As a tour guide who provides excellent service for tourists, he often has to prepare tour guide words, which are instructions written by tour guides for oral expression during the tour. Then the problem is coming. How to write the tour guide words? The following is my collection of Hakka tour guide words, hoping to help everyone.
Ganzhou, a guide to Hakka enclosed houses 1, is one of 70 large and medium-sized cities in China. Located in the south of Jiangxi Province, it is the southern gate of Jiangxi Province and the largest prefecture-level city in China with the largest area and the largest number of counties and cities under its jurisdiction. Ganzhou is a sub-central city in Jiangxi Province, with three state-level economic and technological development zones and the only comprehensive bonded zone in the province. Ganzhou is a wealth base of rare metals in the world, a manufacturing base of ancestors, a red cultural heritage and innovation zone, a famous red tourist destination, a regional comprehensive transportation hub, and a regional modern central city of Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian and Hunan. Ganzhou has a long history, more than 2200 years ago. It is a famous city with a long history, with the reputation of being the first city in Ganjiang, the tungsten capital of the world, the rare earth kingdom and the hometown of Ganyu culture. In June, 20xx, the State Council officially issued "the State Council's Opinions on Supporting the Revitalization and Development of the Former Central Soviet Area such as Gannan", aiming at urging the former Central Soviet Area such as Gannan to achieve comprehensive and large-scale revitalization.
Gannan is one of the three largest Hakka settlements in the world. Hakkas have made five great migrations, the first time to Jiujiang and Ji 'an in Jiangxi. I went to Ganzhou, Jiangxi and Tingzhou, Fujian for the second time. Ganzhou is the birthplace of Hakkas and one of the most important settlements of Hakkas. The raw teeth of Hakka people in Ganzhou account for more than 95% of Ganzhou city, which is known as the "cradle of Hakka". According to statistics, there are more than 200,000 Hakka people in Hong Kong, Taiwan Province and overseas, and there are several overseas Chinese in more than 20 countries and regions such as Southeast Asia, Japan, Canada, Australia and the United States. There are still more than 600 Hakka wai houses in Ganzhou, the most complete and representative of which are Guanxi Xinwei in Longnan, Yi Yan Wai House and Anyuan Dongsheng Wai. Ganzhou has a Hakka cultural city, as well as many ancient Hakka villages such as Bailu Village. There are also many gentlemen in Gannan Hakka, such as Zhong Shaojing, the first prime minister of Jiangnan, Qin, a famous doctor in the Northern Song Dynasty, a litterateur Wei, Xu Sizhuang and Luo Mu, Sun Yi, the ancestor of Sun Yat-sen, and Guo Dali, a modern economist. During the New Democratic Revolution, a large number of generals such as Cooper and Xiao Hua appeared in Gannan Hakka. Xingguo County, where 54 generals took place, is called "General County".
Guide to Hakka Enclosures II Gannan Enclosures were born in the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, and now there are more than 500, mainly distributed in Longnan, Dingnan, Quannan, Xinfeng, Anyuan and Xunwu.
Gannan, historically known as "there are hundreds of mountains in the south and Zhongzhou in the north, is the hub of Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong and Hunan according to the important links of the five mountains", so the county government was established in the Qin and Han Dynasties, and by the end of the Han Dynasty, there was a government-level administrative organization. In the late Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties, the Central Plains declined, and Gannan was relatively remote and quiet. Therefore, it has become an ideal refuge for people who avoid chaos. A large number of refugees from the Central Plains poured into Gannan. By the early Northern Song Dynasty, the population of foreign immigrants had increased tenfold, which greatly changed the composition of residents and the traditional cultural structure at that time. As a result, in this specific historical and geographical environment, a new special ethnic group-Hakka has been slowly bred. At the same time and afterwards, Hakka ancestors or Hakkas who moved from the Central Plains to southern Jiangxi moved to western Fujian and eastern Guangdong. Compared with western Fujian and eastern Guangdong, which are both Hakka settlements, the time to establish a county was much earlier. The Qin Dynasty established Nanshu County (now Nankang or Dayu County).
