Equipment selection should follow the principles of economy, practicality, durability, convenient management, reasonable design and meeting the requirements of health and epidemic prevention. With the continuous progress of engineering technology in industrialized pig raising industry, China has initially formed a series of supporting equipment for industrialized pig raising, which has laid a foundation for promoting the industrialization process of pig raising industry in China and improving the production level of pigs.
First of all, pigsty
Pigpen is the basic production unit of modern pig farm, and different feeding methods and pig breeds need different forms of pigpen.
Pigsty can be divided into male pigsty, breeding pigsty, sow pigsty, pregnancy pigsty, delivery pigsty, conservation pigsty, fattening pigsty and so on.
According to the number of feeding heads in the pen, it can be divided into single pen and group pen.
According to the location and structure of the waste disposal area, it is divided into ground scraping pigsty, local leakage pigsty, full leakage pigsty, front row pigsty and side discharge pigsty.
According to the structural form, it is divided into three-dimensional pigsty, fenced pigsty, comprehensive pigsty and assembled pigsty.
(1) male pigsty and breeding pigsty
Boar pens are mainly used to raise boars. Generally, it is single stroke, single row or double row. In the past, male pigsty and breeding pigsty were generally combined into one, that is, male pigsty was used instead of breeding pigsty. However, because the sow is not positioned during breeding, it is necessary to design a separate breeding fence, which is inconvenient to operate and greatly interferes with other boars.
(2) sow pen
There are three commonly used sow pens:
(1) Sows are raised in a single row during the whole empty pregnancy and pregnancy. It is characterized in that each pig occupies a small area, which is convenient for feeding, observation and management, and sows will not miscarry due to collision. However, sow activity is limited and the amount of exercise is less, which has a certain impact on sow delivery.
(2) Sows are kept in groups throughout the empty pregnancy and pregnancy, generally 3-5 sows per column. Overcomes the shortcoming that the single row of sows is not active enough, but it is easy to cause abortion when sows fight or collide with each other.
(3) Sows are raised in empty pregnancy and early pregnancy, and sows are raised in single row in late pregnancy.
(3) Delivery column
Also known as the trash can. In pig farms, the requirements for delivery columns are the highest.
(4) Piglet nursery
Piglet incubator is also a kind of pigsty equipment with high requirements. Piglets are mostly raised on the ground where the bed is full of cracks. The pigsty adopts all-metal fence frame, plastic or cast iron cracks, automatic feeding trough and automatic water dispenser.
(5) Feeding fattening pigsty
In actual production, in order to save investment, the fattening fence used is relatively simple, and all-metal fence or brick wall partition and metal fence door are often used.
Second, the leaking floor.
In modern pig production, in order to keep the pigsty clean, improve the environment and reduce cleaning, a large number of leaky floors are used in manure ditches.
Leakage floor requirements: corrosion resistance, no deformation, smooth surface, low thermal conductivity, durability, good dung leakage effect, easy cleaning and disinfection. The width of the floor gap must be suitable for pigs of all ages to walk and stand without sticking their hooves.
Commonly used leakage floors are: cement concrete slab, metal woven mesh floor such as steel woven mesh and welded mesh, engineering plastic floor, cast iron and ceramic floor, etc.
(A) cement concrete leakage layer
Cement concrete leaky floors are most commonly used in breeding houses and fattening houses, and can be made into plates or strips. This kind of floor is low in cost and durable, but it has strict requirements on manufacturing technology, and the cement label must meet the requirements of design drawings.
(2) Metal leaky floor
Metal leakage can be welded by arranging metal strips or woven into a net. Because of the large proportion of gaps, feces and urine fall smoothly, gaps are not easy to block and slide down, and fences are clean and dry, which is widely used in intensive pig production. ,
(3) Plastic leakage floor
The plastic rain leakage floor is molded from engineering plastics, which is convenient to assemble and disassemble, light in weight, corrosion-resistant, firm and durable. It is warmer than concrete, metal and slate floors, but it is easy to slip and the heavy pig moves unsteadily. It is suitable for the floor of the piglet nursery or the floor of the piglet activity area in the farrowing and breastfeeding stalls.
