With the development of economy, the growth mode of extensive economic has further aggravated the deterioration of the ecological environment and the contradiction between resources and environment in the upstream and downstream areas, posing a threat to people's lives and the security of the capital in the downstream areas. This is a concern for the ecological environment in Beijing and Tianjin, and it also seriously restricts the process of local economic development and people's life improvement. In order to fundamentally improve the ecological environment in Beijing and Tianjin, strengthen the functions of ecological barrier and water source protection in northern Hebei, relieve the environmental pressure in Beijing, ensure the safety of the city, maintain the image of the capital, improve the local production and living conditions, and realize the sustainable development of regional economy and society as soon as possible, it is imperative to do a good job in the ecological environment protection planning in this area.
First, the current situation and existing problems of regional ecological environment protection
In recent years, Hebei Province has actively implemented the strategy of sustainable development, conscientiously implemented the policy of paying equal attention to pollution prevention and ecological protection, adopted a series of policies and engineering measures, focused on comprehensive management of small watersheds, focused on ecological agriculture in Bashang, greening around the capital and Taihang Mountain, and returning farmland to forests, intensified the prevention and control of industrial pollution, and banned and closed a number of "15 small" enterprises with serious pollution and hopeless governance; The control and protection of water pollution in river basins have been strengthened, regional ecological construction and environmental protection have made some progress, and the trend of rapid deterioration of the ecological environment has slowed down.
However, due to historical reasons and unreasonable industrial structure, there are still serious problems in ecological construction and environmental protection in this area, mainly as follows:
(A) soil erosion and serious river siltation
Soil erosion in this area mainly occurs in the eastern foothills of Taihang Mountain and Yanshan Mountains in the west and north. It not only devours farmland, reduces fertility, silts up ponds and dams, and causes floods and mudslides, but also causes reservoir siltation to be difficult to control, and the reservoir regulation capacity decreases, which puts great pressure on flood discharge and water supply of Guanting and Miyun reservoirs. If all soil erosion areas are not treated with high standards in the next 30 years, the regulation capacity of Guanting and Miyun Reservoir will be further reduced, and the difficulty of water supply and hidden dangers of floods will increase.
Land desertification and sandstorm are prominent problems.
The northern part of Hebei province, which surrounds Beijing and Tianjin, is not only the main water source of the capital, but also the main rivers and air ducts of the capital. Northern Hebei has a great influence on the sandstorm weather in Beijing and Tianjin. The most direct ones are three sand areas, six tuyeres, five beaches and nine sandstorm passages. Sansha area refers to the sand area above the dam, the sand area below the dam and the plain sand area, and is one of the important sand sources of sand blowing weather in Beijing and Tianjin. Liufengkou refers to the six passes along the dam, namely Huai 'an Mashikou, Wanxin Hekou, Zhangbei Heifengkou, Chongli Sanlongkou, Chicheng Dushikou and Fengning Xiaobazi, which is the only way for sandstorms in the north to invade Beijing and Tianjin. Five beaches refer to five beaches, namely Xuanhua Huangyang Beach, Huai 'an Golden Beach, Yangyuan Kaiyang Beach, Huailai Ganjiatan and Nanmachang, which are distributed on both sides of Yanghe River and Sanggan River. Nine sandstorm channels refer to four sandstorm channels formed in Yanghe River, Sanggan River, Liuhu River and Qingshui River basins and five sandstorm channels formed in Chaohe River, Baihe River, Heihe River, Tianhe River and Tanghe River basins. Among them, Huailai's 6.5438+0.3 million hectares of sand dunes have the most direct impact on Beijing, which intensifies the threat of sandstorms to Beijing. The bad visibility caused by sandstorm has a great influence on the airport and expressway, and it is easy to cause various traffic accidents. The environmental pollution caused by sandstorm will not only harm people's eyes and respiratory system, but also harm people's health, which will have a serious destructive impact on industries such as precision machinery and precision chemical industry.