According to Huainanzi, in order to unify the south of the motherland, Qin Shihuang ordered Tu Youyou, a general, to lead a 500,000-strong army and March into Baiyue in five ways. After succeeding, he left "one army guarding the border of Nanshu". This is the earliest record in the history books that Han people from the Central Plains entered Gannan. This is the origin and predecessor of Hakka formation. In the later historical evolution, Hakka formed a unique group among the residents in southern Jiangxi, and the enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi formed a unique cultural landscape of Hakka dwellings. According to Wan Younan's investigation and study, enclosed houses, as the name implies, are closed houses. Its outer wall is not only the load-bearing outer wall of the enclosure, but also the defensive wall of the whole enclosure. Most of its gates have the titles of "Pan 'an Wai" and "Long Guangwei".
From the Jin Dynasty to the Tang and Song Dynasties, due to the war, the Han people in the Central Plains of the Yellow River Basin were forced to move south. After five great migrations, they settled in Guangdong, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hong Kong and the southern New Territories. Because they left their homeland in the Central Plains, these Han people who moved south have always called themselves "guests", which means living in other places. Therefore, there is a saying that "every mountain must have a guest, and no guest does not live in the mountain". When these immigrants were registered in ancient times, they were also called "Hakka", called "Hakka" and "Hakka", which is the origin of Hakka appellation. In order to prevent the invasion of foreign enemies and wild animals, most Hakkas live in groups, forming Dragon House, Zouma House, Wufeng House, Shiwei House and Sijiaolou. Among them, Dragon House is the largest and most famous one in existence, and it is a concentrated expression of Hakka architectural culture.
Enclosure began in Tang and Song Dynasties and prevailed in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Hakkas adopted the most advanced combination technology of lifting beams and crossing buckets in the traditional architectural technology of the Central Plains, and chose hilly areas or sloping fields to build Longweiwu. The main structure is "one entrance, three halls, two compartments and one enclosure". Most of them live in remote mountainous areas. In order to prevent the harassment of thieves and the crowding out of local people, there are two forms of camp-style houses: one is brick structure. 2. Special adobe structure: lime is mixed into the soil, glutinous rice and egg white are used as thickeners, bamboo chips and wooden strips are used as bones and muscles, and a rammed earth building with a wall thickness of 1 m and a height of15m is built. 3. Granite lath structure (such as Longguangwei in Longnan, Jiangxi). Ordinary pens cover an area of 8 mu, 10 mu, and large pens cover an area of more than 30 mu. It often takes five years, ten years or even longer to build a complete enclosure house. Longwei is a huge fortress of Hakkas. There are many bedrooms, kitchens, large and small halls and living facilities such as wells, pigsty, henhouse, toilet and warehouse. In the house, form a self-sufficient and happy social group.
Guangdong Meizhou, Shenzhen, Huizhou, Heyuan, Jiangxi Ganzhou, Fujian Longyan, Hong Kong New Territories and other areas are one of the main areas where Hakka people live together. Hakka wai houses, the traditional residence of Hakka people, are mainly distributed in eastern Guangdong, northern Guangdong, southern Jiangxi, Dongjiang River basin and Shenzhen, Hong Kong and other places around the Pearl River estuary. It is a precious historical and cultural heritage with rich forms. Hakka enclosed houses in Guangdong and Hong Kong can be roughly divided into 15 types, among which Longweiwu, Castle Hakka enclosed houses, Shenzhen Diaolou and Sijiaolou have the most local characteristics.
Introduction to Hakka enclosed houses 4 The enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi constitute the unique cultural landscape of Hakka dwellings. According to Wan Younan's investigation and study, enclosed houses, as the name implies, are closed houses. Its outer wall is not only the load-bearing outer wall of the enclosure, but also the defensive wall of the whole enclosure. Most of its gates are like Pan Anwei, Yi Yan Round House and Longguangwei. At the end of Ming Dynasty and the beginning of Qing Dynasty, there were more than 500 enclosed houses in Gannan, mainly distributed in Longnan, Dingnan, Quannan, Xinfeng, Anyuan and Xunwu. The big one covers an area of 10000 square meters, the largest one in Longnan Li Yuanwei is 37000 square meters, and the smallest one is 50 to 60 square meters. Seen from the plane, it can be divided into two categories: mouth shape and Chinese characters. Its shape is mostly square, but also round, semi-circular and irregular. The structural form consists of concrete, river pebbles, blue bricks and stones. The most representative enclosed houses are Guanxi Xinwei in Longnan, Yi Yan Wai in Yangcun, Longguangwei in Taojiang, Dongsheng in Anyuan Town and Egong Tianxin in Dingnan.
