China is a multi-ethnic country. Different ethnic groups live in different geographical spaces, and there are great differences in natural environment, customs, cultural background and educational traditions among regions. Excellent regional and national culture nourishes the people in this land, which is passed down from generation to generation. As one of human cultural phenomena, China traditional national sports was formed and developed in a specific natural environment and cultural background. In the huge geographical space, the differences between the north and the south, and the differences between the east and the west have formed traditional sports cultures with different styles and contents. The south is good at water sports, the north is good at ice and snow sports, and the northwest, Inner Mongolia and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau are good at riding, archery and wrestling. Regional and ethnic traditional sports resources are rich, which has become an important means of people's health and fitness, leisure and entertainment. These colorful traditional sports have strong exercise value and educational function, and are valuable physical education curriculum resources. Over the years, the explicit curriculum resources of school physical education in China have been paid attention to, while the implicit curriculum resources are often ignored. This kind of silent curriculum resources are often distinctive and personalized, and are closer to our surrounding environment and life. Therefore, we should adjust and reform the structure of physical education curriculum, broaden and enrich the channels of physical education curriculum resources, reform the traditional education model centered on textbooks, and let more curriculum resources become the material of school physical education.
Attachment: Comparison between "Physical Education and Health Curriculum Standard" and the original physical education syllabus
summary
standard
break through
target
The teaching of physical education and health course aims at educating people, integrating moral education, intellectual education and aesthetic education, promoting children's all-round physical and mental development and preparing for training socialist builders and successors.
Strengthen physical fitness, master and apply basic sports health knowledge and sports skills.
Cultivate sports interests and hobbies, and form the habit of persisting in exercise.
Have a good psychological quality, showing interpersonal skills and cooperation spirit.
Improve the sense of responsibility for personal health and group health, and form a healthy lifestyle.
Carry forward the spirit of sports and form a positive, optimistic and cheerful attitude towards life.
Curriculum standards establish the goal system of physical education curriculum, including both curriculum goals and domain goals, thus making the curriculum goals more clear, concrete and operable, and avoiding conventional rhetoric.
Content framework
☆ Required courses: basic sports, swimming and basic knowledge.
Track and field, gymnastics, martial arts
☆ Limited choices: ball games, rhythmic gymnastics, dancing and swimming.
☆ Optional: traditional ethnic and folk sports; Modern scientific fitness methods, emerging sports; Higher and wider compulsory content; Other contents of school replacement.
Sports participation
Motor skills
Good health.
mental health
Social adaptation
The curriculum standard breaks through the previous content system which mainly focuses on competitive sports, broadens the content category of physical education curriculum, and helps to give full play to the multiple functions of physical education curriculum and achieve healthy goals.
Content case
☆ Running: Students design and practice various kinds of running with the development of fast endurance running as the main means; Skip 3~4 obstacles or low hurdles in 40~60 m fast running; Various methods of passing and connecting sticks in relay running at different distances
☆ Jump: jumping, pedaling or other forms of high jump and long jump.
☆ Throwing: Push, throw and throw the solid ball in various ways to improve the quantitative requirements; Throw appropriate throwing objects in situ or during the run-up; Use fitness equipment to carry out strength exercises in various parts.
Master several major track and field sports skills.
The curriculum standard does not stipulate the specific teaching content of track and field. This school and teachers have room for choice and development. Schools and teachers can selectively teach track and field events according to the school's venues and facilities and students' hobbies.
One of the main differences between the curriculum standard and the syllabus is that the curriculum standard has no specific teaching content, and it is a kind of management by objectives. The most important thing is not what to choose, but what to choose will help stimulate students' interest in sports and improve their physical and mental health.
Second, the nature and classification of physical education curriculum resources
Physical education curriculum resources are the general name of everything that can support and expand the function of physical education class. Physical education curriculum resources in a broad sense refer to various factors that are conducive to the realization of physical education curriculum goals, while physical education curriculum resources in a narrow sense only refer to the direct source of physical education learning content. Specifically, physical education curriculum resources are the sum of all available human, material and natural resources in the whole physical education curriculum and teaching process, including teaching materials, teachers, students, parents and various resources in schools, families and communities that are conducive to achieving the goals of physical education curriculum, promoting the professional growth of physical education teachers and the all-round development of students' personalities.
