First, an overview?

Flammulina velutipes belongs to Flammulina velutipes, commonly known as Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinus edodes. ? Flammulina velutipes is widely distributed in nature, including China, Japanese, Russian, Europe, North America and Australia. It is suitable for the growth of Flammulina velutipes from Heilongjiang in the north, Yunnan in the south, Jiangsu in the east and Xinjiang in the west. ? Flammulina velutipes contains no chlorophyll, no photosynthesis and no carbohydrate, so it can grow in the dark. It must absorb ready-made organic matter from the culture medium, such as degradation products of carbohydrates, protein and fat. It is saprophytic and belongs to a kind of basidiomycete heterotrophic bacteria. Flammulina velutipes is a wood saprophytic fungus, which easily grows on the withered leaves and stumps of broad-leaved trees such as willow, elm and poplar. ? Flammulina velutipes is an edible fungus cultivated in autumn, winter and early spring. It is famous for its smooth lid, crisp handle, rich nutrition and delicious taste. According to the determination, the amino acid content of Flammulina velutipes is very rich, which is higher than that of ordinary mushrooms, especially lysine, and has the function of promoting children's intellectual development. Dried Flammulina velutipes contains 8.87% protein, 60.2% carbohydrate and 7.4% crude fiber, which can prevent and cure canker if eaten frequently. Recent studies also show that a substance contained in Flammulina velutipes has a good anti-cancer effect. Flammulina velutipes is not only a delicious food, but also a good health food. Flammulina velutipes' domestic and international markets are increasingly broad. The artificial cultivation technology of Flammulina velutipes is not complicated. As long as the environmental conditions can be well controlled, it is easy to obtain stable and reliable output. ?

Second, biological characteristics?

1. Morphological characteristics?

Flammulina velutipes consists of vegetative organs (mycelium) and reproductive organs (fruiting bodies). ?

(1) Mycelium is germinated by spores. Under artificial culture conditions, hyphae are usually white and fluffy, with septa and branches, and many hyphae gather together to form mycelium. Different from other edible fungi, mycelium will form a large number of single-celled pollen spores (also called conidia) when it grows to a certain stage, which can germinate into mononuclear hyphae or binucleate hyphae under suitable conditions. It was found that the number of pollen spores in the mycelium stage of Flammulina velutipes was related to the quality of Flammulina velutipes. The strains with more pollen spores have poor quality and dark color at the base of stem. ?

(2) The main function of fruiting body is to produce spores and reproduce offspring. The fruiting body of Flammulina velutipes consists of cap, pleat and stalk, which mostly grow in bundles and have soft and elastic meat. The cap is spherical or oblate with a diameter of 65438 0.5 ~ 7 cm. When young, it is spherical, gradually unfolding, and when it is over-ripe, the edge folds upward. There is a thin layer of colloid on the surface of the mushroom cap, which is sticky when wet, yellow-white to yellowish brown in color, white in mushroom meat, thick in center, thin in edge, white in mushroom pleats or ivory in color, scattered and different in length, and separated from the stalk or bent. The center of the stalk is hollow and cylindrical, slightly curved, with a length of 3.5 ~15cm and a diameter of 0.3 ~1.5cm.. The stalk is connected at the base, the upper part is fleshy, the lower part is leathery, and the surface is densely covered with dark brown short fluff. Basidiospores are born on the solid layer of bacterial folds, and the spores are cylindrical and colorless. ?

2. Growth and development conditions?

(1) Nutritional Flammulina velutipes is a saprophytic fungus, which can only absorb nutrients from ready-made culture materials through mycelium. In cultivation, the selection of culture materials has great influence on yield and quality. The nutrients needed for the mycelium growth and fruiting body development of Flammulina velutipes include nitrogen nutrition, sugar nutrition, mineral nutrition and a small amount of vitamins.

Nitrogen nutrition is the raw material for Flammulina velutipes to synthesize protein and nucleic acid. In the cultivation ingredients, wheat bran, soybean powder and other raw materials contain a lot of nitrogen nutrients. Sugar mainly refers to carbohydrates, which is the energy source of Flammulina velutipes' life activities and the main component of cells. Flammulina velutipes can make use of starch, cellulose and lignin in the culture medium. In the mycelium growth stage, the ratio of carbon to nitrogen in the culture medium is 20∶ 1, and the fruiting body growth stage is 30 ~ 40 ∶ 1. Flammulina velutipes needs mineral elements such as phosphorus, potassium, calcium and magnesium, so a certain amount of mineral nutrients such as potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium sulfate and magnesium sulfate should be added to the culture. Flammulina velutipes also needs a small amount of vitamins. Because the amount of vitamins contained in culture materials such as wheat bran and soybean powder can basically meet the needs of Flammulina velutipes, vitamins are often not added in cultivation. ?

