physiological function
1. Promote pituitary gonadotropin secretion, promote sperm production and activity, increase ovarian function, increase follicles, increase luteal cells and vitamin E capsules.
Enhance the effect of progesterone. When lacking, the reproductive organs are damaged, which makes it difficult to fertilize or cause habitual abortion. 2. Improve lipid metabolism, which leads to the increase of plasma cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG) during deficiency, thus forming atherosclerosis. 3. It is sensitive to oxygen and easy to be oxidized, so it can protect other substances that are easy to be oxidized, such as unsaturated fatty acids, vitamin A and ATP. Reduce the generation of lipid peroxides, protect organism cells from the poison of free radicals, and give full play to the specific physiological functions of protected substances. 4. Stabilize the lipid part of cell membrane and cells, reduce the brittleness of red blood cells and prevent hemolysis. Hemolytic anemia will occur when it is lacking. 5. High dose can promote the proliferation of capillaries and small blood vessels and improve peripheral circulation.
normal requirement
Normal human requirements: the recommended daily intake for adults is 8 ~10iu; 60% ~ 70% of daily intake will be excreted with excrement. Different from other fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin E has a short storage time in human body, which is the same as vitamins B and C; Medical experts believe that the common oral dose of vitamin E should be 10 to 100 mg each time, 1 3 times a day. Large dose means more than 400 mg per day, and long-term use means continuous use for more than 6 months. Vitamin E contained in the general diet can fully meet the needs of the human body. Therefore, it is not only unnecessary for the elderly to take vitamin E for a long time, but also unsafe and has side effects.
Too much
Is taking a large dose of vitamin E really beneficial and harmless? Robert, an American medical expert, suggested that taking large doses of vitamin E for a long time would cause various diseases. Among them, thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism, or both occur at the same time, because large doses of vitamin E can cause platelet aggregation and formation; When blood pressure rises, blood pressure can be reduced or returned to normal after drug withdrawal; Breast hypertrophy can occur in both men and women; Headache, dizziness, dizziness, blurred vision, muscle weakness; Chapped skin, cheilitis, angular stomatitis, urticaria; Symptoms of diabetes or angina pectoris are obviously aggravated; Hormone metabolism disorder, prothrombin reduction; Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased; Platelets increase, vitality increases, and immune function decreases.
Vitamin e poisoning
Adults take relatively large doses of vitamin E(D-α- tocopherol 400~800mg/d) for several years without obvious damage. Those who take 800~3200mg/d occasionally have muscle weakness, fatigue, vomiting and diarrhea. The most obvious toxic effect of vitamin E > 1000 mg/d is to antagonize and enhance the effect of vitamin K.
lack
Vitamin E deficiency: red blood cell destruction, muscle degeneration, anemia and reproductive dysfunction.
Edit the source of vitamin E in this paragraph.
1, food vitamin E capsules rich in vitamin E.
Malt, soybean, vegetable oil, nuts, Brussels sprouts, green leafy vegetables, spinach, nutritious flour, whole wheat, unrefined cereal products, eggs. 2, nutritional supplements can buy fat-soluble capsules and water-soluble tablets. Generally sell 100 ~ 1500 IU of vitamin e. Water-soluble vitamin E is suitable for people who don't eat greasy food or people who eat greasy food will cause skin lesions, especially middle-aged people over 40 years old. The average daily intake is 200 ~ 1200 IU.
Edit the nutritional requirements of this paragraph.
Vitamin E can promote metabolism, enhance endurance and improve immunity. In addition, vitamin E is an effective antioxidant, which can protect biofilm from peroxide damage, improve skin blood circulation, enhance skin cell vitality and delay aging. Without it, the skin will be dry, rough and over-aged. The supply of vitamin E for adults is 15mg/ day. Foods rich in vitamin E are mainly nuts, such as peanuts, walnuts, sesame seeds, lean meat, milk, eggs and malt.