(A) the characteristics of physical education curriculum resources
1. Diversity
Physical education curriculum resources refer to all resources that are beneficial to the realization of physical education curriculum goals in students' learning physical education and living environment, and physical education curriculum resources have various characteristics. The physical education curriculum resources that can be developed and utilized in different regions are different, and their forms of formation and expression are also different; In different cultural backgrounds, people's values, moral consciousness, customs and religious beliefs are unique, and the corresponding physical education curriculum resources also have their own characteristics; The nature, scale, equipment, tradition and quality of PE teachers of schools are different, so the PE curriculum resources that schools and PE teachers can develop and utilize are naturally different. Students' family background, intelligence level, physical quality level and life experience are different, so the physical education curriculum resources available for development and utilization are inevitably different.
2. Potential
Various physical education curriculum resources provide a broad space for schools and physical education teachers to develop and utilize according to local conditions. However, only those resources that really enter the physical education curriculum and are associated with physical education teaching activities are the real physical education curriculum resources. The development of physical education curriculum resources is essentially a process of exploring all possible physical education courses and linking them with physical education teaching activities; The utilization of physical education curriculum resources is essentially to fully tap the educational and teaching value of the developed physical education curriculum resources. The development and utilization of physical education curriculum resources are closely related. Development is the premise of utilization, and utilization is the purpose of development. The process of development also includes some utilization, including some development in the process of utilization. In this sense, all possible physical education curriculum resources have the characteristics of potential value.
3. Polymorphism
The same physical education curriculum resources have different uses and values for physical education curriculum, so physical education curriculum resources have qualitative characteristics. For example, the mountains near the school can not only exercise in physical education courses, but also plant trees and afforest in labor and technical education; It can not only cultivate students' sentiment in art education, but also be used to investigate the species of animals and plants in biology class. Another example is skipping rope, which can not only improve aerobic endurance and jumping ability, but also cultivate students' spirit of unity and cooperation and help cultivate students' perseverance and quality. The diversity of physical education curriculum resources requires physical education teachers to be discerning and good at tapping the various utilization values of physical education curriculum resources.
(B) the classification of physical education curriculum resources
Classification by source
1. School physical education curriculum resources
The school's physical education curriculum resources include all kinds of sports venues and facilities, such as sports grounds, gymnasiums, libraries, etc. Sports humanistic resources in schools, such as teacher groups, especially physical education teachers, teacher-student relationship, class organization, student groups, school spirit and discipline, etc. Various activities closely related to sports, such as sports activities, extracurricular sports training, sports competitions, summer camps, winter camps, etc. School physical education curriculum resources are the most basic and convenient resources to achieve physical education curriculum goals, improve students' health and promote their all-round development.
2. Physical education curriculum resources outside school
Off-campus physical education curriculum resources include all kinds of sports venues, equipment, facilities and conditions that can be used for physical education teaching activities by students' families, communities and even the whole society, as well as rich natural resources. Among them, community stadiums, gymnasiums, swimming pools, squares, etc. It is a valuable physical education curriculum resource; Public facilities such as gymnasiums, parks, libraries, museums and exhibition halls are also important curriculum resources for preserving and displaying the achievements of human sports civilization. Values that affect the production and life of human society
Thought, religious ethics, customs and habits are directly related to physical education curriculum activities, and are also indispensable social physical education curriculum resources. Sports equipment, equipment, sports books, newspapers and the Internet in students' families are also sports curriculum resources that cannot be ignored.
Classification by way of existence
1. Explicit physical education curriculum resources
Explicit physical education curriculum resources are generally physical education curriculum resources, which can be directly used in physical education teaching activities, such as physical education textbooks, sports venues, equipment, sports events, physical objects in natural and social resources, etc. As a real material existence, explicit physical education curriculum resources can directly become a convenient means or content of physical education teaching, which is relatively easy to develop and utilize.
