(1) Various traditional methods for establishing lawns through asexual reproduction:
1. belongs to the method of ramet propagation: in terms of its farming form, it can be roughly divided into six categories.
(1) Stem sowing method: including stem sowing method, stolon and rhizome sowing method, stolon sowing and propagation method, stolon sowing vine planting method, stolon planting method and grass root sowing method. These six methods are to dig, dig or shovel the lawn of the mother plant with hoes, picks and shovels, then remove the soil, chop it up or chop it up to form "ramets", then spread the ramets on the whole ground, cover the soil, water it and weed it until it becomes a lawn. This method is the most labor-saving and economical in ramet propagation. However, the process of turf formation is slow and the success rate of turf establishment is not high, especially when it is applied in a large area, it is often disappointing and suffers losses. However, in southern rice producing areas, the success rate of cultivating Zoysia tenuifolia and Zoysia sulcifolia in rice fields to produce "green grass" is satisfactory.
(2) Grass stem planting method: including grass stem planting method, creeping stem planting method, creeping stem or rhizome hole planting propagation, creeping stem or rhizome row planting propagation, creeping stem strip burying propagation, strip burying method, grass whip transplanting method, grass root planting, grass root strip planting method, vine planting and creeping stem 90-65438. Different from the stem sowing method, it is planted or buried in the flat ground in various ways after obtaining the "ramet". The difference between "planting" and "burying" is the number of seedlings left outside the soil. Generally speaking, more seedlings are called "planting" and fewer seedlings are called "burying". It is usually related to the water situation in Jianping area. This method has higher probability of turf formation than stem sowing method, but it requires a lot of manpower when planting and burying.
(3) Grass planting methods: there are 65,438+02 kinds of grass planting methods, such as grass planting method, grass hole planting method, grass strip planting method, grass strip planting method, grass strip planting method, grass strip planting method, grass patch plug planting method, inter-planting method, strip planting method and point planting method. This method is to raise the mother lawn into a grass blank (skin) with a thickness of 2 ~ 3 ~ 4cm1/9m2. Shipped to Jianping, that is, cut the straw blank into large pieces of about 10 cm or more? 10 cm of grass, and then plant, pave or plug in different forms such as points (holes), strips and plum blossoms. Watering and weeding will be lawn management in the future. The depth of paving, planting and planting goes from shallow to deep in turn. Compared with the first two methods, the most obvious difference of this method is transplanting with soil. Therefore, the probability of success is higher than the first two categories, but the turf formation speed is slow and the cost is high. When a lawn is formed, it is often covered with "grass hills".
(4) Paving method of grass blank (skin): including grass blank paving, turf paving, turf paving, turf paving, etc. Compared with the method of planting grass blocks alone, firstly, all grass blocks are not cut into small pieces, and secondly, the lawn surface is loosely covered, and once it survives completely, it is a lawn. Of all the ways to build a lawn, this method is the most expensive.
(5) Lawn planting method: There are two kinds. One is the plug planting method of turf in dry farming area. Compared with the plug planting method of turf blocks mentioned above, the difference is only that the grass blank is divided into smaller blocks, whose cross section bears the thickness of soil, and the turf blocks are replaced by turf columns. This method is also applied in Europe and America. The other is the method of planting seedlings in paddy field, that is, holding grass blank in hand, randomly dividing plants and planting them in paddy field. After planting, release water, gently release the field, furrow and further release the field. Keep it dry, wet and wet, and do other management until it becomes flat. This method can be seen in rice producing areas, where rice fields are used to produce grass blanks of Zoysia tenuifolia and Zoysia sulcata for commercial sale.
(6) Turf column sowing method: There are also two kinds. First, the lawn grass columns in dry farming areas are scattered. Different from the plug planting of turf, it is to spread the turf column on the whole ground, then cover the soil and water it until it becomes a lawn. The other is paddy field, similar to seedling throwing method. That is, casting the turf column into the whole paddy field. Management of releasing water, farmland and ditching in the future. Will try to make peace. It is also a way to produce commercial grass blanks of Zoysia tenuifolia and Zoysia sulcata in rice fields.
2. There are three methods of cuttage propagation: stolon cuttage in dry farming area, stem cuttage in short section, and rice transplanting in paddy field. They all cut the stolon into small pieces and cut it into whole fields. The first two methods are like cutting down woody plants; The latter method, such as planting seedlings, is to plant small stolons. As can be seen from the above, the traditional method of vegetative lawn propagation, that is, by farmers' sideline production of grass blanks or the establishment of small-area lawns, is mainly applied to lawn grass with stolons, rhizomes or both, and areas with favorable hydrothermal conditions. All methods are mainly manual operation, which is more suitable for labor-intensive production operations. Limited by traditional farming methods, the method is simple and rough. Collecting sowing materials will destroy the lawn of mother plants for seed supply, which is not conducive to sustainable development. The probability of turf formation and turf quality are obviously different due to methods, regions and people's quality.
