve. It is said that this led to the collapse of the regime. People in the Han Dynasty summed up the reasons for the demise of the Qin Dynasty, and often called it "the defense of the Left" and "the half-crouching of Thailand". "Lu Zuo", namely "Lu Zuo" and "Zuo Li", was the basic supporting force of the grass-roots regime in Qin Dynasty. They were originally organizers of grass-roots cattle production and defenders of local public order. Excessive corvee recruitment forced these people to suffer.

Therefore, the political crisis has evolved to an irreversible level. There was a situation in which everyone feared for himself and wanted to rebel.

The inclusive poem "Walking on Sese" in the Tang Dynasty has the sentence "When the spring palace is closed, the state of Qin mourns". He thought that Qin Shihuang died, the national fortune of Qin State was also buried in Lishan Palace, and the Qin Empire actually perished.

This understanding may mean a tendency to deny the legitimacy of Qin Ershi's power, but as far as the historical truth is concerned, it is actually inaccurate.

Qin Ershi flew into a rage and died in a coup. Although his rule was short-lived, he worked diligently for three years. He followed the footsteps of Qin Shihuang's long journey, traveling east to counties, Liaodong in Bohai Sea, and Huiji in Yellow Sea and East China Sea. The journey is quite far. Based on the mileage of the current operating lines in expressway, considering the factors of different lines, the total journey is over 8,800 kilometers, even exceeding 10000 kilometers. Its patrol begins in spring and returns to Chengyang in April. Although the exact itinerary is still difficult to know, even according to conservative estimates, if it lasts for 100 days, the average daily itinerary will reach at least 90 kilometers or even 100 kilometers. When the traffic conditions were very poor at that time, as an emperor, he undoubtedly created a historical record of continuous high-speed driving. You can imagine the hardships of travelers who have waded through mountains and rivers to get frost and dew.

As a unified empire, Qin Dynasty and Sui Dynasty both perished in the second year. Han dynasty, Tang dynasty, Ming dynasty, etc. They all had bloody armed struggles during the second generation of power transfer, and sometimes coups broke out, even leading to war, which is also worthy of attention. It may be inevitable that an authoritarian regime will have a political crisis at such a critical moment. When discussing the political lessons of Qin and Sui Dynasties, later historians often pay attention to the legitimacy and rationality of the highest power transfer form after the death of the first emperor. So the memory of Fu Su has become an eternal topic. In fact, in the face of the established political situation, it may be more meaningful to analyze the right and wrong policies.

People have different views on whether the new policy played a major role in the demise of Qin State. One view is that the main responsibility for Qin's death should be borne by Qin Shihuang. For example, the biography of Han Gu Yong said that "Qin died in the sixteenth year of the Second Qin Dynasty, and his life was too extravagant and his service was too thick", while the biography of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Wei and yangfu, said that "Qin Shihuang set up a room and hurt his son, but the world rebelled and the Second Qin Dynasty was destroyed", all of which attributed the main blame to Qin Shihuang. The so-called "II didn't show sympathy for the world, and all the people complained about it", so "Chen Shengqi, the world was on the shore, Zhao Gao rebelled, and Qin Sui died", while the so-called "As for II, the tyranny intensified and he eventually died in a hurry" in Hanshu Wuxing Zhi, and the so-called "II turned left into the sea", Bai Juyi's poem "Answering Four Haoan" is also representative. In fact, according to Sima Qian's records in Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, although the uprising broke out in Daze Township only one year after Qin Ershi ascended the throne, his actions such as "rebuilding Epang Palace" and "profound usage" really made social contradictions more acute.

To fully understand the history of the late Qin Dynasty, we must admit that both Qin Shihuang and Qin Ershi must bear the responsibility of political failure.

Jia Yi once said in On Qin that if Qin Ershi implemented this policy change in time, it would be possible to avoid the demise of Qin.

He wrote: "Today, Qin Ershi has been established, and the world must lead and observe its politics." The suffering of the people is actually a political resource of the "new owner". If "the second master has a trip to the master, but Ren Zhongxian, the minister and the master are single-minded and worried about the troubles at home, and the emperor has made mistakes before him" and "Wade is the world", the political crisis can be reversed and the situation can be stabilized.