2. Hidden physical education curriculum resources
Hidden physical education curriculum resources are generally spiritual physical education curriculum resources, which refer to physical education curriculum resources that exert influence on physical education teaching activities in a potential way, such as school and social sports atmosphere, family sports atmosphere, teacher-student relationship in the process of physical education teaching, etc. Different from explicit physical education curriculum resources, implicit physical education curriculum resources have the characteristics of indirectness and concealment. They can't constitute the direct content of physical education, but they have a lasting and subtle influence on the quality of physical education activities.
Classification according to functional characteristics
1. Physical education curriculum resources
Physical education and health knowledge, skills, experience, methods of activities, emotions and values belong to material physical education curriculum resources, which are characterized by their role in physical education curriculum and can become the material or source of physical education curriculum.
2. Conditional physical education curriculum resources
The factors such as manpower, material resources, financial resources, time, venue, media, equipment, facilities and environment that directly determine the implementation scope and level of physical education curriculum, as well as the understanding of physical education curriculum, all belong to conditional physical education curriculum resources, which are characterized by acting on physical education curriculum but do not constitute the direct source of physical education curriculum itself, but to a great extent determine the implementation scope and level of physical education curriculum. Of course, there is no absolute boundary between material sports curriculum resources and conditional sports curriculum resources. In reality, many physical education curriculum resources, such as gymnasiums, libraries, museums, laboratories, Internet, manpower and environment, often contain both the material and conditions of physical education curriculum.
Classification according to morphology
1. The content resources of physical education curriculum mainly include competitive sports, emerging sports, national and folk traditional sports, etc.
2. Physical education course venue equipment resources.
3. Physical education curriculum human resources.
4. Other physical education curriculum resources.
Third, the development and utilization of physical education curriculum content resources.
(A) the use and development of competitive sports
1. Significance of competitive sports transformation
Competitive sports is a kind of sports activity with competition, challenge, regularity, uncertainty and entertainment, among which competition and entertainment are the most prominent. Competitive sports has many functions, such as education, entertainment, politics, etc., which are usually characterized as follows: competition, leisure, entertainment, honor and self-esteem, self-challenge, suspense stimulation, self-display, spiritual encouragement, emotional catharsis, etc.
School physical education curriculum should be scientifically selected, introduced, reformed or redesigned according to the characteristics and different needs of students' physical and mental development, physical education curriculum objectives, school conditions, students' physical education foundation and many other factors, especially according to the requirements of the curriculum objectives of strengthening physical fitness and promoting health, so that it can be transformed into a physical education textbook that all students can love, so that students can basically learn and receive various benefits and become a physical education textbook for strengthening physical fitness and promoting health. Reforming competitive sports is conducive to stimulating students' interest in learning, helping students to exercise better, strengthen their physique, improve their health level and develop their personality, helping students to correctly master the most basic sports skills and lay a good foundation for lifelong physical fitness activities.
2. Basic methods of competitive sports transformation
In the specific operation of competitive sports reform, we should follow the spirit of curriculum standards, sports rules and fitness principles, fully study the educational nature of competitive sports, the operability of teachers and the acceptability of students, and deeply study the characteristics of sports such as direction, form, route, distance, sequence, rhythm, specifications, venues, equipment, rules and requirements, and number of participants from kinematics, dynamics and culturology. The transformation of competitive sports usually needs to be supplemented by the optimization of teaching methods and organizational forms to ensure the feasibility and effectiveness of implementation. The basic methods are as follows: first, simplify the technical structure and reduce the difficulty of sports, so that it can not only enhance physical fitness and health, but also reduce the physiological and psychological burden of students in sports; Second, adjusting the specifications of venue equipment and modifying the rules of competitive competition to adapt to the reality of the majority of students is conducive to stimulating students.
Their interest in learning makes them devote themselves to it; Third, reduce the load requirements, make the exercise load easy to control in the best range, and meet the students' fitness needs; Fourthly, when organizing the content of teaching materials, we should adjust and transform the characteristics of competitive sports, fully tap the multiple functions of sports, and give more consideration to the functions of fitness, mental health and promoting social communication of teaching materials.