(4) Tempered floor
Tempering floor is a flat plate with heat exchanger as the skeleton and cement-based materials, which is easy to move and transport. A water inlet and a water outlet connected with a water supply pipeline are arranged.
Third, the feeding equipment
In pig production, feed cost accounts for about 50~70%, and feeding workload accounts for about 30%~40%. Therefore, feeding equipment has great influence on improving feed utilization rate, reducing labor intensity and improving economic benefits of pig farms.
Manual feeding equipment is relatively simple, mainly including feeding car and trough.
The automatic feeding system consists of storage tower, feeding conveyor, conveying pipeline, automatic feeding equipment, metering equipment, material trough, etc.
Fourth, drinking water equipment
There are many kinds of automatic drinking fountains for pigs, mainly including duckbill type, nipple type, sucking type and cup type, each of which has various structural forms.
Duck-billed automatic drinking device for pigs is the most widely used drinking equipment in large-scale pig farms.
The nipple automatic pig drinking device consists of a shell, a top rod and a steel ball.
The automatic drinking fountain for suckling pigs consists of three parts: ejector rod, steel ball and shell.
The structure of the water supply part of the cup-shaped pig automatic drinking machine is basically the same as that of the duckbill type. The cup body is usually made of cast iron, and can also be stamped from engineering plastics or steel plates (surface spraying).
Five, dung cleaning equipment
Commonly used dung cleaning machines include chain scraper dung cleaning machine and reciprocating scraper dung cleaning machine.
(1) chain scraper dung cleaner
Chain scraper dung cleaner consists of chain scraper, driving device, guide wheel and tensioning device. This method is not suitable for cleaning the feces in the delivery room and feeding room raised in high beds.
The main defect of chain scraper is that the inclined elevator is usually outside the house, and it is easy to freeze in winter in the north. Therefore, the inclined elevator should not be used in winter in northern China, but the manure should be loaded manually and transported to the manure collection yard.
(2) Reciprocating scraper dung cleaner
Reciprocating scraper dung cleaner consists of scraper (small pulley with rollers at both sides and bottom), transmission device, tensioning mechanism and steel wire rope.
Six, pigsty environmental supervision
The environmental control of piggery mainly refers to the control of heating, cooling, ventilation and air quality in piggery, and various environmental requirements need to be met by configuring corresponding environmental control equipment.
The heating methods commonly used in pig farms mainly include hot water heating system, hot air heating system and local heating system.
It is hot in summer in most parts of China, so it is necessary to take some effective measures to prevent heatstroke and cool down in piggery. In addition to reasonable design of piggery, using shading and greening to reduce solar radiation, the harm of high temperature can be alleviated to some extent, and ideal cooling effect can be obtained by taking measures such as ventilation cooling, evaporation cooling with wet pad fan and spray cooling. According to the pig's location feeding technology, dropping water to cool down is also an economical and effective way. In addition, laying some pipes under the floor of the pig house sleeping area to let cold air or cold water or other cold sources pass through can reduce the local floor temperature and also achieve the purpose of cooling down.
On the one hand, pigsty ventilation can cool down; On the other hand, through the exchange of air inside and outside the house, fresh air outside the house is introduced, and dirty air and excessive water vapor inside the house are eliminated, thus improving the air environment quality inside the house and maintaining appropriate relative humidity.
When the pigsty is ventilated, attention should be paid to:
① Mechanical ventilation can reduce the temperature to a certain extent in summer, but too high airflow speed will make pigs feel uncomfortable, because there is friction between airflow and pig body surface. Therefore, the wind speed of mechanical ventilation in pigsty in summer should not exceed 2 m/s;
(2) The ventilation of pigsty generally requires that the fan has large ventilation volume and low pressure, so the axial fan should be adopted; (3) Ventilation in winter should be carried out under the condition of moderate indoor temperature, and the airflow should be stable, uniform and shapeless.
Become a "thief wind" with no dead ends.
Seven, other equipment
There are also some supporting equipment in the pig farm: back fat tester, pregnancy tester, mobile electronic scale, model pig, ear tag pliers, electronic identification ear tag and tail cutting pliers. Piglet transfer vehicle, flame sterilizer and veterinary tools for piggery disinfection.