(c) Water shortage and surface water pollution
Due to the rapid development of social economy, the demand for water resources has increased rapidly, resulting in an increasing shortage of water resources. The contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has intensified, and the shortage of water resources has become a comprehensive restrictive factor for the development of this region.
There are four factors that make it difficult to balance water resources in this area: first, the water consumption in the upstream area continues to increase, and the available water supply continues to decrease. With the development of upstream population, economy and society, the acceleration of urbanization and the improvement of urban and rural water consumption standards, the upstream water consumption will continue to increase. Second, the water consumption in the capital area will continue to increase, and the reservoir is still the basic water source in Beijing. Even if the South-to-North Water Transfer Project is realized in 20 10 years, the dependence on reservoir water supply will not be greatly reduced due to various reasons. Third, at present, the groundwater level in the capital area has appeared funnel, and it is difficult to achieve the balance between supply and demand of water by continuing to expand the exploitation of deep groundwater. Fourthly, if the upstream poverty-stricken areas want to get rid of poverty and become rich, they will inevitably increase the demand for water resources, and the potential of meeting the capital's water resources demand through regional water resources allocation is limited.
On the other hand, the quality of water supply has deteriorated, reducing the degree of drinking water safety. Urban surface water and underground water sources are polluted to varying degrees, and some reservoirs are eutrophic, and the trend is increasing.
(four) wetland reduction, vegetation degradation, animal resources and biodiversity reduction.
(e) Poverty and eco-environmental problems are intertwined, and Rizo is in a vicious circle of eco-economy.
Most counties in northern Hebei are not only poor in ecological environment, but also concentrated in poverty-stricken areas, and most of them belong to national poverty-stricken counties. Most poverty-stricken counties in Hebei Province are in this area, and there are about 6.5438+0.5 million poor people in the northwest region alone, and the annual per capita net income of farmers is only about 654.38+0.500 yuan. For a long time, due to the lack of funds and technology of local farmers, labor is the main factor of production, and the low cost of labor support leads to population expansion. In order to obtain the necessary means of survival, more and more people have to adopt resource-exhausted and unsustainable survival strategies such as extensive farming and overgrazing, resulting in serious damage to grasslands and vegetation, and increased soil erosion and desertification. The continuous decline of land productivity has increased the intensity of land development and plunged the upper reaches into a vicious circle of ecological economy.
(vi) Weak mechanisms for watershed management and regional cooperation.
Poverty, resources and ecological problems in Hebei province, especially in Zhang Chenghuan's Beijing-Tianjin area, are closely related to the shortage and pollution of water resources in Beijing-Tianjin economic development. However, due to the influence of long-term concept and the lack of ecological compensation mechanism, the conflict between ecological protection and economic development makes it difficult to achieve comprehensive management of the whole basin system.
Second, the concept and construction goal of regional ecological environment protection
(A) the overall guiding ideology and development ideas
Follow the law of natural succession of regional ecosystem and the law of socialist market economy, adjust measures to local conditions, strengthen the service function of ecosystem, ensure the supply of water and green food for urban and rural development, and coordinate the interests between upstream and downstream, development and transformation, population and resources, development and environment. Guided by the improvement of regional ecological environment, we should do a good job in the two systematic projects of ecological environment protection and ecological environment construction, accelerate the construction of scientific and reasonable urban and rural layout and productivity layout mode, and realize the sustainable development of social economy.
In the near future, we should firmly establish the strategic awareness of sustainable development, adhere to the basic national policy of environmental protection, take improving people's living standards and quality as the fundamental starting point, take the coordinated development of economy, society and environment as the goal, and properly handle the relationship between environment and development. Guided by science and technology, driven by mechanism innovation, around the outstanding contradictions and problems faced by ecological construction and environmental protection, accelerate the ecological construction in key areas and vigorously improve the ecological environment; Strengthen the comprehensive improvement of urban environment to prevent and control air pollution and water pollution; Strengthen environmental management in key cities, key industries and key river basins.
