Compulsory language for senior one and three.
I. Unit 1 Appreciating Chinese and Foreign Novels:
Lin Daiyu entered Jiafu, wishing the old man and the sea. Compared with the novels in junior high school, these novels have complex plot structure, extensive social life and diverse styles.
Lin Daiyu's entry into Jiafu is an excerpt from A Dream of Red Mansions and one of the prefaces of this book. Based on what Lin Daiyu saw and heard, this paper introduces the feudal family of Jiafu in detail. The characterization and environmental description all reflect the artistic features of China's ancient novels.
Secondly, Blessing is Lu Xun's masterpiece, which focuses on the traumatized and dull inner world of Xianglinsao, a lower-class rural woman. It always embodies the theme of Lu Xun's concern for the fate of peasants and opposition to feudal oppression, and represents the artistic achievements of China's modern novels.
The Old Man and the Sea is the representative work of Hemingway, an American writer who won the Nobel Prize in Literature, and successfully created the image of a "tough guy". The symbolic story, concise style and vivid psychological description fully show Hemingway's perfect narrative art.
Fiction in the traditional sense is a literary style that reflects social life by telling stories and portraying characters. In-depth and meticulous characterization, complete and complicated storyline and concrete and sufficient environmental description constitute the three major elements of the novel. By analyzing these three elements, we can appreciate Lin Daiyu's entering the Jia family, blessing and the old man and the sea, and we can grasp the theme of the novel. Among them, the analysis of characters is the focus. The characters portrayed in the three novels are very successful, such as Lin Daiyu, Jia Baoyu, Wang Xifeng, Sister Xianglin and Santiago. We can grasp it from the aspects of language, psychology, behavior and action.
In addition, another key point mentioned in the unit tips is the taste of language, including the taste of personalized character language and the author's narrative language. The former can be solved when analyzing characters, while the latter needs to be analyzed separately. The narrative language of Lin Daiyu's blessing in Jia Fu is relatively objective, and most of the novels we usually see are of this style. It is worth noting that the narrative language of The Old Man and the Sea, the former deliberately delays and annoys, and the latter is concise and lively, all of which need to be carefully tasted in the specific language environment.
Unit 2 Appreciating Seven Tang Poems:
The authors are Li Bai, Du Fu, Bai Juyi and Li Shangyin.
Li and Du Fu were the two most dazzling stars in the Tang Dynasty. Li Bai's ballad poems are rich in imagination, strange in metaphor, exaggerated in brushwork and colorful in rhythm. Du Fu's rhythmic poems are gloomy, melodious and wonderfully conceived. Difficulties in Shu Dao, Autumn Prosperity, Yearning for Historic Sites and Ascending the Mountain represent their highest achievements respectively.
Bai Juyi was the most famous poet in the middle Tang Dynasty. His Pipa Journey is a combination of narration and lyricism, with deep affection between the lines.
Li Shangyin, a poet in the late Tang Dynasty, struggled to survive in the political crevice all his life, and his inner anguish made him express his personal feelings more in his poems, which was reflected in Jinse and MaWei.
To appreciate these works, we need to pay attention to two aspects:
First, guide students into the situation of poetry. Poetry is good at expressing emotions, and its concise, imaginative leap-forward structure and musical beauty make it easier to express emotions implicitly or directly. The poems selected in this unit are implicit in the expression of emotions, which requires us to enter the situation described by the poet to experience it carefully. To guide students into the situation, we should first read and recite well, but pay attention to the way of reading poems. Speed, haste, cadence and cadence should be adapted to the emotional style and form of poetry. For example, reading Shu Dao Nan should be loud and passionate, and reading Pipa Xing should be elegant, correct and sad. Each sentence also has a different pronunciation, which has been suggested in the teacher's textbook, so I won't repeat it here. Secondly, we should use our imagination and imagination. We should not only restore the scenery and physical state described in the poem to the picture in our mind, but also feel the poet's mental state and psychological characteristics in our own shoes.
Second, respect the diverse understanding of students. As the ancients said, poetry is meaningless. The poet's emotions are often hidden behind the realistic or imaginary pictures, and there are many "hazy moons and hazy birds", which are elusive. Therefore, it is normal that different people may have different feelings and experiences about the same poem. People like Jinse, who are elected in this unit, have been involved in lawsuits for thousands of years and have different opinions. I'm afraid all views have reasonable elements. We can't just choose a black-and-white statue and teach students a standard answer, which denies the personalized experience that may be very reasonable. Other poems, such as "Difficult Road to Shu" and "Forever Huaigu Monument", are clear in poetry, but they are not without differences in understanding.