(2) Technical key points of the traditional asexual reproduction turf-building method: The basic land preparation, layout of irrigation and drainage system, ground leveling and land preparation before sowing are the same as those of direct seeding turf-building method. Let's briefly summarize the technical points of each family.
1. Collect planting materials: Whether there is soil or not, choose a pure, uniform, normal-growing, artificially cultivated young and mature lawn (generally biennial is better). Seeding and planting materials with normal growth at a young age are the internal factors of turf building, rapid germination of seed roots, seedling formation, seedling rooting and normal growth and development. Draft blanks and make turf blocks and pillars. The traditional operation in our country is to pull the rope with a spacing of 33 cm, cut it longitudinally with an adobe cutter first, and then cut it horizontally, so that the lawn of the donor mother is divided into many small pieces of 1/9 m2, and then use a flat-bottomed pry with adobe, and the soil thickness is about 1.5 ~ 3.0 cm, so as to make the grass blank. Every 9 pieces are bundled, which is exactly 1 m2, and transported to Jianping construction site. You can use it directly by planting grass blanks. If it is made into turf blocks and turf columns, divide it again. Turf blocks usually divide each grass blank into 9 equal parts, which is about 1 1 cm? 1 1 cm. The turf column is divided into turf blocks. Did you cut the straw blank into 50 centimeters? 150 cm straw blank can be folded or packaged for transportation. Mechanical drafting of rough has been widely used abroad, mainly by cutting it into straw rolls with roller cutters for shipment. Cut the remaining "leftovers" and feed them to the planter, and cut them into turf columns while cultivating the soil. Use soilless ramets and cuttings. China's traditional method is to use a hoe, planer or shovel to get small pieces of mother drug blank, turn the small pieces over and knock off the soil. Then, the "ramets" are collected together with the seeds to become the planting materials of the grass stem ramet method. If the stem seeding method is adopted, it needs to be shredded or chopped. Tearing is better than cutting, but it takes a little more effort. If you want to get "cuttings", you need to choose thick and rigid ones, cut them with scissors, or pick them up after chopping. Generally, it is 5 ~ 7 cm long, and it is better to have three or more nodes. After harvesting the sowing materials, the materials with soil are generally piled up in bundles and rolls, and special attention should be paid to heating and burning the seeds; Materials without soil should pay special attention to dehydration and drying. Therefore, it is better to use local materials and build lawns on the spot. If you want to store and transport, you need more time in the dormant period of grass; In the growing season, it should not be more than 7 ~ 10 days from collection and shipment to turf building, and great attention should be paid to ventilation, moisture retention and heat dissipation on the way.
2. Seasonal mastery: Seasonal mastery is local. China can be roughly divided into three regions by the Yellow River and Wuling Mountains. In the north of the Yellow River, traditional methods of asexual reproduction and turf construction can be carried out in the local spring or rainy season. To the south of the Yellow River and to the north of Wuling Mountain range, it is advisable to distinguish between warm grass species and cold grass species. The local spring to rainy season is most suitable for warm grass species, and early spring and late summer to Mid-Autumn Festival are most suitable for cold grass species. Lawns can be established in Lingnan and south of Wuling Mountains all year round, but the rainy season is better. To master the season, we should not only pay attention to the environmental conditions during lawn planting, but also pay attention to the acquisition of lawn materials. After lawn planting, there is enough growth time and management needs, so that the lawn can be fully prepared for high yield before wintering or summering.