Special purpose
People whose diets are rich in polyunsaturated fats (vegetable oil and fish oil) must take more vitamin E; Organic iron such as ferrous gluconate, pepsin, citrate and crotonate will not destroy vitamin E; People who drink tap water poisoned by chlordecone must take more vitamin E; Women who take birth control pills, hormones or during pregnancy and lactation must take more vitamin E; In order to increase the intake of vitamin E in menopausal women, it is recommended to take tocopherol complex, 400 ~ 1200 IU per day. Vitamin e will not reduce the incidence of heart disease. A recent study in Canada found that taking vitamin E does not reduce the incidence of heart disease. If you take vitamin E every day for 4 to 6 years, the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or death from heart disease is not lower than that of people who take placebo every day. Vitamin E is an antioxidant, which can resist oxidation. Oxidation is a natural reaction related to aging and diseases, including arteriosclerosis. In the recent research experiment, the researchers randomly divided the subjects over 55 into two groups, one group took vitamin E supplement containing 400 international units, and the other group took placebo. Each subject had heart disease or diabetes, or at least one risk factor for myocardial infarction or stroke. Through research, it is found that after 46 years, there is no difference in test results. The number of people who suffered from myocardial infarction or stroke was similar between the two groups, and the number of people who died of cardiovascular diseases was roughly the same. This proves that although no side effects are found, taking vitamin E will not offset the negative effects of smoking, eating fatty foods and other unhealthy lifestyles.
Edit the function of this paragraph
General function
Vitamin E has a strong antioxidant effect, which can prevent the oxidation of fatty compounds, vitamin A, selenium (Se), two sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamin C, and improve the effect of vitamin A; Comparison of antioxidant effects of vitamin e, etc
Comparison of Vitamin E and Antioxidants
The comparison between high concentration carotenoids and vitamin E in scavenging hydroxyl radicals is shown in Table 2 and Figure 2 (about), which shows that vitamin E is still a strong antioxidant. But weaker than lycopene and astaxanthin. The right figure shows that when the sample concentration is 100ug/ml, the free radical -OH scavenging rate of carotene is 38.2%, lutein is 3 1%, lycopene is 17.8%, and astaxanthin is 100%. Vitamin E is an important vasodilator and anticoagulant. Adding 25mcg selenium to 200IU vitamin E can improve the efficacy of vitamin E, delay the aging of cells due to oxidation, and maintain a young face; Provide oxygen to your body to make you last longer; Together with vitamin A, it can resist air pollution and protect the lungs; Prevent blood coagulation; Reduce fatigue; It is an external medicine (which can be absorbed through the skin) and an internal medicine for local trauma, which can prevent scars; Accelerate the recovery of burns; Lowering blood pressure through diuretics; Prevention of abortion; Helps to relieve leg cramps and stiff hands and feet; Reduce the chance of ischemic heart disease.
Treat vitiligo
Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin, also known as tocopherol, and is one of the most important antioxidants. Soluble in fat, ethanol and other organic solvents, insoluble in water, stable to heat and acid, unstable to alkali, sensitive to oxygen and insensitive to heat, but the activity of vitamin E decreased obviously during frying. Vitamin E has many benefits to human body, and has a good curative effect in beauty. It has a wide range of functions in skin diseases, etc. Taking vitamin E properly is an auxiliary treatment for epilepsy [2].
Treat psoriasis
Vitamin e is effective in the treatment of psoriasis, which may play a role in the following aspects: vitamin e capsule.
⑴ Vitamin E is an essential substance for human body, but the content of vitamin E in serum of patients with psoriasis is obviously lower than that of normal people. Therefore, vitamin E supplementation can maintain its normal content in human body, so as to restore some functional abnormalities caused by vitamin E deficiency, and then play a therapeutic role in psoriasis. ⑵ There is microcirculation disorder in psoriasis, and vitamin E can improve this disorder and play a therapeutic role in psoriasis; In addition, psoriasis is easy to cause cardiovascular diseases, and vitamin E can prevent cardiovascular diseases by increasing the content of high-density lipoprotein in blood. ⑶ Vitamin A is decreased in patients with psoriasis, and vitamin A is easily oxidized in human body. Because vitamin E is more easily oxidized than vitamin A, we can protect vitamin A by sacrificing ourselves. In addition, vitamin E can also protect a variety of unsaturated fatty acids from oxidation, thereby reducing oxygen free radicals in the body (increasing oxygen free radicals in patients with psoriasis) and protecting cell membranes from oxygen free radicals, thus achieving the effects of treating psoriasis and protecting health. As can be seen from the above, it is reasonable to treat psoriasis with vitamin E, and it is also effective after clinical treatment.
