1, Confucianism
Confucianism is an academic school founded by Confucius, developed by Mencius and accumulated by Xunzi. It has continued to this day and still has a certain vitality.
Confucianism was originally one of the pre-Qin hundred schools of thought, and its founder was Confucius. Confucianism was on an equal footing with a hundred schools of thought in the pre-Qin period. After Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism", Confucianism suffered heavy losses.
Then, in order to maintain the feudal autocratic rule, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty listened to Dong Zhongshu's suggestion of "ousting a hundred schools of thought and respecting Confucianism alone" and clamped down his thoughts, which made Confucianism rise again.
The representative figures are Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, Yan Zi and Zhuzi.
Confucian classics mainly include thirteen classics. There are six Confucian classics: The Book of Songs, Shangshu, Yili, Jing Yue, Zhouyi and Chunqiu. Qin Shihuang "burned books to bury Confucianism". It is said that Yue Ji was lost after the Qin fire.
On this basis, the Eastern Han Dynasty added The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and The Seven Classics. Zhou Li, Book of Rites, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Ram, Biography of the Spring and Autumn Beam, Erya and Twelve Classics were added in the Tang Dynasty.
2. Taoism
During the Spring and Autumn Period, Laozi combined the great wisdom of ancient sages and sages. Summarized the essence of ancient Taoist thought and formed a complete and systematic Taoist theory, which marked the formal formation of Taoist thought. Taoism is the school that has the most profound influence on China's philosophy, literature, science and technology, art, music, health care and religion.
The representative figures are Huangdi, Laozi, Liezi, Zhuangzi and Guiguzi. His works include Taigong, Laozi, Liezi, Zhuangzi and Guanzi.
3. mohists
Mohism is a school of philosophy in the Eastern Zhou Dynasty in China and one of the hundred schools of thought. Mohism, together with Confucianism represented by Confucius and Taoism represented by Laozi, became the three major philosophical systems in ancient China. Mohism was regarded as a branch of Taoism in ancient times and was deeply influenced by Taoism.
The main ideas of Mohism are: equal love between people (universal love), opposing wars of aggression (non-attack), advocating economy, opposing extravagance and waste (frugality), attaching importance to inheriting the cultural wealth of predecessors (knowing ghosts) and mastering the laws of nature (ambition).
Representative figures are: Bird Slips Li, Meng Sheng, etc. His works include Mozi and Hu Feizi.
4. Legalists
Legalist school is an important school in China's history, which advocates the rule of law as its core thought and takes Qiang Bing as its own responsibility, and History of Hanshu Arts and Literature is listed as one of the "Nine Streams". Legalists are not pure theorists, but activists who actively join the WTO, and their thoughts also focus on the practical utility of law.
Legalist thought includes ethical thought, social development thought, political thought and rule of law thought and many other aspects. Legalist ethics refers to the concept of honesty, justice and benefit based on the concept of human nature.
Representative figures include Guan Zhong, Shi Zha, Zhao Yang, Yin Xun and Li Kui. His works include The Book of Shang Jun and Everything is Wrong.
5. Military strategist
Military strategists are the schools that studied military theories and engaged in military activities in the pre-Qin and early Han dynasties, and they are the essence of ancient Chinese military thoughts. One out of a hundred.
Regarding the origin of military strategists, some people think that military strategists originated in Jiutian Xuan Nv, some people think that the ancestor of military strategists is Lu Shang, some people think that military strategists originated in Taoism, and some people think that military strategists originated in Legalism. However, the most convincing argument for contemporary people is that the military strategist started from the most sacred Sun Wu.
The representatives of military strategists are Sun Wu and Sima Yi in the Spring and Autumn Period, Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Zhao She and Bai Qi in the Warring States Period, and Sean and Han Xin in the early Han Dynasty. Today, there are military works, such as Sun Tzu's Art of War, Sun Bin's Art of War, Woods, Tamia Liu, Wei Liaozi and Grip.
