The formation of tea culture in China tea culture is broadly divided into two aspects: the natural science of tea and the humanities of tea, which refers to the sum of material wealth and spiritual wealth related to tea created by human society in historical practice. In a narrow sense, paying attention to the humanity of tea mainly refers to the spiritual function and social function of tea. Because the natural science of tea has formed an independent system, the tea culture that is often said now focuses on humanities.
Enlightenment of tea culture before the Three Kingdoms.
Many books set the discovery time of tea at 2737-2697 BC, and its history can be extended to the Three Emperors and Five Emperors. In Hua Tuo's Book of Food in the Eastern Han Dynasty:? Bitter tea for a long time. Recorded the medicinal value of tea. The western Han dynasty named the tea-producing county? Chaling? , namely Chaling, Hunan. In the Wei Dynasty of the Three Kingdoms, Guangya first recorded the making method and drinking method of cake tea: picking leaves between Jing and Ba to make cakes, and the old man made cakes out of leaves and made them with rice paste. Tea appears in the form of substance and permeates other cultures to form tea culture.
The germination of tea culture in the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties
With the rise of literati drinking tea, poems and songs about tea are coming out. As a general form, tea has left the diet and entered the cultural circle, playing a certain spiritual and social role.
The Formation of Tea Culture in Tang Dynasty
In 780, Lu Yu wrote Tea Classic, which was the symbol of the formation of tea culture in Tang Dynasty. It summarizes the dual contents of nature and humanity of tea, discusses the art of drinking tea, and integrates Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism into drinking tea, thus creating the spirit of China Tea Ceremony. Later, a large number of tea books and poems appeared, including Tea Narration, brew tea, Tea Picking and Sixteen Soups. The formation of tea culture in Tang Dynasty was related to the rise of Zen Buddhism. Because tea has the function of refreshing the brain, promoting fluid production and quenching thirst, temples advocate drinking tea, planting tea trees around the temples, making tea ceremonies, setting up tea halls, selecting tea heads and holding tea events specially. China tea ceremony was formed in the Tang Dynasty, which is divided into court tea ceremony, temple tea ceremony and literati tea ceremony.
The Prosperity of Tea Culture in Song Dynasty
The tea industry in Song Dynasty developed greatly, which promoted the development of tea culture. A professional tea club composed of officials appeared among the literati. Tangshe? , believe in Buddhism? A thousand people's club? Wait a minute. Song Taizu Zhao Kuangyin, who loves tea, set up a tea office in the palace, and the tea used in the palace has been graded. Tea ceremony became a kind of ceremony, giving tea became an important means for the emperor to win over ministers and take care of relatives as soon as possible, and it was also given to foreign envoys. As for the lower class, tea culture is more lively, some people migrate, and neighbors want it? Offer tea? If you have guests, do you respect them? Yuanbao tea? , when engaged? Tea? When are you getting married? Order tea? When sharing a room? Tea? . The rise of folk tea fighting has brought about a series of changes in cooking points.
Popularization of tea culture in Ming and Qing Dynasties
At this time, there have been steamed green, fried green, baked green and other tea leaves, and the drinking of tea has also been changed? Bubble pinch method? In the Ming Dynasty, many literati left masterpieces handed down from generation to generation, such as Tang Bohu's tea-making scroll and tea tasting map, Huishan tea party in Wen Zhiming, and Lu Yu's tea-making map and tea tasting map. With the increase of tea, the skills of making tea are also different, and the styles, textures and patterns of tea sets are also diverse. By the Qing Dynasty, tea export had become a formal industry, and there were countless tea books, tea events and tea poems.
In the tea field of tea ceremony culture, because the fresh leaves of tea trees have strong sterilization and detoxification functions, tea leaves were originally eaten directly as medicine, and later developed into cooked, boiled and brewed drinks. Until today, it has become one of the three largest non-alcoholic beverages in the world, alongside coffee and cocoa.
In the forty-first chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, Jia Baoyu tasted tea in Cui 'an and wrote the realm of tea tasting. Grandmother Jia took Granny Liu around the Grand View Garden and came to the Jade Hall. Miaoyu offered tea to everyone and invited Baochai and Daiyu to eat silk tea. Baoyu followed, and a series of interesting things happened, which can well illustrate the realm of China tea culture.
Miaoyu first took out seven unusual tea sets. The exquisiteness of tea set shows the important position of tea in people's life at that time, and it has become an important life activity in people's daily life.
After Miaoyu decocted tea, the water used was no small matter. Daiyu doesn't know, ask? Is this also the rain of the old year? Miaoyu couldn't help sneering:? You are such a person, but you are a layman, and you can't even taste water! This is the snow on plum blossoms that I collected when I lived in Pan Xiang Temple of Xuanmu five years ago. I can't bear to eat that green-faced urn, which is buried underground. It only opened this summer. I've only eaten once, and this is the second time. Why can't you taste it? How can the rain be so clear next year? How to eat?
There is no clear statement about the tea used by Miaoyu in the book, but the old man's eyebrows she gave to Jia Mu were so light and mellow, not to mention the tea she used herself. In a small monastery, casual tea tasting is also so exquisite. Not only the tea set and tea leaves are exquisite, but also the water for frying tea is used up, which shows that tea is connected with the environment.
As for the method of drinking tea, Miaoyu has a higher opinion: one cup is good, two cups are stupid things to quench thirst, and three cups are for drinking cows and donkeys. ? Although this is exaggerated, it also shows that drinking tea is an elegant thing in life.