Gannan wai house is a kind of solid folk house with fresh name defense characteristics, which integrates ancient temples, folk houses and castles. The external wall of the paddock is 1 m thick (swallow-wing wall 145 m thick) and is three or four stories high. There are all kinds of bunkers protruding outward and upward at the four corners. In order to eliminate the dead angle, some put corners on the bunkers and cantilever a single small bunker. There are rows of blastholes on the top floor around. The door wall is particularly thick, the door frame is made of huge stones, and the thick wooden door is nailed with iron sheets. There are many doors behind the board door, and there are also heavy toilets behind the doors. There is also a leak at the top of the door to prevent fire attack. Except for a few large enclosures, there is generally only one enclosure door. Rooftop houses are mostly used for combat readiness, and 2/3 of the inner walls of the walls are connected as circular wall-clamping corridors, which is convenient for time-consuming personnel to maneuver. There are wells dug in the enclosed house, and there are many grain and grass storage rooms. Some also use ferns, or paint walls with glutinous rice flour, brown sugar and egg white. If you are sleepy for a long time and lack food, you can peel them off to satisfy your hunger.
The enclosed houses in southern Jiangxi are mostly square, with strong towers at four corners (a few symmetrical). The outer wall is a solid closed body, which is distributed all over the muzzle. The appearance is cold and solid. Obviously, its image is very similar to the Ming Qi Five Treasures in Guangzhou's tomb and the General Dongwusun's gatehouse unearthed in Ezhou.
Whether it is as small as a cat cabinet with only three bays on one side, or as large as Kansai Xinwei, which covers an area of over 1 1 mu, it also has a solid defense function and affinity for clan groups. The square paddock is surrounded by a simple paddock, generally with two or three floors and as many as four floors, and it is a cantilever veranda structure. There is also an ancestral hall within the larger wall; The bigger one is a multi-layer enclosure. The outer walls of the paddock are mostly solid walls made of river stones, granite, bluestone and blue bricks, with a thickness of two meters. Internal granaries, wells, sewers and so on are readily available. This kind of powder building is easy to defend but difficult to attack, which is simply an independent kingdom and a small city.
Li Yuanwei is the largest enclosed house in southern Jiangxi, covering an area of 68 mu. It was built in Hongzhixin years and has a history of more than 500 years. The surrounding walls are piled with rubble, and hundreds of houses are scattered and dense. Three fish ponds in the paddock form a lake side by side, and bamboo and willow shadows are scattered along the coast. Although it is a typical Hakka paddock, it has the charm of Jiangnan scenery. The residents of Li Yuanwei are all surnamed Li. It is said that they are descendants of the Ming Dynasty general Li Qinggong. General Li joined forces with Wang Yangming, a famous Confucian general, to counter the rebellion and made outstanding achievements. After returning to his hometown, he built a closed house with the land he gave. It is said that the words "Li Yuanwei" were written by Wang Yangming.
The famous places in Li Yuanwei are one temple and three halls, namely, Jigazu Temple, Dung Hall, New Kitchen Hall and Lishu Hall. Jiga Ancestral Temple is the main temple of the whole enclosed house, where all ethnic groups come for meetings, weddings and funerals. The new kitchen hall was completed in the last years of Jiajing, where two five-product doctors were born and became the famous "Dafu Di" in Li Yuanwei. Li Yuhan, the second doctor with five products, was very happy with his grandchildren at the age of 95, and "five generations under one roof" became a much-told story for the first time. According to legend, more than 500 years ago, there was a hundred acres of chestnut forest called "Chestnut Tree Garden". There are dozens of pear trees on the west side of the chestnut forest, forming a natural pear garden, which is called the "garden in the garden" in the "chestnut garden". One summer, the weather was very hot, and many people in the Li family got lung fever and could not recover for a long time. An old woman passing by told everyone that the pears in the pear garden next to them are extraordinary, which can clear away heat and toxic materials and moisten the lungs, and then dig up the roots and fry them in water into ointment, so that the disease can be cured. The villagers did as they said, and they soon recovered. At this time, the old woman of the church has disappeared. A traveling Taoist discovered the secret. It turns out that this old woman is Li Shan's old mother. She wants to save people from disasters and diseases. Because too many roots were dug, the pear forest slowly died. But this "pear garden" stayed in the heart of the Li family. When Li Yuanwei was expanded, a "Zhong Wei around" was built at the location of "Liyuan", and it was named "Under the Pear Tree". There was also a memorial tablet for Li Shan's mother in the ancestral hall, and she was always grateful for her help to the Li family.