The existing sports resources are very rich. In order to meet the actual needs of students, all localities, schools and teachers should strengthen the transformation of physical education according to the characteristics of students' physical and mental development, which is an important content of curriculum design and an important aspect for teachers to play a leading role. The sports transformation mentioned here mainly refers to simplifying rules, simplifying techniques and tactics, reducing difficulty requirements and transforming equipment.
In order to reform the existing physical education curriculum, we should design the physical education curriculum with the concept of overall health. Curriculum design should be conducive to mobilizing students' enthusiasm for physical education, cultivating students' interest and habits in physical exercise, improving students' overall physical, mental and social health, and developing students' ability of lifelong physical exercise. The transformation of existing sports mainly includes the following aspects.
(1) Revise the content: delete the complicated content that is not suitable for the development of students' "physical health, mental health and social adaptation", weaken the competitive component, dilute the final evaluation content of "reaching the standard", and don't overemphasize the systematicness and integrity of the content.
(2) Reduce the difficulty requirements: reduce the difficulty of sports and movements, do not require the details of movements, adjust the specifications of instruments and change the functions of instruments.
(3) Simplify skills and tactics: reduce the tactics that require systematic training, high physical fitness and technical level, and keep simple basic skills and tactics.
(4) Transform the venue equipment: make the venue equipment suitable for the characteristics of students' age, gender and height, and meet students' interests and needs.
Case 1
"Everyone dunks."
1. Activity purpose
Improve shooting skills, develop physical fitness, stimulate students' interest in learning basketball and experience the fun of sports success.
2. Activity preparation
Hula hoops are used instead of hula hoops, and hula hoops of different sizes are fixed in the air at different heights with wire ropes, and the diameter and height of the "basket" are changed.
3. Activity method
(1) Students are randomly divided into groups. Students can freely choose a highly suitable hoop to practice shooting and experience shooting skills according to their actual situation.
(2) Students choose the right hoop to try to dunk and experience the fun of success.
Comments: Basketball is a sport that junior high school students like very much. Due to the influence of competitive sports, basketball courts in many schools are standard venues. The hoop height of 3.05 meters makes girls and students with poor basketball skills daunting, thus greatly reducing their interest in basketball activities. Using hula hoop instead of hula hoop reduces the difficulty of action learning, allows students to find a position suitable for their own practice, not only improves their action skills, but also experiences the fun of success, thus stimulating their enthusiasm for actively participating in activities and stimulating their interest in learning basketball.
Case 2
Protect the ball and grab the ball
1. Activity purpose
Develop physical qualities such as speed and agility, improve dribbling skills and ball control ability, and cultivate confrontation consciousness and interest in basketball through the practice of basic skills.
2. Activity preparation
Several basketballs, basketball courts or open spaces.
3. Activity method
Divide the students into several groups, with two people in each group, one holding the ball and one unarmed. At the beginning of the game, after the teacher gave the password, in the designated area, the ball bearer kept dribbling and protecting the ball with his body so that the opponent could not grab it. The unarmed players tried their best to compete for each other's ball. If you grab the ball, the two sides exchange. Count the times you grab the ball within the specified time.
4. Activity rules
(1) Dribble must exceed the height of my knee joint, and hit the ball flexibly with fingers and wrists. It is forbidden to hit the ball with the palm;
(2) Only when the defender grabs the ball can he score. If you only catch the ball, you can't score.
5. Teaching suggestions
In this activity, you can also practice the basic skills of dribbling and grabbing the ball with football.
Comments: This game is not limited by the venue. It can use the practice of basic skills of basketball dribbling to develop various functions of sports, integrating sports, entertainment and competition, which not only improves the basic skills of basketball and develops physical fitness, but also allows students to experience the pleasure brought by basketball under insufficient conditions.