(2) the overall construction goal
In 2005, we will strive to reduce environmental pollution and alleviate the deterioration trend of the ecological environment, and the environmental quality of key cities and regions will be significantly improved; In 20 10, poverty will be basically eliminated, the quality of ecological environment will be improved, and the deterioration trend of ecological environment will be curbed through rational socio-economic distribution and industrial structure adjustment; From 2020 to 2040, major ecological and environmental problems will be basically solved, regional ecological security and ecological health will be guaranteed, economy and environment will achieve coordinated development, and people will embark on the track of sustainable development.
Three, the main task of regional ecological environment protection
(A) the construction of the Beijing-Rizo ecological triangle, and the construction of the ecological barrier in the northern part of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei.
In order to protect the ecological environment of urban and rural development, it is particularly important to build an ecological barrier. Rizo, in particular, is a natural barrier for ecological environment protection in Beijing, the capital, and plays an important role in controlling sandstorms in northwest China, preventing soil erosion and regulating Beijing's microclimate. A series of ecological projects, such as the "Three North" shelterbelt, the greening around the capital, and the ecological project on Bashang, have effectively eased the contradiction between the economic development in this area and the improvement of the ecological environment in Beijing and Tianjin. However, due to the serious problem of land desertification and the outstanding degradation of forests and grasslands in northern Hebei, the task of restoring and building ecological barriers is very arduous. In the next few decades, we should actively promote ecological engineering technology, give priority to ecological environmental protection, supplemented by ecological construction, scientifically plan, ensure quality, improve ecological barriers, and reduce soil erosion and sandstorm hazards in Beijing and Tianjin.
(2) Protect surface water sources
Northern Hebei is located in the upper reaches of Miyun Reservoir and Guanting Reservoir in Beijing and Yuqiao Reservoir and Panjiakou Reservoir in Tianjin. It is an important water source for the development of Beijing and Tianjin. However, due to the constraints of economic support and fragile ecological environment, surface water sources are still threatened by water reduction, water pollution and reservoir channel siltation, which directly affect the quantity and quality of water supply in Beijing and Tianjin. In the future, management and protection should be strengthened to ensure the safety and water supply in Beijing and Tianjin.
(3) Build a green food base in Beijing to improve food safety in the capital.
The area around Beijing and Tianjin in Hebei Province is the production and supply base of traditional dried and fresh fruits, sheep and beef food, out-of-season vegetables and natural local food in Beijing and Tianjin, which plays an important role in ensuring food safety in Beijing and Tianjin. In the next few decades, we must combine a series of ecological engineering construction, jointly develop and build a certain scale of green food and natural food production and supply base with Beijing and Tianjin, meet the requirements of Beijing and Tianjin citizens for the continuous improvement of food quality, and make the area around Beijing and Tianjin in Hebei Province play a greater role in ensuring food safety in Beijing and Tianjin.
(4) Establish a coordinated ecological development mechanism in Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei to promote the process of economic integration.
Historically, the area around Beijing and Tianjin in Hebei Province is objectively an important part of the economic zone centered on Beijing and Tianjin, enjoying a large area of natural resources and forming an integrated power supply system, water supply system, transportation system, circulation system, tourism system, non-staple food production and supply system and raw material production and supply system. In the next few decades, it is necessary to comprehensively strengthen the association and cooperation between regions and industries, and take the ecological environment improvement around Beijing and Tianjin in Hebei Province as one of the series projects of Beijing Green Olympics. Through the implementation of this ecological environment improvement plan, poverty will be eliminated as soon as possible, the development gap between backward areas in the region and Beijing and Tianjin will be further narrowed, and an integrated economic system will be established to fundamentally solve the problem of unsynchronized ecological economic development and ecological environment construction.
(5) Constructing the ecological pattern of coordinated development of urban and rural areas around Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei Province.
