Huangdi Neijing is one of the four classic works of traditional Chinese medicine (Huangdi Neijing, Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Synopsis of the Golden Chamber and Treatise on Febrile Diseases), and it is also the first masterpiece handed down under the name of Huangdi, the ancestor of the Chinese nation, and the earliest medical classic in China's medical treasure house. It is a medical masterpiece that studies human physiology, pathology, diagnostics, therapeutic principles and pharmacology. Theoretically, the theories of yin and yang, five elements, pulse condition, Tibetan image, meridians, etiology and pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, health preservation and luck are established. His medical theory is based on China's ancient philosophical theory, which embodies China's naive dialectical thought in ancient times.
Huangdi Neijing was written in the Qin and Han Dynasties about 2000 years ago. Her extensive and profound scientific exposition covers not only medicine, but also the scientific achievements made by mankind such as astronomy, geography, philosophy, anthropology, sociology, military science, mathematics and ecology. Surprisingly, some profound and incisive expositions made by China ancestors in Neijing, though as early as 2000 years ago, revealed many achievements that modern science is trying to prove and will prove. Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao and Li Shizhen, the most famous doctors in ancient China, were deeply influenced by the thought of Neijing. They all studied hard and learned its essence, and eventually became a generation of famous doctors in the history of China.
Huangdi Neijing, as the theoretical basis and essence of traditional Chinese medicine, has played an important role in the prosperous history of the Chinese nation for nearly two thousand years. Imagine that about 700 years ago, a plague broke out in Europe, and a quarter of Europeans lost their precious lives. Although there was a plague epidemic in China for nearly 2000 years, there was never a painful record like that in Europe, so the role of TCM and Neijing can be fully demonstrated. Therefore, the Chinese nation is the best nation in the world! China culture is the best culture in the world! Every descendant of the dragon should be proud of our great motherland medicine, proud of our excellent ancestors, and make some sincere efforts for the modernization and globalization of the motherland medicine that has been sleeping for 200 years, because only a few people's efforts are not enough to promote this great cause! It can be predicted that only when the great Chinese medicine practitioners are truly revived will the whole Chinese nation be truly revived!
Huangdi Neijing is referred to as Neijing for short, and the original book is 18. Among them, 9 volumes are called "Su Wen"; The other nine volumes have no titles. They were called Jiujuan or Needle Sutra in the Han and Jin Dynasties, and were called Lingshu after the Tang Dynasty. They were not written by one person at a time, but mainly formed from the Warring States to the Eastern Han Dynasty. Each part is 8 1, and the total is 162. Su Wen mainly discusses the law of natural change and the relationship between man and nature. The core content of Lingshu is the theory of zang-fu organs and meridians.
Su Wen has different versions in the Han Soul, Six Dynasties and Sui and Tang Dynasties. Zhang Zhongjing, Wang Shuhe, Sun Simiao and Wang Tao all quoted this sentence in their works. Mainly: (1) Qi Liangjian (6th century A.D.) was the earliest annotated edition, but the sixth volume was lost at that time, with only eight volumes actually. This biography has been quoted by Tang, Song Lin, etc. It was lost after the Southern Song Dynasty. (2) Tang and Notes, in the first year (762), with notes as the base note, added the lost seventh volume of the seven major theories to Jiayou Zhiping in the Northern Song Dynasty (1057 ~).
Lingshu, also known as Jiujuan, Needle Meridian, Jiuling and Jiuxu, etc. After the Han and Wei Dynasties, due to long-term replication and dissemination, many versions with different names appeared. The lost articles in the ancient version of Needle Sutra quoted by Tang Bing are basically the same as those in the ancient version of Lingshu, indicating that they are common ancestors. But it is different from the version of Lingshu discovered by Songshi in the Southern Song Dynasty (that is, the existing version of Lingshu). In the Northern Song Dynasty, there was an engraved version of Needle Sutra presented by North Korea, but there is no book to prove it today. By the early Southern Song Dynasty. All kinds of spiritual pivots and needle classics have been lost. In the 25th year of Shaoxing (1 155), eighty-one articles in nine volumes of Lingshu collected by Songshi were re-collated, expanded to twenty-four volumes, and published with audio interpretation and block printing. At this point, the version of Lingshu has basically been finalized, replacing various versions, and has been published again and again, which has been passed down to this day.