Back topic: Li Bai: It is difficult to travel in Shu.
Du Fu: Autumn is prosperous (1), longing for historic sites (3), climbing high and looking far.
Bai Juyi: the journey of pipa
Li Shangyin: Jinse and Ma Wei
Unit 3 Learning Ancient Essays:
There are two schools of ancient China prose in the pre-Qin period: historical prose and various schools of thought prose. The former is mainly narrative and the latter is mostly argumentative. The essays selected in this unit, "I am in the countryside" and "Encouraging learning", belong to various schools of prose. The former is a conversational argumentative essay with sharp language, pressing step by step and imposing momentum, while the latter is an excerpt from a long paper with neat sentence patterns and good use of diversified metaphors. During the Western Han Dynasty, Jia Yi inherited the fine traditions of the pre-Qin philosophers, summed up the lessons of the demise of the Qin Dynasty, and wrote the famous On Qin. This article is magnificent and eloquent. In the Tang Dynasty, Han Yu advocated the "ancient prose movement", inherited the fine tradition of the ancients to express their feelings in popular and plain language, advocated that writing articles should "only talk about what they say", and emphasized that "words must follow the word order" and "words must come from themselves". The article Teacher's Review embodies the author's artistic pursuit.
To learn this unit, first of all, on the basis of reading and reciting, we should understand and accumulate commonly used words, sentence patterns and common cultural knowledge in classical Chinese, and gradually cultivate a sense of language in reading simple classical Chinese. Secondly, we should pay attention to the methods of studying argumentation and argumentation, and pay attention to its rigorous and thorough argumentation logic. The classical Chinese knowledge I need to master in China;
1. New words
Wang: Item code: C249g ǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔǔ.
2. Point out the common words in the following sentences, write the words and translate them.
Straight is not a hundred paces: straight, through "only" and "but"
I can't bear to wear the white prize on the road: the prize is over the "point". with grey hair
Painting hunger: painting, with "road", road.
If Wang knew this, there would be no hope for more people/no time to waste than neighboring countries: no, no, no.
3. Talk about the differences between the ancient and modern meanings of the following words.
Hanoi is fierce: the ancient meaning: the grain is abundant, and the year of famine; Modern meaning: fierce and cruel
Seventy people can eat meat: ancient meaning: you can rely on it; Meaning: to express agreement or approval.
Abandoning armor and dragging troops: the ancient meaning: escape; Modern meaning: refers to walking in general.
There are not many people in neighboring countries: ancient meaning: many; Meaning: increase
I don't know if I'm hungry: ancient meaning: opening a warehouse for disaster relief; Today's meaning: discover and set out.
Wang Tianzhen Age: Ancient meaning: years old; Modern meaning: refers to age.
4. Interpretation of several key words
Drum filling: onomatopoeia refers to the sound of drumming.
Health care and death: health care and death.
Filial piety: respect parents and love brothers.
Negative wear and tear: burden. Negative, bear; Dai, put something on your head.
5. Point out the meanings of the following words in different contexts.
Y: There is no hope of having more people than those in neighboring countries.
To my country: Yes.
White givers don't wear it on the road: in
Wang: But not Wang: Wang, verb, read Wang.
Liang Huiwang said: Wang, noun, pronounce wáng.
So; Please use the metaphor of war: use
You can be hungry.
Enter the forest by time: by
Apply with filial piety: release
Food: dogs eat people without knowing it: first, food, eating, verbs; Second, food, nouns.
One: Drum filling: syllable auxiliary words, not translation
The beginning of kingly way: abolishing the independence of punishment.
Five-acre house: "de", auxiliary word
5. Point out the flexible usage of the following words and parts of speech, and explain them.
Drum irrigation: it is famous for moving drums.
Trees are mulberry: masterpieces are transplanted.
Fifty people can wear clothes and silk: masterpieces, put them on.
Teaching in sequence: make moves and do them seriously.
However, it is not a king: a famous work moves, is a king, and makes the people of the world yield.
6. Point out the sentence patterns of the following sentences and explain them.
Okay, go, go, go, go, go, go, go, go.
It's not me, it's years old: the decisive sentence: ... this is also a judgment.
Wuye: prepositional object, "Wuye"
There is no hope that there will be more people than our neighbors.
Apply with the meaning of filial piety: the adverbial is put behind, "apply with the meaning of filial piety"
Tree is mulberry: adverbial postposition, "mulberry is mulberry"
"Stimulating learning" requires mastering classical Chinese knowledge;
I. Explanation of words
(1) common words
Think of the Big Dipper as a wheel, and the rule in its curve is: The Big Dipper crosses "Yu" and bends it.