3. Survival management: survival is the first key to asexual reproduction and turf building. The key to survival lies in the timely occurrence of seed roots, and then the occurrence of seedlings and seedling roots. Only when the roots of seedlings are ordinary and grow blue can they really survive. After self-sowing, planting, paving, blocking, burying and throwing, seedlings generally take root, and the cultivation management in this growth and development period is called survival management. Since survival is the first priority, it is also the key to establish a lawn to manage survival by using traditional nutritional reproduction methods. The technical essentials of survival management are undoubtedly to create an environment suitable for seed root germination and seedling establishment, and then seedling root generation and growth. According to observation and experience, it is necessary to create a harmonious environment of water, gas and temperature, especially the soil environment. Among them, the temperature factor has been determined by the choice of lawn season, and the remaining work is mainly to coordinate water and air, especially the water and air in the soil. Of course, coordinating water and air can also adjust soil temperature and air temperature within a certain range. Therefore, irrigation, drainage and squatting seedlings have become the primary tasks of survival management. According to experience, after planting (including various forms), it should be permeable once. After that, the soil turns white (that is, the soil surface is dry to white), that is, irrigation, a small number of times. Keep it gray (meaning that the soil surface color is gray), and the dry and wet conditions are moderate. If the soil is black, it means there is too much water! Water-gas coordination. Set up three leaves of seedlings and start squatting. Because as long as the sowing materials are tender and grow normally, and the soil surface can be kept gray after sowing, it takes 5 ~ 7 ~ 10 days for the seed roots to generate and grow normally, that is, to become seedlings. After the seedlings are grown, this irrigation and drainage method and quantity are maintained until more than half of the new seedlings grow 2-3 new leaves, at which time seedling roots not only occur, but also grow normally. At this time, continuous observation for 3 ~ 4 days in the morning. If the climate is normal and everyone can see the phenomenon of spitting water, they can make up their minds to start squatting. Of course, squatting seedlings will be carried out alternately from light to heavy according to seedling conditions, climate, soil and irrigation until a young lawn is formed. Secondly, apply seedling fertilizer. When the number of seedlings reaches or exceeds half visually, seedling fertilizer can be topdressing. Its purpose is to establish seedlings and promote the root growth of seedlings. The variety and dosage of fertilization can refer to weaning fertilizer. Fertilization should be coordinated with irrigation. According to the post-sowing management of seed direct seeding lawn, suppression, covering, weeding and replanting can be implemented according to the specific situation.
(3) Introduction to the method of direct seeding of seed stems into lawns: "Seed stems" are the vegetative organs of the stem-leaf system. As seeds, they are directly sown on the land to be used as lawns, and then the lawns are formed through survival and lawn management. The vegetative organs in the upper part of lawn are stems (including branches and tillers) and leaves, which are homologous. If they are regarded as a whole, they can be collectively called "stem and leaf system". A node with leaves and buds and an internode can be regarded as a unit of the stem-leaf system, which is called "stem-leaf unit". The stem and leaf units are quite similar to seeds, and the differences are mostly in the quantitative range. The main reason is that the protective function of the epidermis system of stem and leaf units is not as good as that of seed coat, and the storage nutrients are not as rich as endosperm or cotyledon. The occurrence of seed roots and seedling roots makes radicle germination and primary root establishment difficult. The uncoordinated growth of roots and buds is far more than that of young buds and radicles of seeds, but it has a considerable amount of green area and can carry out certain photosynthesis, which is not as good as that of seeds. If we can actively use modern biotechnology, such as tissue culture technology, to overcome the difficulties in the process of germination and seedling formation of stem and leaf units, then each stem and leaf unit is a seed. If this idea is realized, it will greatly improve the breeding speed of lawn grass. Especially those turfgrass seeds with good quality, low or difficult seed production and even little or no seed production. Tissue culture of 7 genera 1 1 species of turfgrass was studied, and plantlets were obtained. On the basis of the formation of soilless grass blank, the tissue culture technology is fully simplified, and the combination of ecological agriculture technology, electronic technology and modern lawn technology is introduced to complete the research on the technical system of transplanting test-tube seedlings in the original base period. Furthermore, the cleared turf is regarded as a "culture bed" and the soil as a "culture medium", and the stems are directly planted on it. After survival management and turf management, a high-quality lawn is quickly formed. The main agronomic processes of direct seeding of seed stalks into lawn include "cultivating seed stalks in seed stalks nursery", "harvesting and storing seed stalks", "direct seeding of seed stalks into cleaned lawn", "survival management" and "lawn management". According to the existing practice, the method of directly sowing seed stems into lawns has the following characteristics:
1. The production cycle is short, and it takes only 1 ~ 2 months from sowing to turf formation; It takes 2 ~ 3 months to be ready for use.
2. The commodity productivity has increased by 3 ~ 100 times. 3. The quality and landscape of the lawn can be compared with the lawn established by direct broadcast.
4. Extend the turf season.
5. The farmland occupied by the source lawn is minimized and the soil is not damaged. Some grass species can be "planted" as long as they manage the existing lawn well, do not occupy farmland and do not destroy the lawn for planting. Ensure the sustainable production of lawn.
6. The transportation volume is small, especially compared with the transportation of straw blanks.
7. Less investment, labor saving and low cost.
8. It is possible (but not ideal) to carry out large-scale mechanized construction by using existing agricultural machinery.
9. The storage and transportation technology of normal temperature, moisture preservation and ventilation has been successfully applied to solve the storage and transportation problem of seed stems in production, but it is more troublesome than seed storage and transportation.
10. It's better to build a big lawn. The commercial significance of this method is not ideal for turf grass seeds such as perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass, which are easy to produce and harvest, but difficult to produce or harvest stems. Nearly 50 turf-building methods of two types are introduced above. But when building a lawn, only one method needs to be applied. When choosing, look at the grass seeds and the requirements, especially the time requirements; Look at the economic strength, weigh the advantages and disadvantages, and choose the good and follow it.