Vitamin E can be used to treat gastric ulcer.
In recent years, it has been found that vitamin E is also effective in treating peptic ulcer. There is a research report, taking vitamin E capsules, 400 mg each time, twice a day, and taking 2 tablets of weishuping as an auxiliary, three times a day, and 4 weeks is 1 course of treatment. Results Gastroscopy showed that the effective rate of vitamin E was 89.6%, which was similar to that of ranitidine (83.8%). During the treatment, only a few patients had mild adverse reactions such as abdominal distension and dizziness, which did not affect the continued treatment. Vitamin E is a good natural fat-soluble vitamin, which can protect the easily oxidized substances in the body and reduce the production of lipid peroxide. Recent studies have shown that poor gastric mucosal resistance in patients with peptic ulcer is related to disorder of lipid peroxidation. Vitamin E can regulate fat oxidation, scavenge oxidative free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage. At the same time, a large amount of vitamin E can promote the proliferation of capillaries and small blood vessels, improve the surrounding blood circulation and increase the oxygen supply of tissues, thus creating good nutritional conditions for the healing of ulcer surfaces. In addition, it can inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori and reduce the recurrence rate of ulcer after healing.
Beauty function
Vitamin e capsules
(1) It is a fresh and natural fashion trend in the beauty trend in recent years to maintain youth and beauty and achieve the purpose of skin care and delaying aging by supplementing appropriate vitamins. (2) Vitamin E, an essential nutrient to keep healthy, is a fat-soluble vitamin, also known as tocopherol, and is one of the most important antioxidants. (3) Protect the skin and make it elastic. Vitamin E can stabilize the protein active structure of cell membrane, promote the normal development of muscles, maintain the elasticity of skin and keep the skin and body alive. Vitamin E can directly help the skin to resist the invasion of free radicals, ultraviolet rays and pollutants, and prevent the skin from losing elasticity due to some chronic or hidden injuries until aging. In addition, many consumers don't know that vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin. When ingesting, it needs to be combined with safflower seed oil, perilla oil and other ingredients to facilitate absorption. Safflower seed oil and perilla oil in Yangshengtang natural vitamin E capsules are rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, which can cooperate with natural vitamin E and play an excellent role. On the other hand, they also have the functions of preventing aging and regulating endocrine, which is very beneficial to women.
Anti-aging effect
Vitamin E products in different packages (15 sheets), also known as tocopherol or progesterone, exist in edible oil, fruits, vegetables and grains. 1988 was successfully synthesized, and it has tablet, injection, suppository and other dosage forms. As the name implies, vitamin E, also known as tocopherol or pregnancy-induced phenol, can maintain the normal function of reproductive organs, have a good influence on the metabolism of the body, increase the weight of the ovary, promote its function, promote follicular maturation, enlarge the corpus luteum, and inhibit the oxidation of progesterone in the whole body, thus increasing the role of progesterone. In addition, vitamin E has adjuvant therapeutic effects on menorrhagia, vulvar pruritus, leg spasm at night, hemorrhoids, etc. In recent years, vitamin E has been widely used in anti-aging, which can eliminate the deposition of lipofuscin in cells, improve the normal function of cells and slow down the aging process of tissues and cells. In view of the many functions of vitamin E, some media have "hyped" the product, and even unilaterally exaggerated the beneficial effects that large doses of vitamin E may play in the body, leading to the phenomenon of vitamin E fever and indiscriminate eating of vitamin E in the market. Fat solubility: stored in liver, adipose tissue, heart, muscle, testis, uterus, blood, accessory kidney, pituitary gland, etc. It used to be measured by weight, but now considering the function of living things, its measurement is measured by IU (International Unit). One international unit of vitamin E is equal to 1 mg of vitamin E; It is composed of eight compounds called tocopherols, namely α-,β-,γ-,δ-,ε-,zeta-and θ, among which α-tocopherol has the strongest effect; Enemies of vitamin E: high temperature, oxygen, sub-zero temperature, food processing, iron, chlorine and mineral oil.