Despite the storm, those who are no longer equivalent: yes, preach "again"; Violence, exposure, sun exposure
If you know clearly, you won't do anything wrong: know, know "wisdom" and wisdom.
The life of a gentleman is the same: life, "sex" and qualification.
(2) Flexible use of parts of speech
The causative usage of the verb: the wood in the middle of the rope is straight and thinks it is a wheel.
② Nouns as adverbials:
A. A gentleman is knowledgeable and saves himself day by day: day by day.
B. eat Egyptian soil and drink yellow water: upward; downwards
③ Nouns are used as verbs:
A. the fake boat can swim.
B. Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, and their bones and muscles are strong. They eat Ethiopian land: eat it.
2. Special sentence patterns
(l) Judgment
(1) green, taken from blue.
(2) ice, water.
(3) Although some people can't stand the storm, let it happen.
(4) Climbing, the arm is not lengthened.
(5) the life of a gentleman is different, and the good one is illusory.
(2) Fixed format
Not even thousands of miles away ("no ..." means "there is no way ..."). The following "nothing can make rivers and seas" is the same as "nothing can make rivers and seas"
(3) attributive postposition
Earthworms don't have the advantages of minions, only strong bones and muscles.
The knowledge of classical Chinese in On Qin;
1, interchangeable words
On Dependence (through "Horizontal") and Dependence (through "Vertical")
It has been more than 100 years to control its disadvantages (through "we") (through "you").
Chen Libing, but who is stubborn in the middle of the building (through "drinking") (through "rising")
Win the grain smoothly (through "shadow")
2. Different meanings of ancient and modern times
Example: ancient meaning and present meaning
So the Qin people surrendered and took the general name of the Yellow River waterway outside the Xihe River
Win grain and enjoy the scenery. Win or gain from a burden.
Shandong Haojun died together, and Qin family died in the east of Yishan, Shandong.
The bloody sculling shield is a tool to push the ship forward.
Do not cherish, do not cherish, do not like to cherish, cherish fertile land.
A generous husband or wife who loves the people; A man and a woman in love
Divide or separate the whole thing.
3. Flexible use of parts of speech.
First, the flexible use of nouns
Sweep, include, include nouns as adverbials, such as cushions, parcels, cloth bags
The world is full of responding nouns as adverbials, such as clouds and sounds.
With nouns as adverbials, winning grain and scenery is like a shadow.
In domestic legislation, Hanzhong nouns are used as adverbials in the south, at home and in the south.
Sorting eight states and using nouns in the same column will result in
Perfect the supreme, let the Liuhe noun be used on the chessboard.
But the word "the son of Chen She's urn rope pivot" uses a broken urn as a straw rope system.
Teachers summarize the rules of flexible application: nouns as adverbials, nouns before verbs, sentences 1, 2, 3 indicating the characteristics and state of the action, and the fourth sentence indicating the location or direction of the action.
Nouns are used flexibly as verbs, and the fifth and seventh sentences are used together to express the action meaning of things; In the sixth sentence, nouns and verbs are connected by "er", which is often used as verbs.
B, flexible use of verbs
A person who drives north and escapes with a death-chasing verb as a noun.
However, the Huns used this method to make ... retreat more than 700 miles.
Make ... discrete by causative method.
Point eight States and worship in the same column.
Fighting outside Lian Heng, the vassals used it to make ... fight.
Shandong Haojun lived and died together, and Qin family used verbs to make ... perish.
Teacher's induction: flexible usage rules: verbs are nouns, verbs are objects in sentences, such as 1, causative usage of verbs, such as sentences 2, 3 and 6, intransitive verbs with objects, sentences 4 and 5, and actions have the meaning of "how to make" to their objects, which shows that these verbs all have causative usage.
C. Flexible use of adjectives
Alliance for weakness. Qin adjectives make ... weak.
Make ... use adjectives that weaken the people of the world.
Making ... stupid adjectives, stupid.
Moreover, the world is not weak, adjectives are used to become smaller and weaker.
Teacher's induction: flexible use rule: adjectives are followed by objects, which contain the meaning of "how to make", indicating that adjectives are used as verbs to express the meaning of causative actions, such as 1, 2, 3.
4. Polysemy
① system
Qin has spare capacity to control its disadvantages. uniform
Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She led the troops. Command, command
② Death
Wu Qin's death left the cost of the arrow, but the princes in the world have been trapped and lost.