3. Development and utilization of ethnic and folk sports resources
China is a multi-ethnic country, and there are great differences between traditional ethnic groups and folk sports cultures. There are many kinds and forms of ethnic and folk sports, which have distinct nationality, tradition and regionality, such as Mongolian wrestling, Tibetan song and dance, Uygur dance, Korean swinging, Bai goat jumping, Xibe archery, Beijing bamboo pole jumping, Dong fireworks grabbing, Zhuang hydrangea throwing and Miao pole climbing. School physical education and health curriculum should have national characteristics, which will help the school to form its own characteristics and make the content of physical education curriculum closely related to students' life experience. Traditional ethnic and folk sports are rich in content. In the selection and application, we should choose according to the school's regional characteristics, environmental factors and students' situation, and we can also transform some contents to suit students' physical and mental characteristics. After the reform, traditional ethnic and folk sports will become the curriculum content of physical education and health with China characteristics. The contents of traditional national and folk physical education courses can be roughly divided into several categories:
(1) Traditional ethnic and folk sports mainly focus on games and entertainment, mainly on leisure, fitness and entertainment;
(2) Competition-oriented national and folk traditional sports curriculum content: there are both games and competitions, which are recreational sports activities with competitive physical strength, skills and skills as the content;
(3) The content of traditional national and folk physical education courses in line with holiday customs: it is a unique national traditional celebration activity, which constitutes a profound and unique cultural expression and plays an important role in cultural communication.
There are many kinds and forms of traditional ethnic and folk sports. Choosing traditional ethnic and folk sports that are more suitable for students can make students develop their physical abilities such as speed, strength, endurance, agility and reaction, temper their will, cultivate their sentiment, promote their physical and mental health, and cultivate their national self-esteem and social adaptability.
Case 3
"Stone scissors cloth" and Wushu "Five Steps Boxing"
1. Teaching purpose
The folk game "Rock, Scissors, Cloth" is used to teach Wushu-Wubuquan, which combines fitness and entertainment to stimulate students' enthusiasm for practicing Wushu and promote all-round physical and mental development.
2. Teaching content
(1) Game-"Rock, Scissors, Cloth"
(2) Wushu-Five Steps Boxing
3. Teaching procedures
(1) game import. Let the students play the familiar game of "Rock, Scissors, Paper" first, and then tell them new ways to play: changing posture, rubbing and martial arts movements.
(2) Guide students to play new games: "stone"-step by step with fists, "scissors"-playing, kicking, punching and "cloth"-standing posture.
(3) Enlighten students to combine hand posture with step posture, independently compose combined movements and practice them coherently, and gradually form a small routine-Five Steps Boxing.
Comments: "Rock, paper, scissors" is a folk guessing game in China, which can be said to be suitable for all ages. Wushu is a treasure of folk sports in China, but it is boring in teaching. Combining this game with teaching, the teaching effect is very good, which not only enlivens the classroom atmosphere and stimulates students' interest in learning martial arts, but also organically combines entertainment with fitness, which is a good transformation and innovation of national folk sports in China.
Case 4
Interesting "top"
1. Activity purpose
Through the practice of "playing gyro", we can enhance the flexibility of the body and develop the strength of upper limbs, master the skills and entertainment methods of playing gyro, and cultivate the interest and innovation consciousness of practice.
1. Activity preparation
Some gyroscopes and rope whips
2. Activity method
Everyone has a top and a rope whip. First wrap the whip around the gyro (two or three times), then put the gyro on the ground and pull the whip hard to make the gyro rotate on the ground. Then whip the gyro constantly to make it keep spinning, and the outcome depends on the length of rotation time.
3. Teaching suggestions
(1) Learn how to make a gyro first. Find a small wooden column with a length of 5~6 cm and a diameter of 4 cm, cut one end into a cone shape, and insert a nail with a length of 1 cm at the top of the cone, with the nail tip exposed for 2 mm, and the length of the whip and the whip rod is 40~50 cm respectively.
(2) Guide students to constantly sum up experience and master drawing methods as soon as possible.
(3) This activity is applicable to concrete floor, so pay attention to safety.