Anti-aging and anti-fatigue effects
Wang Feng, director of the Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene of the Fourth Military Medical University, is the floorboard of tocopherol. Natural VE is a derivative of benzodihydropyran, which can be divided into tocopherol and tocotrienols according to its side chain structure. Each group can be divided into four types according to the position of its methyl group on the chromone ring, among which α -tocopherol has the strongest activity. 90% of VE in human body is α-tocopherol. Therefore, VE is also called α-tocopherol. Tocopherol is fat-soluble and cannot be synthesized by human body. It can only be obtained by ingesting food, drinks and health products. VE in human body mainly exists in adrenal gland, blood lipoprotein and endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and cell membrane. The content of VE in normal plasma is 10 ~ 20μ g/m 1. The recommended daily intake (RDA) in the United States is 30IU. That is, 20 mg of α-tocopherol, and it is also recommended that tocopherol and tocotrienols take 500mg daily. So far, there are no reports of VE poisoning. 1954, a famous biochemist, Dr. Taper, conducted a breakthrough experiment at the University of California, Davis, which proved that VE can effectively inhibit lipid peroxidation, just like preventing oxidative rancidity of fat in food. Prevent the fat in the blood in the body from rotting due to the existence of oxygen. The hydroxyl group on the sixth carbon atom of VE has active hydrogen atom, which dehydrogenates during metabolism in vivo, reducing organic free radicals. When 1 mol VE is oxidized to quinone, 2 mol free radicals can be reduced. Because of its lipophilic and hydrophobic structure, different forms of unsaturated fatty vitamin E and food (20 tablets of acid) can be inserted into biofilm. It plays an antioxidant role. It can directly capture the free radicals in the lipid phase medium and form tocopherol semiquinone free radicals. Blocking the diffusion of unsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in membrane lipid bilayer structure, maintaining the stability of polyunsaturated fatty acid composition on membrane, preventing molecular oxygen and free radicals from oxidizing unsaturated fatty acids through non-enzymatic reaction, and effectively stopping the chain reaction of lipid peroxidation caused by free radicals is one of the important mechanisms to prevent cell damage. It is one of the most important free radical scavengers and antioxidants in the body. It forms an effective redox chain or antioxidant network with ascorbic acid (vitamin C), GSH and NADPH in the body, and presents a cyclic redox process in the antioxidant process. VE can enhance immune function, maintain health and prolong life. The research of Tufts University's Human Nutrition Center of USDA proves that VE not only has effects in vitro and experimental animals, but also can stimulate the immune function of elderly patients. They selected 88 65-year-old people as subjects, and took 60, 200 or 800I ve orally. U every day for four months. The results showed that: (65,438+0) Compared with those who took placebo orally, the activity of T cells and B cells in patients who took VE orally increased significantly; (2) For delayed skin allergic reaction, hepatitis B and tetanus vaccine, oral VE can show stronger immune response; (3) The incidence of autoimmune diseases decreased by 30%. VE can reduce the oxidative damage caused by exercise and enhance physical strength and endurance. Research shows that regular physical exercise is good for health. Exercise can improve cardiovascular system and microcirculation. Regulate emotions. Davies and Quintanilha, two researchers at the University of California, Berkeley, proposed for the first time that exercise can produce free radicals, and VE can avoid the harm caused by free radicals. Several related experimental studies show that free radicals and lipid peroxides in animals increase after intensive pedaling endurance training. The classic representative of oxidative stress-GSH decline, especially the exact signal of ve level decline and muscle cell membrane damage in these animals, all indicate that they have been attacked by a large number of free radicals. However, when VE is given to animals, the oxidative stress is significantly reduced and their exercise lasts longer. Similarly, strenuous exercise, such as pedaling, also has a significant impact on the antioxidant function and level of the body. Lipid and protein were damaged, which showed that GSH level in blood decreased sharply and lipid peroxide content increased. After a cycle of exercise, the body has repaired the damaged lipids and protein, and about 99.9% of lipids and protein have returned to normal. However, there will still be a small amount of damage, which will produce cumulative oxidative damage effect over time. For people who exercise regularly, it is very important to use antioxidants such as VE in moderation. It is beneficial to suppress this cumulative effect of oxidation. Supplementing VE can not only protect the body from oxidative damage, but also improve physical endurance and sports performance, and protect lung tissue from air pollution. Studies have found that vitamin E can increase antioxidants in the blood, enhance the expiratory volume of the lungs, and reduce the risk of illness due to weak lung function. Among those climbers, those who often supplement VE400I I. U not only has good endurance