(2) Temperature Flammulina velutipes is a low-temperature fruiting fungus, and its mycelium can grow in the range of 5 ~ 32℃, but the optimum temperature is 22 ~ 25℃. Mycelia is resistant to low temperature, but weak to high temperature, and stops growing or even dies above 34℃. The fruiting body differentiated in the range of 3 ~18℃, but the optimum temperature for its formation was 8 ~10℃. Flammulina velutipes grows vigorously at low temperature, but at high temperature, the handle is slender and the lid is small. At the same time, Flammulina velutipes can stimulate the primordia of fruiting bodies when the temperature difference between day and night is large. ?

(3) In the mycelium growth stage, the water content of the culture medium should be 65% ~ 70%, below 60%, the mycelium growth is poor, above 70%, and the oxygen in the culture medium is reduced, which affects the normal growth of mycelium. At the stage of primordium formation, the relative humidity of air in the environment is required to be about 85%. In the growth stage of fruiting body, the relative humidity of air should be kept at about 90%. When the humidity is low, the fruiting body can not grow fully, and when the humidity is too high, pests and diseases are easy to occur. ?

(4) Flammulina velutipes is an aerobic fungus, which needs to constantly absorb fresh air during its metabolism. In the mycelium growth stage, micro-ventilation can meet the needs of mycelium growth. The fruiting body consumes a lot of oxygen during the formation period, especially when it is cultivated in large quantities. When the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air exceeds 0.6%, the formation of fruiting body and the development of mushroom cap will be inhibited. ?

(5) Both mycelium and fruiting body can grow in complete darkness, but when the fruiting body is in complete darkness, the growth of the cap is slow and small, forming more deformed mushrooms. Weak scattered light can stimulate the growth of the cap, while too much light will inhibit the growth of the stalk. Flammulina velutipes, which mainly eats stems, can be shaded by paper tubes during cultivation to promote the elongation of stems. ?

(6) The pH of Flammulina velutipes requires acidic environment, and the mycelium can grow in the range of pH 3~8.4, but the optimum pH value is 4 ~ 7, and the optimum pH value is 5 ~ 6 in the fruiting body formation period. ?

Third, cultivation techniques and management?

The cultivation methods of Flammulina velutipes include clinker cultivation and raw material cultivation. ?

1. Clinker cultivation?

Clinker cultivation of Flammulina velutipes refers to the cultivation method of sterilizing the culture materials under normal pressure or high pressure and inoculating them under aseptic conditions. The method has high success rate, orderly fruiting and high yield. ?

(1) farming season

It is an important link to cultivate Flammulina velutipes at natural temperature and choose suitable production season to obtain high quality and high yield. ?

Flammulina velutipes belongs to low-temperature fungi, and the mycelium growth range is 7 ~ 30℃, and the best is 23℃. The adaptive range of fruiting body differentiation and development is 3 ~ 18℃, and 12 ~ 13℃ is the best. When the temperature is lower than 3℃, the bottle cap will turn maltose color and deformed mushrooms will appear. ?

Artificial cultivation should be selected according to the local natural temperature. Inoculation in late autumn in the south and mid-autumn in the north can make full use of natural temperature to cultivate mycelium. After the physiological maturity of mycelium, the weather is getting colder and the temperature drops, which is just suitable for the low temperature climate of fruiting body growth and development. Generally, in the provinces south of the Yangtze River, 1 0 ~1month is used for indirect sowing, and after about1month of fungal culture, the fruit comes into being in1~1February. High altitude and low temperature mountain areas and provinces north of the Yangtze River can be inoculated in September in advance, 1 1 fruiting; You can also inoculate in early spring and heat the mushrooms in spring. Vaccination should be postponed in low altitude Pingchuan area. In order to meet the market demand of Flammulina velutipes in summer, Flammulina velutipes can be produced in cold storage. ?

(2) Breeding sites

Flammulina velutipes cultivation is divided into two steps: spawning and fruiting. During the spawning stage, the site should be kept warm, ventilated and clean. In the fruiting stage, it is best to build a semi-underground mushroom house outdoors, that is, dig 1 m underground, and then pile up a 1 m-high wall with soil around it, covered with plastic film and grass curtains. ?