Difficult classics
Theoretical works of traditional Chinese medicine. Formerly known as Huangdi Eighty-One, 3 volumes. The original title was written by Qin Yueren, but according to textual research, this book is an excuse. This book was written before the Eastern Han Dynasty (Qin and Han Dynasties). The book was compiled in the form of asking difficult questions, that is, assuming questions and answering questions, and explaining difficult questions, so it was named Difficult Classics. The contents include pulse diagnosis, meridians, viscera, yin and yang, etiology, pathology, camp and health, acupoints, acupuncture and other basic theories, and some diseases and syndromes are also listed. The book is based on basic theory, combined with some clinical medicine. The basic theory is based on pulse diagnosis, viscera, meridians and Shu points. Where 1 ~ 22 is difficult to pulse; It is difficult to discuss meridians from 23 to 29; 30 ~ 47 difficult to talk about viscera, 48 ~ 6 1 difficult to talk about diseases; 62 ~ 68 is difficult to discuss the comfort score; 69 ~ 8 1 Difficult to talk about acupuncture. The academic views on Mingmen and Sanjiao in the book, as well as the names of Qichongmen and Bahui, enrich and develop the theoretical system of traditional Chinese medicine. It is also clearly stated in the book that "there are five types of typhoid fever" (including apoplexy, typhoid fever, damp heat, fever, and fever), and diseases such as stagnation of five internal organs and diarrhea are expounded, which are valued by later physicians. The content of this book is concise and subtle, and it is often mentioned together with Neijing in China medical classics, which is considered as one of the most important classic medical books. There are many kinds of periodicals and annotated editions.
Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases
Treatise on Febrile Diseases is a monograph on various exogenous diseases. Zhang Zhongjing of the Eastern Han Dynasty was written in the early third century. Zhang Zhongjing's original Treatise on Febrile Diseases was edited by later generations as Treatise on Febrile Diseases, and the other part mainly discussed miscellaneous diseases in internal medicine. Treatise on Febrile Diseases has 12 volumes, 22 articles and 397 methods. In addition to repetition, there is a prescription for 1 12. The whole book focuses on a series of pathological changes caused by cold pathogens and how to treat them dialectically. He divided the symptoms into six types: sun, Yangming, shaoyang, Taiyin, Jueyin and Shaoyin, which were called "Six Classics". According to the strength of human body's disease resistance, the severity of illness and other factors, various symptoms in the evolution of exogenous diseases, such as symptom characteristics, lesion site, visceral injury, cold and heat tendency, and the rise and fall of pathogenic factors, are summarized as the basis for diagnosis and treatment.
Zhang Zhongjing's synopsis of the golden chamber
The synopsis of the golden chamber written by Zhang Zhongjing in Han dynasty is one of the classic ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine. It is also the earliest extant monograph on the diagnosis and treatment of miscellaneous diseases in China and the representative work of Zhongjing's creative dialectical theory. Physicians in ancient and modern times highly praised this book, calling it the ancestor of prescription science, the classic of medical prescriptions and the model of treating miscellaneous diseases. The title of synopsis of the golden chamber means important and precious, and "synopsis" means conciseness, which shows that the content of this book is essential and valuable and should be carefully preserved and applied.
There are three articles about women in synopsis of the golden chamber, which discuss the treatment of pregnancy, postpartum and miscellaneous diseases of women, and the content is rich. There are 45 original articles, 40 of which are published by the Party, and diseases include menstruation, belt, fetus, childbirth and miscellaneous diseases. In this paper, the dialectical treatment of gynecological diseases is rigorous, and the treatment methods and dosage forms are diverse, which laid the foundation for the development of obstetrics and gynecology in later generations and has important academic value.