The spatial development model of urban and rural areas around Beijing and Tianjin in Hebei Province should be integrated with the core area of Greater Beijing, and Taihang Mountain-Yanshan Mountain Range, Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei North Plain and Bohai Sea should be considered comprehensively. In the northern part of Beijing, Tianjin and Hebei, urban and rural residential areas and industrial and agricultural production should be rationally distributed according to the ecological environment capacity.
Accelerate the construction of forest ecological circle around key areas such as cities, towns, villages and reservoir areas, and improve the standards of greening and beautification; On both sides of main traffic trunk lines, rivers and main canals, high-standard green belts will be built along dams, borders and coasts to form the backbone framework of ecological protection forest system; In Yanshan and Taihang mountain areas, water conservation forests and soil and water conservation forests were built on a large scale in the form of flying feudalism to improve the ability of water storage and soil conservation; In Bashang Plateau area, we will build a protective net combining arbor, shrub and grass, improve the standard of forest net, enhance the protective ability to agricultural areas and pastoral areas, and increase large-scale afforestation projects such as greening around the capital, Taihang Mountain, coastal shelter forest, plain greening and greening around big cities to build an ecological pattern of coordinated urban and rural development.
Four, the key projects of regional ecological environment protection, key remediation areas
(1) Desertification control project
The scope of sandstorm control project around Beijing in Hebei Province refers to 28 counties and districts such as Zhangjiakou, Chengde and Laishui in Baoding City. The total land area is 78,430 square kilometers, accounting for 4 1.9% of the total land area in Hebei Province. By the end of 1998, there were 2,725,800 poor people in the whole region, with a per capita annual GNP of 3,400 yuan, per capita income of farmers 1600 yuan and poverty-stricken counties 16.
This area is an important water source and ecological barrier in Beijing, Tianjin and North China. At present, the deterioration trend of ecological environment in this area has not been effectively curbed, and the speed of control can't keep up with the speed of desertification. The trend of partial improvement and overall deterioration is still intensifying.
The main task of sand prevention and control in the future is to fully implement the overall plan of sand prevention and control in Hebei Province, start the sand prevention and control project around the capital, focus on sand prevention and control in Zhangjiakou, Chengde Shayuan, Fengkou and air duct areas, and implement the "three belts and three pieces" wind prevention, sand fixation and sand prevention project. The "three belts" means to build the first horizontal windbreak and sand-fixing forest belt combining arbor, shrub and grass along the border of Hebei and Mongolia on the dam to stop the invasion of sandstorms in northern Inner Mongolia; Build a second windbreak and sand-fixing forest belt along the dam edge to stop the wind and sand on the dam from going south; Vertical windbreak and sand-fixing forest belts of economic shelterbelts will be built on both sides of nine sandstorm passages under the dam to block the sandstorm in the tuyere area. "Three pieces" means the area between the two windbreaks on the dam, which is mainly based on grassland construction, and at the same time, grassland forest network and flaky forest area are built to cover the sand source on the dam; Do a good job in the comprehensive management of the big mountain area under the dam and the small watershed in the western loess area, plant trees and grass according to local conditions, and cover the exposed hillside; In the desertification area in the lower reaches of Yongding River and the vast plain area, combined with the adjustment of agricultural structure, farmland forest network, fast-growing and high-yield forest and high-yield grassland will be built to cover dust sources. Shelterbelts will be built on both sides of Yongding River to prevent the beach from spreading. Small water conservancy facilities will be built in the "three zones" and "three zones", and artificial rainfall, rainwater harvesting irrigation in dry areas and water-saving irrigation technologies will be implemented. At the same time, supporting the construction of seedlings and grass seeds two bases. By rapidly increasing the vegetation area, improving the vegetation coverage rate, curbing the spread of land desertification and improving the ecological environment around Beijing and Tianjin.
By 20 10, the trend of land desertification in this area has been completely controlled, the barren hills have been fully afforested, the desertified land has been comprehensively managed, and the ecological environment has been obviously improved, basically achieving the ecological environment construction goal of "preventing desertification and recreating beautiful mountains and rivers".