every day, but also the signs of lipid peroxidation are reduced, but it has no effect on the endurance of fast swimmers. At present, it can't fully explain why VE can provide endurance for one group of athletes but not for another. For endurance sports, we should pay special attention to maintaining our own antioxidant advantage. Long-term endurance training mostly maintains the antioxidant balance of the body by eating foods rich in antioxidants or supplementing necessary antioxidants. Avoid the damage of free radicals and ROS, especially young athletes. VE can also delay aging and prolong life. Aging is a group of cell states characterized by abnormal transcription, translation and expression of DNA, especially signal transduction regulation, lipid peroxidation or protein and lipid oxidation damage, which forms senile plaques-brown pigment deposition and accumulation in cells, leading to structural abnormality and functional decline. The external manifestations of aging cells include wrinkles, pigmentation and white hair. Long before the appearance of human aging, the damage of free radicals and their damage products accumulated in specific cells in the body. In addition to skin surface cells, lipofuscin is especially deposited in the brain and heart. Dr. Dimmer of the University of California completed an experiment. The cells were cultured in the medium containing 10% serum, and grew normally until they matured, and no lipofuscin accumulation was found. Then he cultured the same cell in a nutrient-deficient medium (low serum content), so the cell could not divide or needed to repair itself. A large number of aging pigments have accumulated in cells, showing signs of premature aging. Observing these early cells under the fluorescence microscope, we can clearly see a lot of lipofuscin in the yellow plaque, which is not seen in normal cells. When he added 100mg VE to the nutrient-deficient system, lipofuscin did not deposit and the cells remained in a "young" state. Maintaining cell health is the key to prevent senile diseases and prolong life. By reducing oxidative damage, that is, enhancing antioxidant protection, the life span of cells may be prolonged. Generally, all cells have a specific life span. Each cell divides a certain number of times according to the procedure before death. Many factors, including disease and the number of cell divisions needed to ensure self-repair, will affect the life span of cells. The more frequent cell division, the shorter the cell life. VE is a strong antioxidant, which can help us maintain the advantages of antioxidants. But also diseases that shorten life span can be avoided. An article published in the Bulletin of the American Academy of Sciences shows that the life span of human embryonic lung cell WI38 is limited to 50 divisions under the condition of in vitro culture. In vivo experiment, adding VE can make the cell divide 100 times or more, and the life span is doubled. Other laboratories have reported similar things. It is further proved in other experiments. The role of VE in preventing oxidative damage of cells is achieved through the "stress" of human cells. When we expose human cells (about middle age) that divide for the 25th time (diploid doubling) to visible light, they will die immediately, because light will excite free radicals, thus destroying cells. However, if a large amount of VE is given for pretreatment before exposure, all of them can survive and exceed the normal life. Packer et al. also found that tocotrienols is particularly effective for skin aging. Tocotrienols absorbed by organisms is easily absorbed by skin cells, which plays an important role in resisting aging caused by ultraviolet rays and ozone. Therefore, tocotrienols has dual functions: it can not only keep the arteries in the body young, but also keep the skin young. Tocotrienols is called "body bodyguard". A large number of research results support the view that VE can maintain the best health of the body. Every researcher in the field of aging research has observed that VE has anti-aging effect. Alzheimer's disease is a typical disease related to aging. The real reason is not clear. It is speculated that the central nervous membrane is easily damaged by oxidation. Free radicals are also involved in the disease process. Compared with patients with other diseases of the same age, the level of lipid peroxide in brain tissue of typical patients with Alzheimer's disease is higher, which is a sign of oxidative damage. Many researchers believe that the damage caused by free radicals to neurons may inhibit the recognition ability of brain nerve cells. Animal and in vitro experiments clearly show that VE can reduce lipid peroxide products in the brain and protect the brain from free radical attacks. So as to play a certain role in the prevention of Alzheimer's Harmo's disease. A recent multicenter, double-blind and placebo-controlled study conducted by the Cooperative Research Center for Alzheimer's Disease in the United States shows that ve is even more effective than standard drugs in treating Alzheimer's Harmo's disease. More and more studies show that VE can delay brain aging, delay the onset of Alzheimer's disease, or in some cases, protect brain tissue from oxidative damage. Stop the first attack of Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, VE has worked and will continue to work miracles for human health care, disease treatment and improvement of human life quality in the past, present and future.