Tang Materia Medica is also called Tang Newly Revised Materia Medica, and sometimes it is also called Newly Revised Materia Medica. It was successfully compiled in the fourth year of Tang Gaozong (AD 659) and promulgated by the Tang government, which was the foundation of the National Pharmacopoeia. It is the first pharmacopoeia in Chinese history, and the earliest foreign pharmacopoeia-Niu Lun Pharmacopoeia was published by Niu Lun Bao Government on 1546. Bitang Herbal Medicine was nine centuries late, so Tang Herbal Medicine is also the earliest pharmacopoeia in the world.
The newly revised materia medica originally refers to three parts of literature, namely, materia medica, drug map and illustration. According to most documents, there are 54 volumes in the above three parts; Twenty volumes of materia medica, one volume of materia medica catalogue, twenty-five volumes of herbal maps, one volume of herbal map catalogue and seven volumes of atlas. Materia Medica talks about the nature, taste, source, processing, function and indications of drugs, while Herbal Map is a descriptive text for herbal maps. Doi Jing and Yao Tu have long been lost, so they can't pass the exam. Only this part of Materia Medica stopped circulating after the Song Dynasty, and now there are only fragmentary volumes, but most of its contents still remain in the Materia Medica of later generations, and people still attach importance to it. Therefore, the newly revised materia medica we are talking about now simply refers to this part of materia medica.
The newly revised Materia Medica collected 850 kinds of drugs, which was 1 14 more than the Notes on Materia Medica. The nature, taste, source, collection, function and indications of each medicine were introduced in detail. There is an innovation in the compilation genre. In order to identify herbs and drugs correctly, in addition to the traditional materia medica described in words, a detailed painting "Herbal Map" was created and illustrated with "Illustration", accounting for about two-thirds of the book's length.
Newly revised materia medica is a pharmacopoeia compiled in the name of the government, and it is a masterpiece linking the past with the future. The completion of this book marks the further development of China's pharmacology.
Li Shizhen's compendium of materia medica
Compendium of Materia Medica is a great pharmacologist Li Shizhen (15 18- 1593). He used his whole life's energy, personal experience, extensive collection and on-the-spot investigation, which lasted for 27 years, and comprehensively sorted out and summarized the materia medica. There are 52 volumes, about 2 million words, 374 kinds of drugs 1892 (increased), more than 1 100 pictures and more than1000 attachments. China's pharmaceutical achievements before16th century were collected, and it also made outstanding achievements in exegetics, language, history, geography, plants, animals, minerals and metallurgy. This book spread at the end of17th century, was translated into many languages, and made outstanding contributions to the world natural science.
Compendium of Materia Medica
Compendium of Materia Medica consists of 52 volumes, including 1832 kinds of traditional Chinese medicines.
In terms of drug interpretation, Compendium of Materia Medica includes eight parts:
Explain the names, list the different names of drugs in ancient books, and explain the origin of the names;
Summarize and record the discussions of various scholars on the origin, morphology, cultivation and collection of this medicine;
Xiuzhi, introduce the processing method and preservation method of this medicine;
Smell and introduce the medicinal properties of drugs;
Indications, list the main diseases that this medicine can treat;
Invent, clarify pharmacology or record predecessors' and their own experiences;
Right and wrong, correct the mistakes in the past herbal books;
With prescriptions, various prescriptions based on drugs and their indications are introduced.
Li Shizhen introduced the names, origins, smells, forms, cultivation, collection and processing of various drugs in detail according to the records of ancient books and his own personal practice, and corrected some mistakes of predecessors through rigorous textual research. In his book, he introduced and studied many drugs from South Asia, and extensively collected Buddhist books, many of which were translated into Sanskrit, which was very valuable.
Wu Jutong's Treatise on Exogenous Febrile Diseases
Wu Tang, a native of Huaiyin, Jiangsu (1758- 1863), was a famous doctor in Qing dynasty. /kloc-when he was 0/9 years old, his father died of illness. His heart is full of sadness and anger. He believes that "my father is sick and doesn't know medical care, so he can't be filial because he is a child and doesn't know medical care." So he decided to study medicine. Four years later, his nephew suffered from throat disease. After he called a doctor, he blew his throat with ice boron, but his condition worsened. He invited several doctors to treat him at random and died of jaundice. Wu Jutong didn't study medicine at that time, and he was deeply depressed. His situation is very similar to that of Zhang Zhongjing in Han Dynasty, because hundreds of people in the clan died of typhoid fever and suffered from studying. Wu Jutong studied hard and studied medical skills, and eventually became a master of epidemic febrile diseases, which was the highest achievement of epidemic febrile diseases school.