6. Famous artists
Famous scholars, one of the schools of philosophy in pre-Qin hundred schools of thought, are called "famous scholars", also known as "debaters" and "judges" for studying the form, law and relationship between name and reality of thinking. Sima Tan listed it as "Six Classics" with Confucianism and Taoism in "Essentials of Six Classics".
Famous experts are famous for their good arguments. They paid more attention to the similarities and differences between nouns and concepts, and the relationship between name and reality in their argumentation, which opened the exploration of China's logical thought.
Representative figures are Deng, Gong Sunlong, Song Shuo, Hui Shi, etc. His works include Gong Sunlong Zi and Deng Xi Zi.
7. Yin Yang Jia
Yin-Yang School is a philosophical school that prevailed from the end of Warring States to the beginning of Han Dynasty. Zou Yan, a native of Qi, is its founder. Yin-Yang scholars' knowledge is called "Yin-Yang Theory", and its core content is "Yin-Yang and Five Elements". Yin-yang theory is one of the most important philosophical thoughts of the Chinese nation.
The Yin-Yang school thought combines the numerology thought since ancient times with the theory of Yin-Yang and Five Elements, and further develops it, constructing a large-scale cosmic schema, trying to explain the causes and changing laws of natural phenomena.
The representative figure is Zou Yan, whose works include Zou Zi.
8. strategist
Strategists are an academic school founded by the sage Guiguzi. During the Warring States Period, a school mainly engaged in political and diplomatic activities was listed as one of the "Nine Schools" in Han Zhi.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, "strategists" refers to a unique group of advisers in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, which can be called the earliest and most special diplomatic politician in China for 5,000 years. They are unpredictable and capricious, and their plans are based on subjective political requirements.
Representative figures include Su Qin, Zhang Yi, Gan Mao and Sima Cuo, and his works include Guiguzi and Warring States Policy.
9. Sages
Miscellaneous school, the philosophical school of China from the end of Warring States to the beginning of Han Dynasty. Good at learning from others. Its characteristics are "Confucianism and Mohism, the method of combining names" and "many schools of thought are connected". Han Shuzhi listed it as one of the "Nine Rivers".
The emergence of miscellaneous schools is the result of ideological and cultural integration in the process of establishing a unified feudal country. Representative figures include Lv Buwei, Liu An and Shijiao. The miscellaneous works are represented by Dead Son in the Warring States, Lu Chunqiu in the Qin Dynasty and Huainanzi in the Western Han Dynasty.
10, Nongjiale
Peasant household, also known as "peasant household flow", is an academic school that reflects agricultural production and farmers' thoughts in the pre-Qin period. It regards Shennong as the ancestor, describes Shennong as the ancestor, and advocates persuading farmers to have plenty of food and clothing. "Because Confucianism despises merchants, farmers declined rapidly after the middle of the Han Dynasty. Han Shu literature and art is listed as one of the "Nine Rivers".
As a representative figure, Xu Xing's peasant works include 20 Shennong, Ye Lao 17, Slayer 17, Dong Anguo 17, Yin 17 and Zhao Shi/kloc.
There is no complete work of farmers, and their thoughts and activities are scattered in the works of various philosophers, which is still worthy of attention.
1 1, novelist
Novelist, one of the novelists with a hundred schools of thought contended, lost many books. According to Ban Gu's "History of Hanshu Art and Literature", "Novelists flow out of the official; Street talk, hearsay. " In other words, what novelists do is mainly to record folk gossip and report it to their superiors. However, although novelists are independent, they are regarded as ignorant of the world, so they are called "full of nine feet".
Yu Chu, a representative figure, wrote Yu Chu Zhou Shuo.
12, Jia
Ji Fang is an academic school formed from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the early Han Dynasty, mainly studying health preservation and medicine. Ji Fang's theory is based on medicine, but his research scope is wider than medicine, including later doctors and alchemists. The descendants of the two immortals in the room mostly belong to Taoism.
Representative figures Bian Que, Qin He, etc. His works include Huangdi Neijing.
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