The main distribution areas of Hakka Tulou are counties and cities in southwest Fujian and northeast Guangdong, which are located on the east and west sides of Boping Nanling, especially at the junction of Hakka dialect and Minnan dialect. Such as Longyan, Lei Hu, Guzhu, Qiling, Daxi, Hukeng and Xiayang, Kuiyang, Meilin and Shuyang in the northwest of Nanjing, Luxi, Xiazhai, Hexi, Xiufeng and Jiu Feng in the west of Pinghe, Xiuzhuan and Guanpi in the northwest of Zhaoan, Shuangxi, Lang Feng, Taoyuan and Taoyuan in the southeast of Tai Po. Historically, since the Song Dynasty, this is the dividing line between Tingzhou, Zhangzhou, Meizhou and Chaozhou, which has remained basically unchanged except for a few analyses. It is worth noting that the residents of Tingzhou and Meizhou are called Hakkas, while the border between Zhangzhou and Chaozhou is infiltrated by Hakkas.
Among the three typical earth buildings, Wufeng Pagoda is mainly distributed in Yongding Gaopi, Kanshi and Lei Hu Township. These places are large in Pingchuan area, rich in cultivated land and convenient in transportation. Wufeng Pagoda has been a cornucopia of grain, tobacco and coal in Hakka area since ancient times, which is quite different from the poverty scene of "eight mountains, one water and one field". It should be noted that it is the developed economy here that provides the economic foundation and social status for the construction of Wufeng Tower. At the same time, the living environment is relatively peaceful because it is far away from border conflict areas. Therefore, the residence emphasizes the pecking order rather than the defense, and the total number of the five pagodas is very small.
Square buildings are mainly distributed in the border areas of Longyan, Yongding and Nanjing. Bopingling runs through it. Since the Song Dynasty, it has been divided into Tingchuan and Zhang Chuan. Square buildings have the largest number among the three kinds of earth buildings. There are 649 Gaobei Town in Yongding (including 2 in 6 floors), Kanshi Town 1 0/6 (including 6 floors1one), and the statistics of Pumice Town are temporarily missing, including 609 in Leihu Town, 376 in Guzhu Township, Daxi Township 155 in Lake Town. There are 34 Kuiyang townships, 62 Meilin townships and 230 Shuyang townships in Nanjing. Needless to say, the total number of square buildings in Yongding is dominant, except for a few scattered towns and villages, there are 3006 towns and villages with statistics. With an average of 500 buildings, there are 1.500 buildings in three towns and villages temporarily vacant, and the total number of square buildings with more than three floors in Yongding County exceeds 4,500, which is really an amazing number.
It must also be pointed out that the owners or builders of all the above-mentioned square buildings are almost Hakkas. The residents' attribute of Zhongshi Town in Longyan is unknown, and its dialect is neither Hakka nor Minnan dialect. And "the architects of the building are mostly from Yongding Jinfeng, such as Xiao, who used to be a carpenter and later settled down". In Nanjing County 1 1 townships, 8 townships are all from southern Fujian, and only the Hakka people in Kuiyang, Meilin and Shuyang townships live together, while the square buildings are concentrated in Hakka villages. Yongding is a county where pure Hakkas live. Fanglou is located in the transition zone from Pingchuan to the ridge, where there are few cultivated land, poor economy and inconvenient transportation, and there are many robberies and fights in history. Therefore, compared with the Five Peaks Pagoda, the square building has obviously weakened sense of order and stronger defensive nature.
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