Chasing the dead and chasing the north, burying millions of bodies. Desperate, run away. human
I swallowed it for two weeks and then I died. Lead to use, lead to extinction.
③ curing
Qin Xiaogong according to the letter. Dangerous terrain
The monarch and his subjects insisted on it to get a glimpse of the surrounding rooms. company
④ Profit
Therefore, the wood is straight with rope, and the gold is sharp.
Those who cheat horses are not only profitable, but also quick to persuade them to learn.
Opportunities vouchsafed by Heaven are outmatched by terrestrial advantages, which in turn are outmatched by the harmony among people. Gong Sunchou has advantages and good conditions.
Take advantage of the situation, slaughter the world, and split the favorable situation of He Shan's On Qin.
⑤ Heritage
Wu Qin's death cost him money, but all the weather in the world is already sleepy. lose
Due to legacy problems. remain; stay
⑥ degrees
Domestic legislation, hard work, training and defending the tools of war. rules and regulations
Try to make Lu and Chen She grow up. Quantity and calculation
Please explain the characteristics of the following sentences respectively.
(1) However, Chen She, the son of this urn-headed urn and rope pivot, is a self-preservation official and an immigrant. Judgement
(2) It is difficult for one person, but the seven temples are embarrassed. If you die, you will laugh at the world. passive sentence
(3) Chen Libing and who? Preposition object sentence
(4) the people of the clan do not object to the division of the nine countries. Preposition structure postposition
6. Style
In the same year, he talked a lot.
The knowledge of classical Chinese required by Shi Shuo;
1, read the pronunciation of the following polyphonic words or similar words:
Reading sentence d \u- reading books d \ u-not b \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \ u \\ u \\ u \\
2. Find out the disyllabic words synthesized in the text:
Literati's Sentence Reading and Six Arts
3. Interchangeable words:
Teacher, so preaching is also ("receiving" by "teaching", professor, teaching)
Or not a teacher, or not a teacher ("no" means not learning from a teacher)
4. Point out the ancient and modern meanings of the following words:
The ancient meaning of scholar: a scholar, a scholar. Modern meaning: people with specialized knowledge.
Read the old meaning: where the sentence stops. I don't know what to read. Meaning: pronounce words.
The ancient meaning of primary school: learning in small places. Modern significance: a school that implements primary education for children and adolescents.
The ancient meaning of everyone: ordinary people, ordinary people. Meaning: Many people.
Therefore, the ancient meaning: especially the pronoun "suo"+the preposition "yi" is equivalent to "used for ……".
Modern meaning: a conjunction indicating causality.
Not necessarily: not necessarily. For example, "So, disciples don't have to be inferior to teachers". Meaning: no need, no need
5. Flexible use of parts of speech:
My teacher is Ye Tao (the noun "teacher" is used for verb learning).
The teacher's teaching has been handed down for a long time (the noun "teacher" as a verb means automatic learning. The following is "shameful to be a teacher" and "not allowed to be a teacher".
Or how to learn from the teacher (the noun "teacher" is used as a verb to learn from the teacher)
Don't be ashamed to learn from your teacher (the noun "teacher" is used as a verb to express automation and learning)
I learn from it (the noun "teacher" is used flexibly as a verb, while "take ... as a teacher")
Shame is learned from teachers (the adjective "shame" is used flexibly as a verb, and "feel ashamed")
Confucius learned from teachers (the noun "teacher" is used flexibly as a verb, but "take ... as a teacher")
Teacher, so preach and teach to solve doubts (adjective "confused" is used as a noun, a difficult problem)
So saints are good for saints, and fools are good for fools (the former "saints" and "fools" are adjectives used as nouns, saints and fools)
Saints are sacred because fools are stupid (hereinafter "saints" and "fools" are adjectives used as nouns, saints and fools)
6. Key sentence patterns:
1) True sentence:
Teacher, answer the questions in this way ("..., ..." is also called "table judgment").
(2) The existence of Tao means the existence of teacher ("... also as" table judgment ").
2) passive sentences:
Regardless of time (the preposition "Yu" means passive)
3) Preposition object sentence:
(1) I don't know what I'm reading, and I don't understand (preposition object is marked "zhi")
4) Postposition sentence of prepositional phrase:
(1) and ashamed to learn from the teacher. (2) always learn. A teacher need not be superior to his students.
5) Elliptic sentences:
(1) today its wisdom and (of). (2) (people) love their sons and choose teachers to teach them.
(3) (man) asked, (scholar-bureaucrat) said, "He is almost the same as that year ..."