He looked up Sikuquanshu in Beijing and found that it contained Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Wu Youke. He deeply felt that his exposition was broad and powerful, original and in line with the facts, so he studied it carefully and was deeply inspired. He admired Ye even more, but thought that Ye's theory was "rich in southern evidence and simple in argument, but some medical records were scattered among miscellaneous evidence, and many people ignored it without going deep into it." So he inherited Ye's theory, consulted Gu, and combined with clinical experience, wrote five volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which further developed the theory of febrile diseases.
He thinks that there are nine kinds of epidemic febrile diseases, and the epidemic febrile diseases mentioned by Wu Youke are the most contagious. In addition, there are eight other febrile diseases, which can be distinguished from seasons and disease manifestations. This is a complete classification method of epidemic febrile diseases. The book established the theory of "triple energizer syndrome differentiation", which is another pioneering work in TCM theory and syndrome differentiation method after Ye developed Zhang Zhongjing's six meridians syndrome differentiation and founded the syndrome differentiation method. "Triple energizer syndrome differentiation" method: it divides the human body into upper, middle and lower triple energizers horizontally. The upper jiao is mainly heart and lung, the middle jiao is mainly spleen and stomach, and the lower jiao includes liver, kidney, large intestine and bladder. Thus, a new classification method of human viscera is established, which is very suitable for syndrome differentiation and treatment of epidemic febrile diseases, with clear diagnosis and convenient treatment. Moreover, it is established that the normal conduction of triple energizer is a top-down "forward transmission" way. "Epidemic febrile diseases enter from the nose and mouth, nasal qi enters from the lungs, and breath enters from the stomach. Lung disease spreads to pericardium, and if the upper jiao disease does not heal, it spreads to the middle jiao, stomach and spleen; If the disease of middle jiao is not cured, it will be passed on to lower jiao. Start with the focus and finally focus. " Therefore, the principle of treatment is determined by the way of transmission: "Jiao Ruyu is not easy to cure; Treating medium coke is like a balance, but it is unhealthy and uneasy; It's like a sigh of relief, neither heavy nor heavy. " At the same time, Wu also took a positive attitude towards the syndrome differentiation of the six meridians in Treatise on Febrile Diseases, thinking that "the six meridians of typhoid fever should be viewed horizontally from the outside to the inside; This section discusses the triple energizer, from top to bottom, from shallow to deep, so we must look at it vertically. "Although these theories are different in the way of demonstration and analysis, they are actually the inheritance of Ye Weiqi's dialectical method of nourishing blood, and have been greatly developed, especially in the understanding of disease changes, which can be balanced and coordinated, and are not contradictory to each other. At the same time, the triple energizer syndrome differentiation method also perfected the therapeutic principle of Ye Weiqi's theory of nourishing blood. Ye's prescription in Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases is insufficient, and another great contribution is that he left many excellent practical prescriptions for later generations in Treatise on Epidemic Febrile Diseases, such as Yinqiao Powder, Sangju Drink, Huoxiang Zhengqi Powder, Qingying Decoction, Qinggong Decoction and Xijiao Dihuang Decoction. , are commonly used prescriptions of later physicians. At present, Treatise on Febrile Diseases accounts for nine out of ten prescriptions used in clinic.
Wu Tang's contribution to TCM lies in the legislative innovation and theoretical perfection of TCM, especially in the treatment of febrile diseases. His theory and many prescriptions can further improve the basic treatment of exogenous diseases and fever in traditional Chinese medicine. When dividing the four books of traditional Chinese medicine, there is a drawing method, that is, Wu's Treatise on Febrile Diseases, Huangdi's Internal Classic, Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Shennong's Herbal Classic in Han Dynasty are listed as the four books of traditional Chinese medicine. It can be seen that this book is of great significance in the development of TCM theory. Wu Jutong is one of the few constructive representatives in the medical history of China.