(3) the proportion of raw materials?

① cottonseed hull 100kg, wheat bran 20kg, corn flour 5kg, gypsum powder 2kg, calcium superphosphate 1kg and sugar 1kg. ?

② corncob 75kg (crushed), wheat bran 20kg, corn flour 3.5kg, gypsum powder 2kg, soybean 1.5kg, calcium superphosphate 1kg and sugar 1kg.

Most crop straws, such as sorghum husk, sawdust, peanut husk, bean stalk, corn stalk, rape stalk, etc. After crushing, it can replace the corncob in the formula, but no matter what raw materials are selected, they must be fresh, clean and mildew-free. Weigh the raw materials according to the proportion, and mix the rest evenly except that the white sugar needs to be dissolved in water. Add water, fully stir until the water content reaches about 65%, then suffocate for 2-4 hours and bag. ?

(4) bagging and sterilizing

Choose a plastic bag with a width of 15 ~ 17 cm and a length of 33 cm to plant mushrooms at one end, or choose a plastic bag with a width of 15 ~ 17 cm and a length of 55 cm to plant mushrooms at both ends. When bagging, it should be compacted while packing, and both ends of the bag should be tied with rope to form a slipknot. Sterilizing under high pressure or normal pressure according to the conventional method. ?

(5) Inoculating and culturing bacteria

Sterilized plastic bags can be inoculated after cooling to room temperature. The inoculation box was sterilized with 10 ml formaldehyde and 5 g potassium permanganate per cubic meter for 30 minutes. Strictly follow the operating rules when inoculating, and inoculate at both ends. Generally, each bottle (750g/ bottle) can receive 25 ~ 30 bags. After inoculation, move the bag into the culture room in time. At a suitable temperature, the mycelium began to germinate in about 24 hours, and grew for about 40 ~ 50 days at room temperature of 20 ~ 25℃ to fill the bag. After inoculation in mid-September, most hyphae appeared at the end of 10, which is called full-stage hyphae. After inoculation, due to the low temperature, mushrooms will grow while climbing the material after half a bag, which is called half-time fruiting. ?

(6) Mushroom management

There are many ways to cultivate Flammulina velutipes in bags, which can be summarized as five:

(1) Full bag, bagging and fruiting. ?

(2) Full bagging, bagging and lying flat to produce mushrooms. ?

(3) Semi-bagged materials, covered with paper, with long mushrooms standing. ?

(4) Half-bag the material, cover it with a film, and lie down for fruiting. ?

⑤ Fill in the middle, lie down at both ends and put long mushrooms in film. ?

The management process of the whole-stage fruiting cultivation bag is as follows: opening the bag → turning over the bag → stacking the bag and covering the film → ventilating and moisturizing to promote germination → uncovering the film and ventilating 1 day → covering the film to promote the elongation of the handle → harvesting → scraping and watering → keeping warm and moisturizing to promote germination. The management method is the same as before, until four mushrooms are harvested. In the semi-mushroom cultivation bag, after the mycelium is full of semi-mushrooms, young mushrooms are formed at both ends. At this time, the bag should be moved into the cultivation field in time according to the management method of whole bacteria budding. ?

(1) The bag is covered with film. Bagging and covering is a new technology explored in production in recent years. This technology can improve the utilization rate of the site, increase the yield and improve the quality of Flammulina velutipes. The specific method is to untie the bag openings at both ends and turn the excess plastic bags on the material surface to the material surface. Depending on the length of the bag, one or both ends can be opened. The method of opening one end is to put the bottoms of two bags relatively flat together, and the appropriate height is 5-6 bags, and the length is not limited. Spray enough water on the ground and around the mushroom farm, and then cover the mushroom bag with plastic film. This method has good heat preservation and moisture retention, and can accumulate carbon dioxide in the later stage, which is beneficial to the growth of stipe. ?

② Moisturize, ventilate and promote germination. After film mulching, the microclimate in the film is maintained, and the relative humidity of the air is 85% ~ 90%. Every morning, the film is uncovered and ventilated for 30 minutes, and the mushrooms can grow one after another in about 7 ~ 10 days. After mushrooms are produced, ventilation can be appropriately increased to ensure humidity, but water cannot be spilled on the mushrooms.