(2) Returning Farmland to Forest (Grass) Project
The project of returning farmland to forest and grassland around Beijing and Tianjin in Hebei Province includes Bashang Plateau, Yanshan area and Taihang Mountain area, and involves 44 counties in Zhangjiakou, Chengde, Tangshan, Qinhuangdao and Baoding. According to the idea of dam first, dam later, Yanshan first and Taihang Mountain later, the project layout sequence will be promoted.
Adhere to the principle of combining the project of returning farmland to forest and grassland with the adjustment of agricultural industrial structure, improvement of production conditions and poverty alleviation of farmers, maintain the balance between supply and demand of agricultural land, and return farmland to forest (grassland) in a planned way without reducing the total supply capacity of major agricultural products such as grain.
The ecological construction mode is mainly to build farmland and pasture shelterbelts, supplemented by the development of shrubs in the wind-blown sand hazard area on Bashang. The ratio of forest to grass in the abandoned land is 3: 7.
Forest is the main ecological management mode in the hilly area of northern Hebei, among which ecological forest is the main one in Rizo, and the planting proportion of economic forest can be appropriately increased in eastern Yanshan. Vegetation restoration and returning farmland are mainly based on artificial afforestation and grass planting. .
The soil erosion area of Taihang Mountain in western Hebei mainly includes 8 mountainous counties in Baoding City. Ecological construction should focus on forests, and the proportion of economic forests should be appropriately increased. The ratio of ecological forest to economic forest and arbor irrigation is 7: 3.
(3) The fourth phase of the "Three North" shelterbelt project
The fourth phase of the "Three North" shelterbelt project in Hebei Province includes some counties in Qinhuangdao, Tangshan, Langfang and Baoding. The project construction aims at protecting Beijing and Tianjin, focusing on preventing and controlling desertification, focusing on protecting existing forestry resources, restoring and increasing forest vegetation, taking science and technology as the guide, improving the quality of project construction, speeding up the construction process, promoting the sustained, stable and coordinated development of shelter forest system, and improving the ecological environment around Beijing and Tianjin as soon as possible.
(4) Bashang sandstorm control area
Ecological destruction in Bashang area is one of the main sources of sandstorm hazards in Beijing and Tianjin, and the coordinated development of its social economy and ecological environment is of great significance to the urban and rural development in Beijing and Tianjin. The key points of future regulation are: 1, reducing the livestock carrying capacity of grassland, actively developing fences, and promoting returning farmland to forests and grasslands. 2. Comprehensively control sand sources and air ducts, build windbreak and sand-fixing forest belts and forest nets, improve forest and grass coverage, enhance windbreak and sand-fixing capabilities, and control the hazards of sandstorms. 3. Strictly limit the scale of urban development, gradually reduce the population growth rate and reduce the pressure on the ecological environment. 4. Build green food production and supply bases and tourist bases, and fundamentally change the destructive industrial structure mode based on planting; However, the development of tourism can not exceed the environmental capacity, and the ecological environment can not be destroyed in the name of eco-tourism.
(five) Guanting, Miyun Reservoir and other water sources.
According to the development needs of Beijing-Tianjin area, strengthening the upstream pollution source control, restoring the water quality of Guanting Reservoir as soon as possible, focusing on the improvement of Yongding River and Chaobai River in Hebei Province, and ensuring the safety of water supply sources in Beijing-Tianjin are important prerequisites for the urban and rural development in the northern part of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei.
(6) Baiyangdian Lake
Baiyangdian Lake is a rare lake wetland in northern China, which is of great significance for local governments to develop economy, regulate regional climate and reduce floods in North China. However, for a long time, the area of Baiyangdian Lake has been greatly reduced, and some water quality is deteriorating. Therefore, we should strengthen the treatment of domestic sewage around Baiyangdian Lake and prohibit industrial water pollution. When developing tourism, we should strictly manage motor boats to prevent oil leakage from polluting the water surface. On the basis of the first-stage treatment of Baiyangdian Lake, the later-stage treatment will be continued.