The most important thing about drinking tea is a state of mind. Pei Wen of the Tang Dynasty said in the annals of tea. Tea? Its essence is clear, its taste is light and clean, its use is annoying and its work is harmonious. ? What's the taste of tea? Light? When drinking tea, you need to be refreshed and calm, and savor it in silence. It's noisy and dirty, which is not suitable for drinking tea. Drinking alone, or sitting with like-minded and indifferent friends, enjoying life quietly in a cup of tea with long lasting appeal. This scene is so cool and pleasant that all kinds of troubles are forgotten, and the mood is clear and the spirit is detached from things. In the face of close friends, we can experience an indifferent state of mind in life, so that we can last, not be bored or bored. Therefore, in a clean and dye-free atmosphere, a cup of light tea can wash away troubles and bring peace and kindness. This glory as an intermediary leads us into a quiet and lofty realm of life, that is, to the ultimate realm of tea.
Only when there are no rich and luxurious scenes and selfish thoughts can we feel the faint fragrance of tea. Therefore, the environment and mood are extremely important when drinking tea. According to Tea Sparse, the environment suitable for drinking tea is: leisure, avoiding things in doors, avoiding pavilions, burning incense in small courtyards, quiet temples, famous springs and strange rocks, and so on. However, it is not advisable to drink tea when doing things, watching plays, delivering books, having long banquets, and being busy with personnel. Do not use evil water, utensils, copper spoons, wooden barrels, firewood, charcoal barrels, etc. When you are making tea, don't go near shady houses, kitchens, noisy markets, hot kitchens, etc. Tea, a thing in a thing, has become an art and a culture because it contains a profound and vast world.
Tea ceremony is a symbol of high purity and mellow beauty and an important part of China's artistic and cultural life. Cleanliness is the first rule in every process of tea, whether it is picking, brewing, cooking or pouring water. When picking tea, it must be a sunny morning, the air is fresh, the dew on the tea tree is still fragrant, and the tea picked is top grade, but it is worse when it rains; When making, fixing, rolling, drying and other processes. It should be clean.
Tea pays attention to harmony, and it is extremely important to choose water for good tea. The water in the mountains is the best, and the water in the mountains and rivers is the best. Lu Yu, a famous spring in the Tang Dynasty, once commented on the world like this. The first is Gulian Spring in Kang Wang, Lushan Mountain, the second is Shiquan in Hui Quan Temple, Wuxi (the famous Erhu Opera "Two Springs Reflecting the Moon" originated from this), and the third is the water in seven show (now Xishui County) and the water in Lanxi, which is a famous good tea spring.
Making tea is a transcendental atmosphere. At the foot of the mountain, you can build a straw house at will, which can be used as a tea room. The atmosphere in the teahouse is solemn and harmonious. Tea needs a small pot, and Yixing teapot is the most suitable. After the water in the pot tumbles once, twice or three times, the tea pourer lifts the pot and pours the inside and outside of the casserole, so that the inside and outside of the casserole are heated at the same time, and the tea leaves are put in. The aroma of dry tea is set off by the heat of the thermos, which makes the drinker turn pale. Tang Qianxiang? . Then pour water for brewing, and the drinker should enjoy the tea soup first? A cup of noodles smells good? Second, appreciate the color, take another sip, and finally appreciate what's left in the cup. Is the bottom of the cup fragrant? . In this small space, it is not an end to order tea to entertain guests, to make the teahouse fragrant and elegant, but to be polite, moral and spiritual communication between host and guest.
Fresh, mysterious, clear and yellowish nectar has soaked people's hearts and seems to have the fragrance of morning dew. People also cling to poetry, love, fantasy, peace and tranquility, which makes their limited life into a trance and makes people have a pious and intoxicating peace and harmony in their hearts. In this state, the whole soul is immersed in a quiet and peaceful atmosphere, leading to the beauty of seclusion and detachment
Buddhist disciples are also good at tasting tea, don't you think? Tea Zen blindly? , will drink tea kung fu and Zen religion.
A disciple of a Zen master once asked the Zen master: What is Buddhism? The Zen master said:? Go for tea. ? Another disciple came to ask: What is Buddhism? The Zen master said:? Go for tea. ? Finally, the little disciple came to ask? What is Buddhism? The Zen master still said:? Go for tea. ? The little apprentice didn't understand and asked. Why did you ask three people to have tea? Zen refers to the heart, and the little disciple suddenly realized.
Because drinking tea is to let you see your simple and pure nature, which is Buddhism and Dharma. What does Buddhism mean? See the Buddha? If you can't see your own nature, then you are chanting in your heart, chanting in your mouth and keeping precepts in your behavior. Although you may be rewarded by virtue and wisdom, you can also grow, but you don't really understand your own nature and the root of life and death, so you haven't seen the Buddha. Zen believes that the Buddha is unrecognizable in his own heart and outside. This coincides with the realm of leisurely drinking tea, not saying much, and quietly enjoying natural life.
Besides China, there are many countries that advocate tea culture, and Japanese is one of them. Japanese tea ceremony is traditional, standardized and extensive. There is no local tea in Japan. Tea and tea culture originated in China. This is the first time that Tang Dynasty and Japanese monks brought back tea varieties from China. /kloc-In the 20th century, another monk who studied in the Song Dynasty brought tea varieties to Japan and wrote "Eating Tea for Health", which was popularized by General Shuibenye Saito. In the16th century, Mori no Rikyū lay people got together and put forward? Four laws? (Harmony, respect, purity, silence) And then what? Seven? Etiquette and rules are extremely strict. With the support and participation of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the supreme power minister at that time, a unique tea ceremony in Japanese culture was formed. Japanese tea ceremony adopts the method of powdered tea, which reflects the way of drinking tea in China Song Dynasty and Japan Middle Ages. Although the production technology of this kind of tea is out of date, the ancient fragrance adds another kind to it. Art segregation? .