Comments: Playing top is a popular folk game, which is deeply loved by junior high school students. Activities are not limited by the venue, equipment and number of people, easy to carry out, integrating sports and entertainment, with strong playfulness and competitiveness, which can stimulate students' interest in learning, develop students' sensitivity and coordination, and promote physical and mental health.
4. Utilization and development of emerging sports.
With the continuous progress and development of society, the improvement of material living standards and the vigorous development of mass sports, emerging sports emerge one after another. Many emerging sports are deeply loved by students, and are also conducive to the healthy development of students' body and mind. New sports can be processed and transformed to make them become students' favorite content.
(1) Outdoor activities such as outing, hiking and camping. An outing refers to going to the suburbs from the town. The location can be scenic spots and parks, and the modes of transportation can be varied, such as cycling outing. Hiking means going into the wild. The difference between camping and the first two is camping in the wild.
(2) Sports Dance and Aerobics: Sports Dance is a new sport integrating sports and dance. It is the superposition of sports and dance, the movement of dance and the dance of sports. Internationally, it is called international standard dance. Aerobics is accompanied by music, using various types of exercises, group exercises, dancing and music as a whole, and carrying out physical exercise with bare hands and fitness equipment to achieve the purpose of fitness, bodybuilding and mental health. When choosing and developing these projects, we should design the movements to meet the actual needs of students' physical and mental development, simple and generous, beautiful and generous.
Have opinions, be healthy, be lively and have strong participation.
(3) Tourism mountaineering: Tourism mountaineering is a new sport and a favorite activity of teenagers. It can not only develop the strength of limbs, but also cultivate students' ability to climb mountains, improve their endurance and cold resistance, and cultivate brave and tenacious will quality. Tourism mountaineering includes general mountaineering activities, mountaineering summer camps and mountaineering competitions. Before climbing, we should make full preparations, investigate and choose the climbing object, route, peak height, route length and slope. It should be adapted to the age and physical strength of students. In the process of mountain climbing, we can also engage in some scientific investigations and entertainment activities, so that students can cultivate their sentiments in the vast nature, promote their physical and mental health and learn scientific knowledge.
(4) Rock climbing: Rock climbing is a new sport that climbs steep rock walls or artificial rock walls only through the balance of hands, feet and body without the help of rock climbing tools. It integrates fitness, entertainment and competition, and requires students not only to have the spirit of courage, perseverance and enterprising, but also to have good grip strength, leg strength, flexibility, coordination, rhythm and climbing skills. Rock climbing can not only make students feel the broad mind of nature, but also experience the excitement, pleasure and sense of accomplishment brought by challenging themselves and realizing themselves. Before climbing, the climbing method should be introduced and the safety devices should be checked. Different regions and schools can choose rock climbing sites according to their own geographical environment, and they can also design artificial climbing wall with less difficulty.
Case 5
Simple bowling on campus
1. Activity purpose
Exercise muscle endurance and agility, improve ball control ability and feel the fun of big bowling.
2. Activity preparation
There are eight solid balls and several grenades. Draw a throwing line on the track and field track, and drop 6 grenades at a distance of 0/5 meter from the throwing line/kloc-.
3. Activity method
Students are divided into 8 groups, equal in number, standing behind the throwing line in a row, rolling solid balls onto grenades in turn, then running forward to sort out the hit grenades, and picking up the balls in turn and giving them to the next person. Using bowling rules and scoring methods, the individuals and groups who scored the most were finally judged.
4. Activity rules
(1) Don't step on the line when practicing bowling;
(2) Ground ball throwing must be adopted, and throwing is not allowed, so pay attention to safety.
5. Teaching suggestions
Conditional schools can increase the number of grenades and handball balls to enhance the interest of activities and make effective use of time.
Comments: Bowling is a new sport, which is interesting and healthy, and is deeply loved by middle school students. However, most schools can't have the venues and equipment needed to carry out this sport. Therefore, using solid balls and grenades instead of bowling is a good way to quote and transform new sports, which not only satisfies students' good methods of quoting and transforming bowling, but also satisfies students' fun in bowling, develops students' physical fitness and makes most students like this sport.