(3) release the membrane ventilation inhibition. When the handle is 3 ~ 5 cm long, reduce the humidity and temperature. The concrete measures are to stop sprinkling water on the ground, peel off the plastic film, and ventilate for 2 days in winter, spring and autumn 1 day, so that the water on the material surface will be lost, and mushrooms will no longer grow, and the mushrooms will no longer branch because of water loss at the base. ?

④ Cultivate high-quality mushrooms. After the inhibition is completed, it is necessary to control the relationship between temperature, humidity, light and carbon dioxide concentration in order to cultivate high-quality Flammulina velutipes with long handle, white color and small cover. ?

A. temperature: controlled at 6 ~ 8℃. ?

B. Humidity: the relative humidity of air is 85% ~ 90%. ?

C. illumination: extremely weak light, the position of the light source cannot be changed, otherwise the fruiting body will be scattered. ?

D carbon dioxide: the concentration of 0.11%~ 0.15% can promote the elongation of the stalk; If it exceeds 1%, it will inhibit the growth of stipe; If it reaches 3%, it will not inhibit the growth of stipe; If it reaches 5%, no fruiting body will be formed. Maintain high carbon dioxide concentration by controlling ventilation. ? At the general temperature of 10 ~ 15℃, the mushroom stalk can grow from 3cm to 12 ~ 15cm after 5 ~ 7 days, and can grow to15 ~ 20 after 10 days. At this time, it can be harvested in time according to the standards of fresh processing. ?

⑤ Scratch bacteria and irrigate. After harvesting the mushrooms for the first time, we should scrape the mushrooms, that is, dig the mushroom roots and old mushroom skins about 0.5 cm with wire hooks, and level the material surface. If the fungus bag loses water, pour water into the bag. The excess plastic film at the plastic bag mouth can be pulled up and poured on the material surface, and the water can be poured after 6 ~ 10 hours, so as to accelerate germination and cultivate mushrooms. Under normal circumstances, Flammulina velutipes seeds are harvested 3-4 times at a time, and the biotransformation rate can reach 80% ~ 120%.

2. Raw material cultivation?

The key to the cultivation of Flammulina velutipes raw materials is to control the temperature and prevent the pollution of miscellaneous bacteria. The control of temperature is mainly to master the cultivation season. The sowing date of raw material cultivation should not be too early, the suitable sowing date is that the temperature is stable at around 15℃, and the most suitable sowing date in Henan Province is 1 1. ?

(1) production of bacterial bed

Spread a plastic film sterilized with 0.2% potassium permanganate solution on the bacterial bed, which is 2.5 times wider than the bacterial bed. Sprinkle a little strain on the film, then spread half of the material and sprinkle a layer of strain on the surface of the material. The strain distribution in the middle and lower layers is less, and there are more strains around and on the surface. The amount of strains accounts for 10% ~ 15% of the total feed, and the bed material is 5 ~ 8 cm thick. After sowing, the bed surface is slightly compacted, and then the material surface is covered with plastic film for heat preservation and moisture retention. It is best to choose cottonseed hull as raw material to cultivate Flammulina velutipes. When stirring, add 0. 1% of 50% carbendazim, and the water content should not be too large. Generally, the water content should be 60% ~ 65%. ?

(2) Event management

After sowing, at the temperature of 10℃, the mycelium grows all over the material surface and develops to the deep layer in about 15 days. If it is found that some local strains do not germinate after 10, the film can be uncovered for 10 ~ 15 minutes. After about 40 days, hyphae can basically penetrate the material. When the mycelium of the bed material is completely exposed, uncover the film and ventilate for 10 ~ 20 minutes every day. When the bed surface turns white and amber water drops appear, hold up a 20 cm high plastic film, spread a newspaper on it, and spray it on the newspaper every day to moisturize. Fog particles should be fine, less, even and frequent, so as to keep the newspaper moist. It is not allowed to spray directly on the mushroom bed, otherwise it will easily cause mushroom rot. Different developmental stages of fruiting bodies need different air relative humidity. When the stem length is 2 cm, the relative humidity of air in the membrane should be kept at 90%, and when the stem length is 10 cm, the water spraying frequency should be reduced to 80% ~ 85%. During the mushroom growing period, attention should be paid to increasing the ventilation of the mushroom room. When the mushroom grows to 12 ~ 15 cm, it should be harvested in time and the material surface should be cleaned. After drying 1 day, it is necessary to replenish water, cover the film, keep warm and moisturize, and promote the formation of the second mushroom. After picking mushrooms, the management method is the same as before, and mushrooms are picked 3-4 times.