(4) (scholar-officials) laugh in groups.
6) Fixed format:
Fu Yong knows that he was born in my Hu ("Yong … Hu" means "Don't …?" )
7, the word polysemy:
Classical Chinese notional words
Tao: ① Therefore, it is reasonable to be taught by a professional. The teacher's teaching has been neglected for a long time.
③ Similarity of Tao (moral knowledge) ④ Being able to follow the ancient road (Tao).
Biography: ① Therefore, it is also a (taught) taught profession. The teacher's teaching has been handed down for a long time.
Saint: ① His saint is not as talented as Confucius; A teacher is not necessarily superior to his disciples.
Teacher: ① Ancient scholars must have teachers.
(2) I learn from it (nouns as verbs and ... as teachers)
(3) My teacher is also (studying)
(4) The teacher's way has not been passed on for a long time (learning from it)
⑤ If you are a body, you are ashamed of your teacher.
Confusion: ① Therefore, it is also a difficult problem to get rid of confusion through preaching; 2 Being a teacher is humiliating and confusing.
Know: ① Fu Yong knows that his years were born in my life (recognition, verb) ② Know (know, understand).
Classical vocabulary
about
(1) as a pronoun, there are two situations:
Of a person or thing. For example, "choose a teacher and teach it."
Connective attributives and headwords represent a unified relationship, which is equivalent to "this" and "these". For example, the man with prickly heat and the man with various skills as a witch doctor musician.
(2) As auxiliary words, there are four situations:
Connecting the attributive and the head word is equivalent to "de", such as "ancient scholar"
Put it between subject and predicate, and cancel sentence independence. For example, "You will know when the teacher's way is gone."
Symbol of prepositional object. Such as "I don't know the sentence, I don't understand it."
It is meaningless to fill in syllables after verbs, adjectives or words that indicate time. For example, "six arts are all connected with Xi Zhi".
(3) There are three situations in the texts learned before:
As a pronoun, refer to yourself. For example, "You will be born with sadness."
Post-attributive symbol as auxiliary word. For example, "Earthworms don't have the advantage of claws, but their bones and muscles are strong."
As verbs, "to" and "to". For example, The South China Sea I Desire.
that
① As pronouns, there are four situations:
Be the subject in the subject-predicate phrase. For example, "those who were born before me, who heard the Tao, also preceded me" (why), "If you are confused and don't learn from me, you will be confused and puzzled" (those).
Compound words refer to the subject. Such as "the ancient saints, their people are far away" (them).
Be a part-time speaker. Such as "Can Walk the Ancient Road" (He).
Make an attribute. For example, "Fu Yong knows that his years were born in my life" (theirs).
(2) As an adverb of mood, there are two situations:
Table guess. For example, "the reason why saints are sacred ... is that" (probably).
Express sigh. Such as "today's wisdom is beyond reach, but you can blame and lose" (how)
Recite topic: "Mencius: I go to serve the country" (recite the full text)
Xunzi: Persuade to learn (recite the full text)
Jia Yi: On Qin (reciting the last three paragraphs of the text)
Han Yu: Shi Shuo (reciting the full text)
Unit 4 Learning Scientific Literary Works:
The mystery of animal games, the frontier of the universe, the educational course of a physicist. The first two books are popular science works, introducing some scientific knowledge, but with different styles. The Mystery of Animal Games is a comprehensive scientific and technological essay with clear structure and vivid language, but it is an objective description with little personalization. The Frontier of the Universe is a commentary, which runs through the whole text with "our journey to explore the universe" and introduces the composition of the universe in detail. There are arguments and emotional expressions, and the author is like a heart-to-heart friend, kind and natural. The last article, the education of a physicist, is an autobiographical article. The author tells two interesting stories about his childhood exposure to science.
To learn this unit, we should first pay attention to the cultivation of students' scientific spirit and stimulate students' interest in exploring the unknown world. The language of scientific literary and artistic works is rigorous, accurate and measured, and it is unambiguous on issues involving scientific knowledge. This is reflected in many sentences in this unit text, and it also reflects the spirit of seeking truth from facts in scientific research. In addition, the structure of "the mystery of animal games" mentioned above may be completed by most teachers writing this structure on the blackboard. If we think further, we will find that this structure is generally adopted in scientific papers because it conforms to the general thinking process of scientific discovery: from phenomenon to essence, from finding problems, analyzing problems and finally solving problems. It can be seen that the scientific spirit and scientific methods embodied in the study of popular science articles are sometimes not vague, but can be completely implemented.